GRADE – 9

Unit- 4

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND STOLCHIOMETRY

What is a chemical reaction

Chemical reaction is a process in which the reacting substances called the

reactants are converted to new substances called products.

What is a chemical equation?

A chemical equation is a short hand expression of a chemical reaction. A

chemical equation shows the rearrangement of atoms that are involved in the chemical reaction.

Which are the laws of chemical reactions?

There are 3 fundamental laws. 1. The law of conservation of mass 2. The law of definite
proportions 3. The law of multiple proportions.

The law of conservation of mass states that the matter is neither created
nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. That is the mass of the reactants is exactly equal to the
mass of the products. This is also known as the law of indestructibility of matter.

Mass of reactants = mass of products.

The law of definite proportions states that a compound always contains the same elements in the
same proportion by mass. This law is also known as the law of constant composition.

The law of multiple proportions states that when two elements combine to form more than one
compound the masses of one element combined with a fixed mass of the second element are in
the ratio of small whole numbers.

What are the steps to write a chemical equation?

See page 103

What are the conditions that must be fulfilled in a chemical equation

 1) The equation must represent a true and possible chemical reaction.
2) The symbols and formulas must be written correctly.
3) The equation must be balanced
What are the two different methods used to balance the chemical equation.
1) Inspection method and 2) Least common multiple method (LCM) on the basis of energy
changes the chemical reactions can be divided into exothermic and endothermic
reactions.

Exothermic reactions: A chemical reaction that releases heat energy to the surroundings is
known as exothermic reaction.

Eg. C+O2 CO2 + heat

Endothermic reaction – A chemical reaction which absorbs heat energy from the
surroundings is known as endothermic reaction. Eg, C+2S+ Heat CS2 .

The amount of heat energy liberated or absorbed by a chemical reaction is called heat of
reaction or change in enthalpy for the reaction. This unit is KJ/mol. The change in enthalpy ∆
H= Hp – Hr.

Hp is the heat content of the product, Hr is the heat content of the reactants.

STOICHIOMETRY:- The quantitative relationship between the reactants and products in a

balanced the reactants chemical equation is known as stoichiometry.

Stoichiomettry is the study of the amount or ratio of moles, mass, energy and volumes of
reactants and products.

Stoichiomtric calculations are based on the following principles. 1) the composition of any
substance in the chemical equation should be expressed by a definite formula 2) the law of
conservation of mass must be obeyed.

 Stoichiometric problems are classified into mass – mass problem, volume – volume problems
and mass volume problems.

1. In mass-mass problems the mass of the one substance is given and the mass of the second
substance is determined from the same reaction. There are two methods for solving the problems
1) mass – ratio method 2) mole- ratio method.
2. Volume – volume problems – The volume of the gases can be determined on the principle that
mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 liters at STP.

In volume volume problems the volume of one substance is given and the volume of the other
substance is calculated.

3. Mass – volume relationship – In mass – volume problems either the mass of one substance is
given and the volume of the other is required or the volume of one substance is given and the
mass of the other one is required.

When all the reactants are completely consumed in a chemical

reaction the such reactants are said to be in stoichiometric proportions.

ch reactants are said to be in stoichometinc proportions.

The reactant that is completely consumed in the reaction is known as the limiting reactant
because it limits or determines the amount of products that can be formed.

What is Avogadro’s law?

Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of different gases under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. That is the
volume of a gas is proportional to the number of molecules of the gas at STP.

What is an actual yield?

The measured amount of product obtained in any chemical

reaction is known as the actual yield.

What is the theoretical yield?

The theoretical yield is the calculated amount of product that would be

obtained if the reaction proceeds completely.

The actual yield of a product is usually less than the theoretical yield.

What is the percentage yield?

The percentage yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield
multiplied by 100.

Actual yield
Percentage= x 100
Theoretical yield
 What is oxidation?

Oxidation is the process in which a substance loses electrons in a chemical

reaction.

eg. 2Na + Cl2 2Nacl

Na + le Na+

Sodium has lost one election and has turned to a sodium ion. Hence sodium is oxidized.

What is reduction?

Reduction is the process in which a substance gains elections in a

chemical reaction.

Eg. Chlorine atom gains election and trued to chloride ion.

Cl2 + 2e Cl-

What is called a redox reaction?

Redox reactions are oxidation reduction Chemical reactions in which the

reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The oxidation and reduction always occur
simultameously such class of chemical reactions was named as redox reaction or oxidation
reduction reaction.

Oxidation and reduction can be defined in terms of oxidation number. Oxidation is an increase
in the oxidation number of an element and reduction is decease in the oxidation number.

Oxidation number or oxidation state is the number of electrons that an atom appears to have
gained or lost when it is combined with other atoms.