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Physical Science
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Week 5: Collision Theory and the Factors
Affecting the Reaction Rate
Week 6: Limiting Reactant and Percent
Yield
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Physical Science – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 3: Week 5: Collision Theory and the Factors Affecting the
Reaction Rate
Week 6: Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
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ii
Senior High School
Physical Science
Quarter 1-Module 3
Week 5: Collision Theory and the Factors
Affecting the Reaction Rate
Week 6: Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
What’s In 3
What’s New:Effect of Surface Area/Particle Size of the Reactants 4
What is It 5
What’s New:Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates 6
What is it 7
What’s New:Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates 7
What is it 8
What’s New: Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rates 9
What is it 9
What’s More: Identifying Scenarios 10
What’s More: Real-life Applications 11
What I Have Learned: True or False) 11
Assessment 20
Key to Answers 22
References 23
iv
What This Module is About
This module discusses how the collision theory is used to explain the effects
of concentration, temperature, particle size, and presence of catalyst on the reaction
rate. The limiting reactant and the amount of product that is formed in the chemical
reaction are also discussed. Understanding the concepts in this module will enable
us to explain the chemical changes that are happening around us in our daily lives.
Lesson 1- The Collision Theory and the Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Lesson 3- Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield
v
Icons of this Module
vi
ii i
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What do you call the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical
reaction?
A. Activation energy. C. Reaction mechanism energy
B. Energy of the reaction. D. The entropy of reaction
2. Which statement best describes the Collision theory?
A. All collisions lead to chemical reactions.
B. Most collisions lead to chemical reactions.
C. Very few reactions involve particle collisions.
D. Effective collisions lead to chemical reactions.
3. Which is/are necessary for successful collisions to occur?
I. Favorable collision geometry.
II. Sufficient kinetic energy.
III. Large change in enthalpy (∆H).
A. I only C. II and III only
B. I and II only D. I, II and III
4. Which of the following will decrease the number of effective collisions during a
chemical reaction?
A. Adding a catalyst. C. Decreasing the temperature.
B. Increasing the surface area. D. Increasing reactant concentrations.
5. Which of the following will increase the reaction rate?
A. Adding a catalyst
B. Decreasing temperature
C. Using lumps instead of powder
D. Decreasing the concentration of an acid
6. Crushing a solid into a powder will increase the reaction rate. Why?
A. The particles will collide with more energy.
B. The powdered form has more surface area.
C. The activation energy barrier will be lowered.
D. The orientation of colliding particles will be improved.
7. Why does increasing the temperature of the reactants increase the reaction rate?
A. Heat energy increases the size of the molecules of reactants, and therefore
the molecules react more frequently.
B. Heat energy helps to lower the amount of overall energy that is required for
the reaction to occur.
C. Heat energy causes some of the reactants to evaporate, thereby increasing
the concentration of the reactants.
D. Heat energy causes the particles of the reactants to move faster, therefore,
react with each other more frequently.
8. Enzymes are an important component in the human body. Most chemical
reactions do not occur or will proceed slowly without enzymes. What are
enzymes?
A. Biological Catalyst
B. Simple elements
C. Chemicals that increase the surface area
D. Molecules used to increase concentration.
9. How does a catalyst makes a chemical reaction faster?
A. It makes lower energy pathways available.
B. It increases the concentration of products.
C. It increases the concentration of the reactants.
D. It binds to enzymes to release substrate.
10. What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
A. It evaporates.
B. It remains unchanged.
C. It is incorporated into the reactants.
D. It is incorporated into the products.
11. Which of the following substances act as catalysts in the body?
A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. nucleic acids D. enzymes
12. What is a limiting reactant?
A. The reactant that makes the product.
B. The reactant that is fully consumed prevents more products from being made.
C. The reactant that is used up last and prevents more products from being
made.
D. The substance that is in excess that doesn't get used up as a reactant.
13. For the reaction: C5H12 + 8 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
If 2 moles of C5H12 & 8 moles of O2 react, what is the limiting reactant?
A. C5H12 B. O2 C. CO2 D. H2O
14. Consider the reaction in # 13, how many moles of CO2 is produced in the
reaction?
A. 5 B. 6 C.7 D.8
15. What is the mass of hydrogen gas (H2) formed when 25 grams of aluminum
reacts with excess hydrochloric acid according to this balanced chemical
equation:
( )
A. 0.41 g B. 1.2 g C. 1.8 g D. 2.8 g
2
Lesson Collision Theory and the Factors Affecting
Reaction Rate
1
What’s In
Chemical reactions are all around us. We witness it every day- combustion,
digestion, photosynthesis, cooking, and many more. Have you ever wondered what
causes a chemical reaction? What are needed for a chemical reaction to occur?
For this lesson, we will discuss the Collision Theory that provides a qualitative
explanation of chemical reactions and the rates at which they occur. It explains why
some chemical reactions are faster while others are slow.
This theory states that in order for a chemical reaction to occur, the reactant
particles (atoms or molecules) must effectively collide. Effective collision means
that reactants collide with each other with sufficient energy (known as the
activation energy) and proper orientation. The absence of any one of these factors
will not result in a chemical reaction.
The Collision Theory further tells us that the rate of a chemical reaction is
proportional to the number of successful collisions between the molecules of the
reactants. The more often reactant molecules collide effectively, the more often they
react with one another and the faster the reaction rate.
Activation Energy- the minimum amount of energy used to initiate a chemical
reaction. If the reactant particles do not possess the required activation energy when
they collide, they simply bounce off each other without reacting.
Figure 1. Combustion of LPG Gas- a chemical Figure 2. Rusting of Iron- a chemical reaction
reaction with a fast reaction rate. with a slow reaction rate.
3
Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
What’s New
Procedure:
Part A. Whole Tablet
1. Fill one cup with 100 mL of room temperature water.
2. Drop one (1) whole effervescent tablet into the cup of water. Record the time the
effervescent tablet completely dissolves. Record data in Table 3.1.1.
4
Table 3.1.1: The Effect of Surface Area/ Particle Size on Reaction Rates
powdered effervescent
tablet in a cup of water
Guide Questions:
1. Which reaction is faster? Why?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. How does the surface area/ particle size affect the reaction rate?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is It
In Activity 3.1.1, we used various particle sizes to compare the rates of reaction.
You observed that the powdered effervescent tablet dissolves faster in a cup of
water than the whole tablet. Why? Although they have the same mass, they differ in
surface area. Breaking the reactant into smaller pieces increases its surface area
allowing more particles to be available for a collision.
In collision theory, as more particles collide the frequency of collision also
increases and more likely results to a faster reaction rate. The reaction becomes
faster as particles get smaller.
5
2. Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates
The concentration tells us how much solute there is in a solution. Activity 3.1.2
will help us determine its effect on the reaction rate.
What’s New
Guide Questions
1. Which reaction had the fastest rate? Why?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Explain what could be occurring at the molecular level in each example. (How
are the molecules moving or acting?)
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Why substances with high concentrations react faster than substances with
low concentrations?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6
What is It
In Activity 3.1.2, the pure vinegar has more concentration than the
vinegar solution which makes the reaction rate faster. The rates of many
reactions depend on the concentrations of the reactants. Reaction rates
usually increase when the concentration of one or more of th e reactants
increases. Increasing the concentration means more reactant particles are
in a given space (volume) which increases the likelihood of collisions
between them. The increased frequency of collisions results in a faster
reaction rate.
For a chemical reaction to occur, a certain number of energized
molecules must be equal to or greater than the activation energy. As the
concentration increases, the number of molecules with the minimum
energy required also increases, and thus the reaction rate increases.
What’s New
7
Table 3.1.3: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
Temperature Time the tablet was Observations
of water fully dissolved
Hot water
Cold water
Guide Questions:
1. In which glass of water does the effervescent tablet dissolved faster? Why?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What happens to the reactant molecules as you increase the temperature of
the reaction?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. How does the temperature affect the reaction rate?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is It
The effervescent tablet dissolved faster in hot water than in cold water.
Therefore, the reaction rate is directly proportional to the temperature. The reaction
becomes faster as the temperature gets higher.
Increasing the temperature of the reactants increases the kinetic energy that it
possesses causing the particles to move faster. As they move faster, the frequency
of collision between them increases. This gives the reactants enough energy to
overcome the activation energy thus making the reaction faster.
8
4. Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rates
What’s New
Guide Questions:
1. How will you compare the rate at which bubbles were produced?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What happened to the test tube added with manganese dioxide? What do you
call the manganese dioxide?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What is a catalyst? How does it affect the reaction rate?
Answer:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is It
9
Table 3.1.5 Examples of Enzymes
NUCLEIC ACID
DIGESTION
Nuclease Pancreas Small Intestine Basic RNA and DNA +H2O nucleotides
Small Intestine Small Intestine Basic Nucleotide + H2O base+
Nucleosidases
sugar+phosphate
FAT DIGESTION
Pancreas Small Intestine Basic Fat droplet + H2O
Lipase
monoglycerides+ fatty acids
What’s More
Activity 3.2.1
Identifying the Scenarios
Identify whether the following scenarios will increase or decrease the reaction
rate. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
_____________1. Breaking a reactant into smaller pieces.
_____________2. Increasing the temperature.
_____________3. Putting foods on the fridge.
_____________4. Diluting solutions.
_____________5. Adding heat.
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What’s More
Activity 3.2.2
Real Life Applications
Which factor affecting reaction rate is depicted in each of the following
situation/scenario. Write your answers in the second column of the table below.
TRUE or FALSE: Write T if the statement is true and write F when it is false. Write
your answer before each number.
____________1. Collision theory states that particles have to collide with sufficient
energy to react.
____________2. Starter energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a
successful collision.
____________3. Adding heat will increase the reaction rate.
____________4. Grains of sugar has a greater surface area than a cube of
sugar of the same mass.
____________5. Usually lowering the temperature will slow down a reaction.
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Lesson
In the previous lesson, you were able to understand how a chemical reaction
occurs and what happens in a chemical change. You were able to realize that for a
chemical reaction to happen, the reactant particles must collide with enough energy
and proper orientation. You also learned that chemical reactions speed up or slow
down by the four factors affecting reaction rate.
Aside from knowing those concepts, you must also know what limits a
chemical reaction, when a chemical reaction stops and how much product forms
after a chemical reaction. In this lesson, you will know how to determine the limiting
reactant and how to compute for the percent yield.
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What’s In
In your lower grades, you dealt with ideal Stoichiometry calculations where
reactants combine with one another in a specific molar ratio described by the
balanced equation. In that case, you assumed that all the reactants are consumed in
the reaction and are completely converted into products. However, in most chemical
reactions, reactants are present in mole ratios that are not the same as the ratio of
the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. The quantities of reactants are
rarely exact. Usually there is too much of one reactant, and not enough of another.
Therefore, not all reactants are completely converted into products. One reactant is
completely consumed in the reaction while the other one is in excess.
Limiting Reactant
The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used-up or consumed
in a chemical reaction. It is called the limiting reactant because it limits the amount of
product formed in the reaction. Once it is consumed, the reaction stops.
Excess Reactant
The excess reactant is the reactant other than the limiting reactant. It is the
reactant that is left-over after chemical reaction.
How to Find the Limiting Reactant?
How can you determine which reactant is limited? Consider the reaction
between molten sulfur (S8) and chlorine gas (Cl2) to form disulfur dichloride
according to this equation:
S8 (l) 4 Cl2 (g) 4 S2Cl2 (l)
If 200.0 g of sulfur reacts with 100 g chlorine, what is the limiting reactant?
What mass of disulfur dichloride is produced?
This kind of problem is an example of a limiting reactant problem since you
are given the quantities of both the reactants and you are asked to calculate for the
amount of the product. To solve limiting reactant problems, consider the following
steps:
Step 1: Write down the known and the unknown quantities in the problem.
Given: mass sulfur = 200.0 g
mass chlorine= 100 g
Unknown: a.) limiting reactant
b.) mass of disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2)
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Step 3: Convert mass of reactants to moles.
Use the molar mass ( inverse ) as a conversion factor
Actual
Ratio
To get the stoichiometric ratio, divide the moles of chlorine to the moles of
sulfur from the balanced chemical equation.
S8 (l) 4 Cl2 (g) 4 S2Cl2 (l)
190.4 g of S2Cl2
Now you know that 190.4 g of S2Cl2 is produced when 1.410 mol Cl2 reacts
with an excess of S8. ( Note: This is the theoretical yield)
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How to get the Excess Reactant?
What about the reactant sulfur, which you know is in excess? How much of it
actually reacted? You can calculate the mass of sulfur needed to react completely
with 1.410 mol of chlorine using a mole-to- mass calculation. The first step is to
multiply the moles of chlorine by the mole ratio of sulfur to chlorine to obtain the
number of moles of sulfur. Remember, the unknown is the numerator and the known
in the denominator.
Now, to obtain the mass of sulfur needed, 0.3525 mol S8 is multiplied by the
conversion factor that relates mass and moles, molar mass.
Knowing that 90.42 g S8 is needed, you can calculate the amount of sulfur left
unreacted when the reaction ends. Since 200.0 g of sulfur is available and only
90.42 g of sulphur is required, the excess mass is:
What’s More
c. How much of the excess reactant remains after the reaction stops? (5 points)
15
How to get the Percent Yield?
Chemical reactions don’t always give us the exact amount of product we are
expecting. Usually, we yield amount of product that is less than our expected
outcome. To determine how much product we obtained, we get the percent yield.
In many calculations you have been practicing, you have been asked to
calculate the amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of
reactant. The answer you obtained is called the theoretical yield of the reaction. The
theoretical yield is the maximum quantity of a product derived from a given quantity
of reactant. The actual yield is the amount of a product produced when an
experiment is performed. Hence, the percent yield of product is the ratio of the
actual yield ( amount of a product from the experiment) to the theoretical yield
expressed as a percent. It effectively states how much of the reactants become
product in a chemical reaction.
Sample Problem1:
The decomposition of magnesium carbonate forms 15 grams of magnesium
oxide (MgO) in an experiment based on this equation:
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2
The theoretical yield is 19 grams. What is the percent yield of magnesium oxide?
Solution:
Given: actual yield=15 g MgO
theoretical yield = 19 g MgO
Unknown: % Yield
Solution:
16
Sample Problem 2:
What is the percent yield of sodium sulfate when 32.18 g of sulfuric acid
reacts with excess sodium hydroxide to produce 37.91 g of sodium sulfate?
Solution:
Given:
What’s More
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What’s More
List down four (4) possible reasons why percent yield is usually less than 100%.
1._________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4._________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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What I Can Do
17
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Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
19
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8. Why are many types of foods stored in refrigerators?
A. At lower temperature, the chemical reactions that spoil food occur slower
than usual.
B. Refrigerators also contain enzymes that slow the rate of reactions that spoil
the food.
C. The volume inside the refrigerator decreases the concentration of the food
particles, allowing them to decompose more slowly.
D. Bacteria do not grow well in dark places.
9. Which reactant controls the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction?
A. Composition B. Excess C. Limiting D. Mole
10. The ______________ yield is the maximum amount of product possible in a
reaction. This determines the amount of product that should be produced in a
perfect setting.
A. Actual B. Percent C. Stoichiometry D. Theoretical
11. In a laboratory experiment, the sodium (Na) metal was reacted with chlorine gas
(Cl2), and the observed actual yield was 13.0 grams. What is the percent yield if
the calculated theoretical is 12.5 grams?
A. 100% B. 104% C. 96% D.1.04%
12. Which of the following statements is most useful in determining the limiting
reactant in a chemical reaction.
A. Calculate the bond energies.
B. Determine the molar mass of the products.
C. Determine the masses of 100 mol of each reactant.
D. Calculate the mass of a single product formed from each reactant.
13. What amount of the excess reagent remains when 6.00 g of CS gas react with
10.0 g of Cl2 gas in this reaction?
(Hint: )
15. In the reaction below, 8.0 g of H2 react with 9.0 g of O2. Which of the following
statements is true?
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O (Hint: )
A. The equation is not balanced.
B. The H2 is the limiting reactant.
C. The O2 is the limiting reactant.
D. 2.0 moles of H2O would be produced.
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Answer Key
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References
Books
Chang, Raymond. Essential Chemistry. Reprint, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Dapul,Gian Karlo R.,Salazar, Maria Kristina. Teaching Guide for Senior High School
Physical Science Quezon City, Philippines: Commission on Higher Education.
2016.
Valdoz, Meliza, Marites Aquino, Jonna Biong, and Mylene Andaya. Science Links
Worktext For Scientific And Technological Literacy. Manila: Rex Bookstore,
Inc. 2017.
Website
Lawson, Peggy, and Stephen Lower. "The Collision Theory". Chemistry Libretexts,
2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_T
extbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Kinetics/Modeling_Reaction_
Kinetics/Collision_Theory/The_Collision_Theory.
Mikulecky, Peter J, Katherine Brutlag, Michelle Rose Gilman, and Brian Peterson.
"How To Calculate Percent Yield In A Chemical Reaction - Dummies". Dummies,
2020. https://www.dummies.com/education/science/chemistry/how-to-calculate-
percent-yield-in-a-chemical-reaction/.
"Topic 6.1: Digestion And Absorption". AMAZING WORLD OF SCIENCE WITH MR.
GREEN, 2020. https://www.mrgscience.com/topic-61-digestion-and-absorption.html.
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