SCHOOL: AMA University

COURSE NAME: General Chemistry (CHEM 101)

BRIEF DESCRIPTION: This course covers the fundamental concepts of chemistry, including matter
and its properties, chemical reactions, and the structure of atoms. The course covers topics
such as the mole, chemical bonding, the periodic table, and stoichiometry.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Practice Test

1. Define matter and its properties. List three examples of physical properties and three
examples of chemical properties.

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space. Physical properties are
characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity
of the substance. Examples of physical properties include density, melting point, and boiling
point. Chemical properties are characteristics of a substance that describe its ability to undergo
chemical reactions and form new substances. Examples of chemical properties include
flammability, reactivity with acid, and the ability to rust.

2. What is the law of conservation of mass and how does it apply to chemical reactions?
The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction. This means that the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total
mass of the products. The law of conservation of mass applies to chemical reactions because it
shows that the atoms present in the reactants are conserved and rearranged to form the
products.

3. What is the relationship between atomic number and the number of protons in an atom?
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of
that element. The atomic number is used to determine the identity of an element and its position
on the periodic table.

4. How are electron configurations written using noble gas notation?

Electron configurations can be written using noble gas notation by abbreviating the electron
configuration of a noble gas (usually helium, neon, or argon) and adding the configuration of the
remaining electrons. For example, the electron configuration of sodium can be written as [Ne]
3s1, where [Ne] represents the electron configuration of neon and 3s1 represents the remaining
electron in the 3s orbital.

5. Describe the trends in atomic size and ionization energy across the periodic table.
Atomic size decreases across a period (from left to right) and increases down a group (from top
to bottom) on the periodic table. This is due to the increasing number of protons in the nucleus,
which attracts the valence electrons more strongly and decreases the size of the atom.
Ionization energy, or the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, increases across
a period and decreases down a group on the periodic table. This is because the valence
electrons are more strongly attracted to the nucleus as the atomic number increases, making it
more difficult to remove an electron.
 6. Write and balance the chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide to form water and sodium chloride.

HCl + NaOH -> H2O + NaCl

7. What is the mole and how is it used in chemistry? How can the number of atoms in a given mass
of a substance be calculated?x`

The mole is a unit used in chemistry to represent the amount of a substance. It is defined as the amount
of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12
(12C). This number is known as Avogadro's constant and is equal to 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

The mole is used to quantify the amount of a substance in a chemical reaction. It allows us to convert
between the mass of a substance, the number of atoms or molecules in that substance, and the volume
of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP).

The number of atoms in a given mass of a substance can be calculated using the formula:

number of atoms = mass of substance (in grams) / atomic weight (in g/mol)

8. Describe the types of reactions that can occur in a chemical system. Give an example of each
type.

There are several types of reactions that can occur in a chemical system:

Synthesis reactions involve the combination of two or more substances to form a new compound. For
example: 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O (hydrogen and oxygen reacting to form water)

Decomposition reactions involve the breakdown of a compound into simpler substances. For example:
2H2O -> 2H2 + O2 (water decomposing into hydrogen and oxygen)

Displacement reactions involve the replacement of one element with another element in a compound.
For example: Zn + CuSO4 -> ZnSO4 + Cu (zinc reacting with copper sulfate to form zinc sulfate and
copper)

Neutralization reactions involve the reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water. For
example: HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O (hydrochloric acid reacting with sodium hydroxide to form sodium
chloride and water)

9. What is stoichiometry and how is it used to predict the amounts of reactants and products in a
chemical reaction?

Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationships between the reactants and products in a
chemical reaction. It allows us to predict the amounts of reactants and products that will be consumed
and produced in a given reaction based on the balanced chemical equation.

For example, if we know the number of moles of a reactant that is present, we can use the coefficients
in the chemical equation to calculate the number of moles of the product that will be formed. This can
be done using the following formula:
number of moles of product = number of moles of reactant x coefficient of product / coefficient of
reactant

Stoichiometry is an important tool in chemistry because it allows us to determine the amounts of

reactants and products needed for a reaction to occur, as well as the yield of a reaction (the amount of
product that is actually obtained).

10. (Enumeration) List five common laboratory techniques and equipment used in chemistry.

Distillation

Titration

Calorimetry

Chromatography

Spectroscopy (IR, NMR, UV-Vis)

11. (Essay) Explain the role of the mole in chemical calculations and how it allows us to compare the
quantities of different substances in a chemical reaction. Include an example of a mole
calculation in your answer.

The mole is a unit used in chemistry to represent the amount of a substance. It is defined as the amount
of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12
(12C). This number is known as Avogadro's constant and is equal to 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

The mole is an important concept in chemistry because it allows us to accurately measure and compare
the amounts of different substances in a chemical reaction. For example, if we have 2 moles of hydrogen
gas and 1 mole of oxygen gas and combine them to form water, the number of moles of water formed
will be 2 moles (as shown by the balanced chemical equation 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O). This allows us to
compare the quantities of the reactants and products in the reaction and to predict the yield of the
reaction.

Another example of a mole calculation is the determination of the number of atoms in a given mass of a
substance. This can be done using the formula:

number of atoms = mass of substance (in grams) / atomic weight (in g/mol)

For instance, if we have 10 grams of sulfur (atomic weight = 32.06 g/mol), the number of atoms of sulfur
present can be calculated as:

number of atoms = 10 g / 32.06 g/mol = 0.3124 moles

which is equal to 6.022 x 10^23 atoms of sulfur.