Bulatok, Pagadian City

Tel. No. (062) 2153721

BS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
First Year - First Semester
MODULE –III

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Program: ___________________________
Year level & Section: ___________________________

Prepared By:

Instructor: Charlotte Louise T. Ascabano

LESSON 1- METALS, NONMETALS, METALLOIDS

What is a Metal?
Metals are elements having the highest degree of metallic behavior. Metals are found
in the left side of the periodic table. They have a characteristic metallic appearance known
as luster or shine. Ductility and malleability is a main feature of metals. Malleability refers to
a metal’s ability to deform under pressure and ductility refers to its ability to be drawn into
wire-like structures. Metals are usually solids at room temperature. But mercury is an
exception. Although Mercury is a metallic element, it is a liquid at room temperature
because all other metals usually have higher melting points. Unlike other metal atoms,
mercury atoms are weak at sharing electrons with each other, so they have weak
interactions. Therefore, mercury atoms can easily escape, resulting in a lower melting point.
Metals are excellent heat and electrical conductors because readily lose electrons which
have the ability to participate in conducting electricity. In other words, metals have free
electrons. Metals normally undergo corrosion under moist conditions and in the presence
of salt water.
In the periodic table, metal elements are found in all s, p, d and f blocks. Metals have
less number of electrons in their outermost s and p orbitals (except for few metals). Normally
metals can form cations and their oxidation numbers are nearly always positive values.
Metals also show very low electronegative values and form ionic compounds.

What is Nonmetal?

Nonmetals are elements showing less or no metallic properties. Nonmetals have

very distinct properties than those of metals and metalloids. Typically nonmetals have a dull
appearance since they do not have a metallic appearance. Unlike metals, nonmetals are
not malleable or ductile. They are brittle. Nonmetal are poor conductors of electricity and
heat. Compared to metals, nonmetals are less dense. Most of the nonmetals are gases.
But there are liquids and solids too.
Nonmetals are included in the right side of the periodic table. These nonmetals are included
in the s and p blocks. These elements have a high number of electrons in the outermost s
and p orbitals. They have no or few free electrons.

Nonmetals have very low melting points. They tend to form anions by gaining electrons.
They form covalent compounds. The oxidation number of a nonmetal can be either positive
or negative. Electronegativity is very high in nonmetals.

What is a Metalloid?
Metalloids are elements having a low degree of metallic behavior. Metalloids show some
metallic properties and some nonmetal properties. The appearance of metalloids can be
either dull or shiny. Although they are not excellent thermal and electrical conductors,
metalloids are capable of conducting heat and electricity. The major application of
metalloids is in the production of semiconductors. All metalloids are solids at room
temperatures. The density of metalloids is in between metals and nonmetals. They are
brittle. Metalloids are placed in p block in the periodic table. These elements are positioned
 in between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. The number of electrons in the s
and p orbitals is a medium number. Metalloids form covalent bonds. Therefore, metalloids
are found in covalent compounds. Since metalloids are solids in room temperature, they
have high melting points. In aqueous solutions, metalloids form anions and show positive
or negative oxidation numbers.

Activity 1

Complete the table below by describing the metals, nonmetals and metalloids from the
given characteristics.
. Position in Block in the Appearance Electrical Electronegativity
the Periodic Conductivity
Periodic Table
Table
Metals

Nonmetals

Metalloids
LESSON 2- CHEMICAL REACTION
Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted
to one or more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements
or compounds. A chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to
create different substances as products.

Chemical reactions are an integral part of technology, of culture, and indeed of life itself.
Burning fuels, smelting iron, making glass and pottery, brewing beer, and making wine and
cheese are among many examples of activities incorporating chemical reactions that have
been known and used for thousands of years. Chemical reactions abound in the geology of
Earth, in the atmosphere and oceans, and in a vast array of complicated processes that
occur in all living systems.

Main Types of Chemical Reaction

A chemical reaction is typically represented by a chemical equation, which represents the

change from reactants to products. The left hand side of the equation represents the
reactants, while the right hand side represents the products. A typical chemical reaction is
written with stoichiometric coefficients, which show the relative amounts of products and
reactants involved in the reaction. To write an accurate chemical equation, two things must
occur:

1. Each product and reactant must be written using its chemical formula, e.g., H2H2
2. The number of atoms of each element must be equal on both sides of the equation.
Coefficients are used in front of the chemical formulas in order to help balance the
number of atoms, e.g., 2Mg+O2→2MgO
Synthesis Reaction

In a synthesis reaction, two or more chemical species combine to form a more complex
product: General Equation: A + B → AB

In this form, a synthesis reaction is easy to recognize because you have more reactants
than products. Two or more reactants combine to make one larger compound.

Example: 8 Fe + S8 → 8 FeS

Decomposition Reaction
In a decomposition reaction, a compound is broken into smaller chemical species.
General Equation: AB → A + B
The electrolysis of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas is an example of a decomposition
reaction:
Example: 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2

Single Replacement Reaction

A substitution or single displacement reaction is characterized by one element being
displaced from a compound by another element.
General Equation: A + BC → AC + B

An example of a substitution reaction occurs when zinc combines with hydrochloric acid.
The zinc replaces the hydrogen:

Example: Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Double Replacement Reaction

In a double displacement or metathesis reaction two compounds exchange bonds or ions
in order to form different compounds.
General Equation: AB + CD → AD + CB

An example of a double replacement reaction occurs between sodium chloride and silver
nitrate to form sodium nitrate and silver chloride.
Example: NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

The (l) sign means the substance is a liquid. The (aq) sign stands for aqueous in water and
means the compound is dissolved in water. Finally, the (g) sign means that the compound
is a gas. Coefficients are used in all chemical equations to show the relative amounts of
each substance present.
Activity 1

Identify each type of chemical reaction shown.

Na3 (PO4) + 3 KOH → 3 NaOH + K3 (PO4) ______________________________

CaCO3 →CaO + CO2 ________________________________________________

Pb + FeSO4 → PbSO4 + Fe ________________________________

MgCl2 + Li2(CO3) → Mg(CO3) + 2 LiCl ________________________________

P4 + 3 O2→ 2 P2O3 ________________________________________________

Activity 2 Describe the following types of reaction.

1. Synthesis Reaction-

2. Decomposition Reaction-

3. Single Replacement Reaction-

4. Double Replacement Reaction-

Conservation of Mass

Antoine Lavoisier was a French chemist who did most of his work between 1772-
1786. He built a magnificent laboratory in Paris, France and invited scientists from around
the world to come and visit. Lavoisier conducted numerous controlled experiments. He
published two textbooks that helped organize chemistry into a comprehensible science.
Based on his contributions to chemistry, Lavoisier is commonly known as the Father of
Modern Chemistry.

Lavoisier’s most famous experiments involved the combustion of substances such

as phosphorus, sulfur, and mercury. He proposed that air is composed of two parts, one
of which combines with metals to form new products. This part was later named oxygen.
Lavoisier believed that when a substance burns, oxygen from air combines with that
substance to form a new substance. His experiments showed that new product weighed
more than the original substance by a mass equal to the amount of oxygen that reacted
with the substance.

These experiments led to what is currently known as The Law of Conservation of

Mass. This law states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be
converted from one form to another. Initially, Lavoisier’s conclusions were not accepted by
the scientific world but they eventually led to a revolution in chemical thought. His work
ultimately led to the basis of Dalton’s Atomic Theory.

Relationship of the Law of Conservation of Mass to Chemical Reactions

The Law of Conservation of Mass

In other words, the mass of any one
element at the beginning of a reaction will
equal the mass of that element at the end
of the reaction. If we account for all
reactants and products in a chemical
reaction, the total mass will be the same
at any point in time in any closed system.
Activity 1

Directions: Examine the data for each of the following combustion experiments
and answer the questions based on analysis of the data.

EXPERIMENT #1

REACTANT(S) PRODUCT(S)

Magnesium + Oxygen ------> Magnesium

Oxide
48.6 g + 32.0 g ----->

(1) a. What is the mass of each reactant?

b. What is the mass of the product?

c. What is the sum of the mass of the reactants?

d. Does this experimental data support the Law of Conservation of Mass?

Explain.
EXPERIMENT #2

REACTANT(S) PRODUCT(S)

Magnesium + Oxygen ------> Magnesium Oxide

__g + 16.0 g -----> 40.3 g

(2) Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, predict the minimum amount of
magnesium that will react with all 16.0 g of oxygen to produce 40.3 g of
magnesium oxide.

EXPERIMENT #3

REACTANT(S) PRODUCT(S)

Magnesium + Oxygen ------> Magnesium

Oxide
12.2 g + 8.0 g -----> __ g

(3) Assuming that magnesium and oxygen will react completely with one another,
predict the mass of magnesium oxide that will be produced.

EXPERIMENT #4

REACTANT(S) PRODUCT(S)

Magnesium + Oxygen ------> Magnesium Oxide + Oxygen

48.6 g + 50.0 g -----> 80.6 g + ____

(4) Predict the mass of oxygen that will be left over after the reaction of
48.6 g of magnesium with 50.0 g of oxygen