School for Science

Fall Semester 20XX

Teacher: Ms. XXXX

Email: chandana1732@gmail.com

10TH GRADE
CHEMISTRY
___

Notes

Introduction: Why is CHEMISTRY important ?

Chemistry is also called as central science ...Chemistry is a big part of our everyday
life. We start the day with Chemistry. One can find chemistry in daily life in the foods
we eat, the air we breathe, cleaning chemicals, our emotions and literally every object
we can see or touch. Chemistry is important because everything you do is chemistry!
Even your body is made of chemicals. Chemical reactions occur when you breathe, eat,
or just sit there reading. All matter is made of chemicals, so the importance of
chemistry is that it's the study of everything.

WE MENTIONED ABOUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

… AND IT IS ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTAND THIS CONCEPT OF REACTIONS TO
CONTINUE FURTHER READING OF CHEMISTRY

WHAT ARE REACTIONS ?

Processes in which no new substances are formed are Physical changes …

whereas a process in which the original substance loses their nature and
identity and forms new chemical substances with different properties are
called Chemical changes …

➢ Process involving chemical change is chemical reaction ….

Breaking of the chemical bonds and formation of the new chemical bonds
is responsible for the occurrence of a chemical reaction ….

● The substance which takes place in a chemical reaction is called

Reactants .
● The new substances produced as the result of the chemical reaction
are called as Products.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS EXAMPLES

1. Digestion of food
2. Rusting of iron
3. Photosynthesis
4. Respiration
5. Burning of fuels …, etc.

IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTION

1. Change in state
2. Change in color
3. Evolution of gas
4. Change in temperature
5. Formation of precipitate *

CHEMICAL EQUATION

The shorthand method of representing a chemical reaction in terms of

symbols and formulae of different reactants and products .

❏ Equation in which the number of atoms of various elements (1 or

more) is not equal on either side is called a SKELETAL EQUATION /
UNBALANCED EQUATION .
❏ Equation in which atoms of various elements on both sides of a
chemical equation are equal then it is a BALANCED EQUATION.
❏ We must balance a reaction in accordance to the law of conservation
of mass .
How to write a chemical equation ..?

➢ The symbols of elements and the formulae of reactants are written on the left
hand side with a plus (+) sign between them .
➢ The symbols of elements and the formulae of products are written on the right
hand side with a plus (+) sign between them .
➢ An arrow ( ---->) sign is put between the reactants and the products .
➢ The physical states of the reactants and products are also mentioned in a
chemical reaction .

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

❖ COMBINATION REACTION
➔ Those reactions in which two or more reactants substances combine to form a
single substance are called combination reactions .
➔ Two elements combine to form a single compound .
➔ This reaction is also called SYNTHESIS REACTION .
● Eg. Fe(s) + S(s) ---------------> FeS (s)

Iron + Sulphur {on combination} Iron Sulphide

➔ Two compounds combine to form a single compound .

● Eg. Cao(s) + H 2O(l) ----------> Ca(OH) 2(s)
➔ A compound and an element form a single product .
● Eg. 2CO(g) + O 2(g) -----------> 2CO2 (g)

❖ DECOMPOSITION REACTION
➔ Those reactions in which a compound decomposes / splits up into two or more
simpler products .
➔ This reaction is opposite of a combination reaction.
➔ These reactions are carried out by applying heat , light or electricity .
➔ When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating then it is called
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION .
➔ When a decomposition reaction is carried out by an electricity supply then it is
called as ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION .

➔
➔ When a decomposition reaction is carried out by light [ either natural or
artificial] then it is called a PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION .
➔

➔
 Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions?
We know a combination reaction to be a chemical reaction in two or more substances
combined together to produce a new compound. Whereas in a decomposition reaction,
the combination between constituents are broken down to form multiple products.

Are all decomposition reactions endothermic?

No, not all decomposition reactions are endothermic. A decomposition reaction can be
both endothermic or exothermic, even though the latter is more predominant

Examples:

● Decomposition of NO to N2 & O2 is exothermic.

● Decomposition of ozone (O3) to oxygen (O2) is exothermic.

USES OF DECOMPOSITION REACTION

● Digestion of food in the body is an example of decomposition reaction.

● It is used in the extraction of metals i.e., METALLURGY .
● Photochemical decomposition reactions are also used in balck and white
photography .

REACTIVITY SERIES

Before going to displacement reactions .. to have a better understanding we

must know the reactivity series of metals .

The arrangement of metals in a vertical column in the order of decreasing

reactivity is called an activity series of metals.
The mnemonic to remember the reactivity series of metal is : Please stop calling me
a cute zebra, I like her call (me) smart goat.

DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

➔ Those reactions in which one element takes the place of another

element in a compound .
➔ It is also known as Single displacement reactions .
➔ It's called ‘single’ because in all these reactions only one element
displaces another element .
➔ The displacement of reaction between Iron(III) Oxide and powdered
Aluminium produces so much heat that iron metal obtained is in
molten form and the heat produced in the reactions can even be used
for welding iron rails and this reaction is called THERMITE
REACTION .

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

➔ The reactions in which two compounds react by exchange of ions to form

two new compounds .
➔ This is a topic full of examples .
 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS

OXIDATION : (i) The addition of oxygen to a substance

(ii) The removal of hydrogen from a substance

REDUCTION : (i) The addition of hydrogen to a substance

(ii) The removal of oxygen from a substance

Oxidising agent : (i) The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation

(ii) The substance which removes hydrogen

Reducing agent : (i) The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction

(ii) The substance which removes oxygen

EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

1. Corrosion of metals
2. Rancidity of food