Enoc, Maria Julieana Miranda.

Date: June 08, 2022

STEM 12 1P

 CHEMICAL KINETICS
1. It is the study of rates of chemical reactions and mechanism by which they occur.
- Chemical kinetics
2. It is the quantity that tells how the concentration of a given reactant or product changes with time.
- Rate of reaction
3. It states that chemical reactions occur as a result of collisions between reacting molecules.
- Collision Theory
4. It is a substance that speeds up the reaction rate without being used up in the process.
- Catalyst
5. As the it increases, more reactant molecules collide with other reactant molecules in each period,
and more product molecules are formed.
- Concentrations
6. It states that for the rate determining steps in a reaction the rate of the reaction is proportional to
the product of concentrations of the reactants, each raised to the power of its coefficient in the
balanced equation.
- Law of Mass Action
7-10. Enumerate 4 factors that govern chemical reactions.
- Concentrations of the reactants and products
- Properties of both reactants and products
- Presence of catalyst and its concentration
- Temperature at which the reaction occurs

 CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
11. This law recognizes the relationship between entropy and the natural tendency of events or
spontaneity of a natural process.
- The second law of thermodynamics
12. Spontaneous reactions are those that take place without continuous intervention. Some processes
are very fast or very slow, while some are endothermic or exothermic.
- Spontaneous process and entropy
13-17. What are the following ways to account for the number of microstates?
- The number of microstates increases from solid to liquid to gas
- The number of microstate of solution is higher than the pure solute
- The number of microstates increases with increasing temperature
- The number of microstates increases with the increasing number of particles
18. According to him, the entropy of the system is related to the number of microstates.
- Ludwig Boltzmann
19. The more disordered the system, the __________.
- greater is its entropy
20. Alternatively, the more ordered the system, the __________.
- smaller is its entropy.
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
21-22. Short Introduction for Chemical Equilibrium.
- The existence of equilibrium might be best appreciated by performing a series of sodium
chloride (table salt in water), the rate at which the ions, disappear from the crystal faces into
solution equals the rate at which ions leave the liquid to be part of the crystal again
23. It is the application of the law of mass action to a reversible reaction.
- Law of Chemical Equilibrium
24. Proceed in both forward and backward directions. When the rate of forward reaction becomes
equal to the rate of backward reaction, a state of equilibrium is established.
- Reversible reactions
25. When the rate of both forward and backward reaction continues without net change in the
quantities of either the reactants or products.
- Law of mass action
26. States that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium is displaced in the
direction to relieve the stress applied.
- Le Chatelier’s Principle
27-29. This stress could be any of the following:
- Adding or removing a reactant or product.
- Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of endothermic reaction more than the
exothermic reaction.
- Volume change will result in pressure always drives the reaction in the direction that will
reduce the number of molecules of gas.
30. Keq the equilibrium constant expression is:

[c ]c [D] d (Pc)c (PD )d

K eq = K p=
[ A ]a [B]b ( PA)a ( PB)b

 ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA
31. It says that a molecule of HCI does not simply ionize in water.
- Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid
32. It is amphoteric in the presence of an acid, water a proton. In the presence of a base it donates a
proton.
- Water
33. It is the process where water donates a proton to another water molecule.
- 2. Auto-ionization of water
34. According to this definition, an acid is a substance that can donate a portion (H+), while a base is
any substance that can accept a proton (H+).
- Bronsted-Lowry definition.
35. It is _____ if it can donate one H+.
- Monoprotic
36. It is _____ if it donates two H+.
- Diprotic
 37. It is _____ if it can donate three or more hydrogen ions.
- Polyprotic
38-40. What are the Bronsted-Lowry concept claims?
- An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor
- A base is a proton (H+ ion) acceptor
- In an acid – base reaction, a proton is transformed from an acid to base

 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
41. It is a connection between electricity and chemistry
- Electrochemistry
42. It utilize chemical reactions to produce electricity.
- Voltaic and galvanic cells
43. These are the electron transfer reactions.
- Redox reactions
44-45. These two reactions always occur simultaneously because if in a reaction one substance
loses an electron the other one will gain the lost electron.
- Reduction – Oxidation Reaction
46. It is any chemical change that involves gain in electron.
- Reduction
47. It is a reaction that involves loss of electron and this is accompanied by an increase in oxidation
number of the substance involved.
- Oxidation reaction
48. It is the study of redox phenomena.
- Electrochemistry
49-50. It is movement of electrons.
- Reduction – Oxidation Reaction