Vocology​ ​Quick​ ​Reference​ ​Guide:  

Common​ ​Acronyms​ ​and​ ​Abbreviations 
 
Compiled​ ​by​ ​the​ ​creator​ ​of​ ​the​ V
​ oice​ ​Box​ ​Channel​​ ​and​ ​the​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Voice 
Geek​ ​Group​.  

Updated​ ​September​ ​26,​ ​2017 

 
Please​ ​use​ ​this​ ​Quick​ ​Reference​ ​Guide​ ​as​ ​you​ ​need.​ ​You​ ​may​ ​share​ ​it,​ ​download​ ​it,​ ​and​ ​edit​ ​it​ ​as 
you​ ​see​ ​fit.​ ​It​ ​will​ ​be​ ​available​ ​in​ ​two​ ​forms,​ ​this​ ​Google​ ​Doc​ ​and​ ​a​ ​Google​ ​Sheet 
(​https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HMh8WWoHSOvWapVkFZPRaQdgFCo28iz3CUHnB
lU1a8U/edit?usp=sharing​).​ ​Please​ ​use​ ​the​ ​"comments"​ ​feature​ ​to​ ​suggest​ ​additional​ ​acronyms 
and​ ​abbreviations,​ ​edits,​ ​or​ ​additional​ ​definitions​ ​from​ ​cited​ ​sources.  
 
1fo Fundamental​ ​Frequency 
See​ ​F0
 
AES Aryepiglottic​ ​Sphincter  
The​ ​mouth​ ​of​ ​the​ ​epilarynx,​ ​formed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​tissues​ ​connecting​ ​the​ ​epiglottis​ ​with​ ​the​ ​arytenoids. 
A​ ​narrowing​ ​of​ ​the​ ​aryepiglottic​ ​sphincter​ ​is​ ​associated​ ​with​ ​a​ ​boost​ ​in​ ​upper​ ​partials​ ​from​ ​the 
voice​ ​source.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​resonance​ ​strategy​ ​of​ ​singer's​ ​formant​ ​cluster​ ​in​ ​Western​ ​classical 
singing​ ​and​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ring​ ​or​ ​twang​ ​of​ ​belt​ ​production.​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman
 

AOTOS Association​ ​of​ ​Teachers​ ​of​ ​Singing  

The​ ​Association​ ​of​ ​Teachers​ ​of​ ​Singing​ ​(AOTOS)​ ​was​ ​founded​ ​in​ ​1975​ ​to​ ​promote​ ​a​ ​wider 
understanding​ ​of​ ​all​ ​aspects​ ​of​ ​the​ ​teaching​ ​of​ ​singing.​ ​We​ ​create​ ​opportunities​ ​which​ ​bring 
together​ ​teachers​ ​from​ ​all​ ​over​ ​the​ ​world.​ ​All​ ​AOTOS​ ​activities​ ​and​ ​services​ ​are​ ​open​ ​to 
members​ ​specializing​ ​in​ ​teaching​ ​any​ ​expression​ ​of​ ​song:​ ​from​ ​classical,​ ​through​ ​music​ ​theatre 
and​ ​folk,​ ​to​ ​jazz,​ ​rock​ ​and​ ​gospel,​ ​either​ ​privately​ ​or​ ​in​ ​school,​ ​college,​ ​university​ ​or 
conservatoire.​ ​http://aotos.org.uk/about/​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​24th,​ ​2016) 
 

 
  

AP​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Absolute​ ​Pitch  

Absolute​ ​pitch​ ​(AP),​ ​widely​ ​referred​ ​to​ ​as​ ​perfect​ ​pitch,​ ​is​ ​a​ ​rare​ ​auditory​ ​phenomenon 
characterized​ ​by​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​of​ ​a​ ​person​ ​to​ ​identify​ ​or​ ​re-create​ ​a​ ​given​ ​musical​ ​note​ ​without​ ​the 
benefit​ ​of​ ​a​ ​reference​ ​tone.​ ​https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_pitch​ ​(accessed​ ​August​ ​5, 
2017)

 
ASHA American​ ​Speech-Language​ ​Hearing​ ​Association  
ASHA​ ​is​ ​the​ ​national​ ​professional,​ ​scientific,​ ​and​ ​credentialing​ ​association​ ​for​ ​191,500 
members​ ​and​ ​affiliates​ ​who​ ​are​ ​audiologists;​ ​speech-language​ ​pathologists;​ ​speech,​ ​language, 
and​ ​hearing​ ​scientists;​ ​audiology​ ​and​ ​speech-language​ ​pathology​ ​support​ ​personnel;​ ​and 
students.​ ​Audiologists​ ​specialize​ ​in​ ​preventing​ ​and​ ​assessing​ ​hearing​ ​and​ ​balance​ ​disorders​ ​as 
well​ ​as​ ​providing​ ​audiologic​ ​treatment,​ ​including​ ​hearing​ ​aids.​ ​Speech-language​ ​pathologists 
identify,​ ​assess,​ ​and​ ​treat​ ​speech​ ​and​ ​language​ ​problems,​ ​including​ ​swallowing​ ​disorders. 
http://www.asha.org/about/​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
ASTC  Absolute​ ​Spectral​ ​Tone​ ​Color  
 
Bark Unit​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Bark​ ​Scale  
The​ ​Bark​ ​scale​ ​is​ ​a​ ​psychoacoustical​ ​scale​ ​proposed​ ​by​ ​Eberhard​ ​Zwicker​ ​in​ ​1961.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​named 
after​ ​Heinrich​ ​Barkhausen​ ​who​ ​proposed​ ​the​ ​first​ ​subjective​ ​measurements​ ​of​ ​loudness.​ ​One 
definition​ ​of​ ​the​ ​term​ ​is​ ​"...a​ ​frequency​ ​scale​ ​on​ ​which​ ​equal​ ​distances​ ​correspond​ ​with 
perceptually​ ​equal​ ​distances.​ ​Above​ ​about​ ​500​ ​Hz​ ​this​ ​scale​ ​is​ ​more​ ​or​ ​less​ ​equal​ ​to​ ​a 
logarithmic​ ​frequency​ ​axis.​ ​Below​ ​500​ ​Hz​ ​the​ ​Bark​ ​scale​ ​becomes​ ​more​ ​and​ ​more​ ​linear." 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_scale​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
 
 
 
BVA British​ ​Voice​ ​Association  

 
  

The​ ​British​ ​Voice​ ​Association​ ​(BVA)​ ​is​ ​the​ ​'voice​ ​for​ ​voice'​ ​in​ ​the​ ​UK,​ ​an​ ​association​ ​of 
multi-disciplinary​ ​professionals​ ​who​ ​work​ ​to​ ​promote​ ​the​ ​field​ ​of​ ​voice​ ​in​ ​its​ ​broadest​ ​sense. 
http://www.britishvoiceassociation.org.uk/about.htm​ ​(accessed​ ​August​ ​5,​ ​2017) 
 
 
C4 Pitch​ ​Notation​ ​for​ ​Middle​ ​C  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​27,​ ​2017)

 
CCC  Certificate​ ​of​ ​Clinical​ ​Competence  
Being​ ​"certified"​ ​means​ ​holding​ ​the​ ​Certificate​ ​of​ ​Clinical​ ​Competence​ ​(CCC),​ ​a​ ​nationally 
recognized​ ​professional​ ​credential​ ​that​ ​represents​ ​a​ ​level​ ​of​ ​excellence​ ​in​ ​the​ ​field​ ​of​ ​Audiology 
(CCC-A)​ ​or​ ​Speech-Language​ ​Pathology​ ​(CCC-SLP).​ ​Those​ ​who​ ​have​ ​achieved​ ​the​ ​CCC—ASHA 
certification—have​ ​voluntarily​ ​met​ ​rigorous​ ​academic​ ​and​ ​professional​ ​standards,​ ​typically 
going​ ​beyond​ ​the​ ​minimum​ ​requirements​ ​for​ ​state​ ​licensure.​ ​They​ ​have​ ​the​ ​knowledge,​ ​skills, 
and​ ​expertise​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​high​ ​quality​ ​clinical​ ​services,​ ​and​ ​they​ ​actively​ ​engage​ ​in​ ​ongoing 
professional​ ​development​ ​to​ ​keep​ ​their​ ​certification​ ​current. 
http://www.asha.org/certification/AboutCertificationGenInfo/​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)"

 
CCM Contemporary​ ​Commercial​ ​Music  
Contemporary​ ​commercial​ ​music​ ​is​ ​a​ ​recent​ ​term​ ​used​ ​by​ ​many​ ​to​ ​designate​ ​certain​ ​types​ ​of 
singing,​ ​particularly​ ​by​ ​women's​ ​voices,​ ​which​ ​differ​ ​markedly​ ​from​ ​what​ ​we​ ​will​ ​call​ ​"classical" 
technique.​ ​In​ ​the​ ​range​ ​covered​ ​by​ ​the​ ​middle​ ​register​ ​in​ ​classical​ ​technique,​ ​CCM​ ​singers​ ​often 
use​ ​various​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​what​ ​is​ ​often​ ​called​ ​"chest​ ​mix."​ ​In​ ​much​ ​of​ ​CCM​ ​singing,​ ​amplification​ ​of 
the​ ​voice​ ​is​ ​assumed.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
 
 
CPP Cepstral​ ​Peak​ ​Prominence  

 
  

The​ ​CPP​ ​measure​ ​is​ ​the​ ​difference​ ​in​ ​amplitude​ ​between​ ​the​ ​cepstral​ ​peak​ ​and​ ​the 
corresponding​ ​value​ ​on​ ​the​ ​regression​ ​line​ ​that​ ​is​ ​directly​ ​below​ ​the​ ​peak​ ​(i.e.,​ ​the​ ​predicted 
magnitude​ ​for​ ​the​ ​frequency​ ​at​ ​the​ ​cepstral​ ​peak).​ ​The​ ​CPP​ ​measure​ ​represents​ ​how​ ​far​ ​the 
cepstral​ ​peak​ ​emerges​ ​from​ ​the​ ​cepstrum​ ​background. 
http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/manual/PowerCepstrum__Get_peak_prominence___.html 
(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)  
 
 
CQ Closed​ ​Quotient  
The​ ​closed​ ​quotient​ ​is​ ​the​ ​percentage​ ​of​ ​the​ ​duration​ ​(period)​ ​of​ ​a​ ​glottal​ ​cycle​ ​where​ ​the​ ​glottis 
is​ ​closed​ ​to​ ​the​ ​passage​ ​of​ ​air​ ​from​ ​the​ ​lungs.​ ​The​ ​effective​ ​closed​ ​quotient,​ ​as​ ​used​ ​in​ ​the 
book,​ ​considers​ ​the​ ​closed​ ​phase​ ​of​ ​the​ ​glottis​ ​to​ ​last​ ​as​ ​long​ ​as​ ​the​ ​subglottal​ ​and​ ​supraglottal 
spaces​ ​are​ ​acoustically​ ​separate,​ ​even​ ​if​ ​a​ ​small​ ​opening​ ​allows​ ​some​ ​air​ ​to​ ​pass​ ​through​ ​the 
glottis.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller  
 
 
CQ  Contact​ ​Quotient  
The​ ​degree​ ​of​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​contact​ ​in​ ​a​ ​given​ ​vibratory​ ​cycle.​ ​A​ ​large​ ​contact​ ​quotient​ ​would 
usually​ ​indicate​ ​a​ ​chestier​ ​laryngeal​ ​register​ ​with​ ​a​ ​short,​ ​thick​ ​shape​ ​(vibrational​ ​mode​ ​one).​ ​A 
smaller​ ​contact​ ​quotient​ ​would​ ​usually​ ​indicated​ ​a​ ​headier​ ​laryngeal​ ​register​ ​with​ ​a​ ​long,​ ​thin 
shape​ ​(vibrational​ ​mode​ ​two).​ ​Though​ ​related​ ​to​ ​closed​ ​quotient,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​have​ ​a​ ​high 
contact​ ​quotient​ ​without​ ​complete​ ​glottal​ ​closure,​ ​or​ ​a​ ​high​ ​closed​ ​quotient​ ​(duration​ ​of​ ​closure) 
without​ ​deep​ ​contact,​ ​but​ ​it​ ​is​ ​more​ ​typical​ ​to​ ​have​ ​a​ ​high​ ​closed​ ​quotient​ ​when​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​high 
contact​ ​quotient.​ ​EGG​ ​displays​ ​contact​ ​quotient​ ​reliably,​ ​from​ ​which​ ​closed​ ​quotient​ ​may​ ​be 
less​ ​reliably​ ​inferred.​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman
 
 
CSL Computerized​ ​Speech​ ​Laboratory  
The​ ​Computerized​ ​Speech​ ​Lab​ ​(CSL)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​speech​ ​and​ ​signal​ ​processing​ ​computer​ ​workstation 
(software​ ​and​ ​hardware)​ ​used​ ​for​ ​research​ ​and​ ​clinical​ ​speech​ ​therapy. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_Speech_Lab​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017) 

 
  

 
CT Cricothyroid​ ​(Muscle)  
The​ ​cricothyroid​ ​(CT)​ ​muscles​ ​are​ ​stretchers​ ​and​ ​tensors​ ​of​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​folds,​ ​and​ ​as​ ​such 
antagonists​ ​of​ ​the​ ​thyroarytenoid​ ​(TA)​ ​muscles.​ ​Because​ ​of​ ​their​ ​respective​ ​dominance​ ​in​ ​the 
primary​ ​modes​ ​of​ ​vocal-fold​ ​vibration​ ​(designated​ ​in​ ​this​ ​book​ ​as​ ​'head'​ ​and​ ​'chest'),​ ​some 
authors​ ​use​ ​CT​ ​and​ ​TA​ ​as​ ​a​ ​shorthand​ ​for​ ​the​ ​modes​ ​themselves.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald 
Gray​ ​Miller  
 
The​ ​muscles,​ ​which​ ​upon​ ​contracting​ ​stretch​ ​and​ ​thin​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​folds​ ​for​ ​higher​ ​pitches.​ ​They 
are​ ​mostly​ ​situated​ ​outside​ ​of​ ​the​ ​larynx​ ​and​ ​tilt​ ​the​ ​laryngeal​ ​cartilages​ ​to​ ​stretch​ ​the​ ​vocal 
folds.​ ​They​ ​are​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​what​ ​has​ ​historically​ ​been​ ​called​ ​"head"​ ​or​ ​"falsetto"​ ​register 
(now​ ​vibrational​ ​mode​ ​two),​ ​with​ ​its​ ​thinner​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​contact,​ ​fundamental​ ​frequency 
dominance,​ ​and​ ​smaller​ ​number​ ​of​ ​harmonics.​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman

 
CVI Complete​ ​Vocal​ ​Institute  
Europe’s​ ​largest​ ​institute​ ​for​ ​pro​ ​and​ ​semi-pro​ ​singers.​ ​CVI​ ​offers​ ​a​ ​variety​ ​of​ ​courses​ ​in 
Complete​ ​Vocal​ ​Technique.​ ​Our​ ​courses​ ​are​ ​aimed​ ​at​ ​singers​ ​from​ ​all​ ​genres​ ​of​ ​music,​ ​who 
wish​ ​to​ ​improve​ ​their​ ​singing​ ​skills​ ​and​ ​artistic​ ​development. 
http://completevocal.institute/courses-overview/​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
CVT Complete​ ​Vocal​ ​Technique  
By​ ​combining​ ​elements​ ​of​ ​these​ ​four​ ​subjects​ ​you​ ​can​ ​produce​ ​precisely​ ​the​ ​sounds​ ​you​ ​want. 
You​ ​will​ ​also​ ​be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​pinpoint​ ​your​ ​specific​ ​problems​ ​and​ ​mistakes,​ ​and​ ​you​ ​can​ ​focus​ ​on 
which​ ​techniques​ ​you​ ​wish​ ​to​ ​work​ ​on. 
The​ ​four​ ​main​ ​subjects​ ​are: 
The​ ​three​ ​overall​ ​principles​ ​–​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​healthy​ ​sound​ ​production 
The​ ​four​ ​vocal​ ​modes​ ​–​ ​to​ ​choose​ ​the​ ​‘gear’​ ​you​ ​want​ ​to​ ​sing​ ​in. 
Sound​ ​colours​ ​–​ ​to​ ​make​ ​the​ ​sound​ ​lighter​ ​or​ ​darker. 
Effects​ ​–​ ​to​ ​achieve​ ​specific​ ​sound​ ​effects. 

 
  

http://completevocal.institute/complete-vocal-technique/​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
 
dB Decibel  
Decibel​ ​is​ ​a​ ​unit​ ​used​ ​for​ ​measuring​ ​relative​ ​sound​ ​pressure​ ​level​ ​(SPL),​ ​or​ ​physical​ ​intensity​ ​(as 
contrasted​ ​with​ ​the​ ​psychoacoustics​ ​term​ ​"loudness").​ ​Most​ ​decibel​ ​measurements​ ​state​ ​the 
difference​ ​in​ ​intensity​ ​between​ ​two​ ​sounds​ ​(or​ ​between​ ​frequency​ ​components​ ​of​ ​the​ ​same 
sound,​ ​as​ ​is​ ​the​ ​case​ ​with​ ​the​ ​power​ ​spectrum).​ ​(Relative)​ ​decibel​ ​measurements​ ​are​ ​given​ ​as 
negative​ ​quantities​ ​in​ ​a​ ​display​ ​where​ ​the​ ​reference​ ​amount​ ​is​ ​the​ ​top​ ​of​ ​the​ ​display​ ​(zero 
decibels).​ ​Absolute​ ​decibel​ ​measurements​ ​are​ ​in​ ​relation​ ​to​ ​a​ ​designated​ ​minimum​ ​amount, 
typically​ ​set​ ​at​ ​the​ ​threshold​ ​of​ ​perception.​ ​Decibel​ ​units​ ​are​ ​logarithmic,​ ​like​ ​the​ ​frequencies​ ​of 
the​ ​piano​ ​keyboard,​ ​where​ ​every​ ​octave​ ​is​ ​doubling.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
dBA A-Weighted​ ​Decibels  
The​ ​most​ ​common​ ​weighting​ ​that​ ​is​ ​used​ ​in​ ​noise​ ​measurement​ ​is​ ​A-Weighting.​ ​Like​ ​the​ ​human 
ear,​ ​this​ ​effectively​ ​cuts​ ​off​ ​the​ ​lower​ ​and​ ​higher​ ​frequencies​ ​that​ ​the​ ​average​ ​person​ ​cannot 
hear.​ ​Defined​ ​in​ ​the​ ​sound​ ​level​ ​meter​ ​standards​ ​(IEC​ ​60651,​ ​IEC​ ​60804,​ ​IEC​ ​61672,​ ​ANSI​ ​S1.4). 
A-weighted​ ​measurements​ ​are​ ​expressed​ ​as​ ​dBA​ ​or​ ​dB(A). 
https://www.noisemeters.com/help/faq/frequency-weighting.asp​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
dBC C-Weighted​ ​Decibels  
The​ ​response​ ​of​ ​the​ ​human​ ​ear​ ​varies​ ​with​ ​the​ ​sound​ ​level.​ ​At​ ​higher​ ​levels,​ ​100​ ​dB​ ​and​ ​above, 
the​ ​ear's​ ​response​ ​is​ ​flatter,​ ​as​ ​shown​ ​in​ ​the​ ​C-Weighted​ ​Response​ ​to​ ​the​ ​right.​ ​Although​ ​the 
A-Weighted​ ​response​ ​is​ ​used​ ​for​ ​most​ ​applications,​ ​C-Weighting​ ​is​ ​also​ ​available​ ​on​ ​many 
sound​ ​level​ ​meters.​ ​C​ ​Weighting​ ​is​ ​usually​ ​used​ ​for​ ​Peak​ ​measurements​ ​and​ ​also​ ​in​ ​some 
entertainment​ ​noise​ ​measurement,​ ​where​ ​the​ ​transmission​ ​of​ ​bass​ ​noise​ ​can​ ​be​ ​a​ ​problem. 
C-weighted​ ​measurements​ ​are​ ​expressed​ ​as​ ​dBC​ ​or​ ​dB(C). 
https://www.noisemeters.com/help/faq/frequency-weighting.asp​ (​ accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 

 
  

dBZ Z-Weighted​ ​Decibels  

Z-weighting​ ​is​ ​a​ ​flat​ ​frequency​ ​response​ ​of​ ​10Hz​ ​to​ ​20kHz​ ​±1.5dB.​ ​This​ ​response​ ​replaces 
the​ ​older​ ​"Linear"​ ​or​ ​"Unweighted"​ ​responses​ ​as​ ​these​ ​did​ ​not​ ​define​ ​the​ ​frequency​ ​range​ ​over 
which​ ​the​ ​meter​ ​would​ ​be​ ​linear.​ ​Z-weighted​ ​measurements​ ​are​ ​expressed​ ​as​ ​dBZ​ ​or​ ​dB(Z). 
https://www.noisemeters.com/help/faq/frequency-weighting.asp​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017) 

 
DMA Doctor​ ​of​ ​Musical​ ​Arts  
The​ ​Doctor​ ​of​ ​Musical​ ​Arts​ ​degree​ ​(D.M.A.)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​doctoral​ ​academic​ ​degree​ ​in​ ​music.​ ​The​ ​D.M.A. 
combines​ ​advanced​ ​studies​ ​in​ ​an​ ​applied​ ​area​ ​of​ ​specialization​ ​(usually​ ​music​ ​performance, 
music​ ​composition,​ ​or​ ​conducting​ ​with​ ​graduate-level​ ​academic​ ​study​ ​in​ ​subjects​ ​such​ ​as 
music​ ​history,​ ​music​ ​theory,​ ​or​ ​music​ ​pedagogy.​ ​The​ ​D.M.A.​ ​degree​ ​usually​ ​takes​ ​about​ ​three​ ​to 
four​ ​years​ ​of​ ​full-time​ ​study​ ​to​ ​complete​ ​(in​ ​addition​ ​to​ ​the​ ​masters​ ​and​ ​bachelor's​ ​degrees), 
preparing​ ​students​ ​to​ ​be​ ​professional​ ​performers,​ ​conductors,​ ​and​ ​composers.​ ​As​ ​a​ ​terminal 
degree,​ ​the​ ​D.M.A.​ ​qualifies​ ​its​ ​recipient​ ​to​ ​work​ ​in​ ​university,​ ​college,​ ​and​ ​conservatory 
teaching/research​ ​positions.​ ​Students​ ​seeking​ ​doctoral​ ​training​ ​in​ ​musicology​ ​or​ ​music​ ​theory 
typically​ ​enter​ ​a​ ​Ph.D.​ ​program,​ ​rather​ ​than​ ​a​ ​D.M.A.​ ​program. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
EGG Electroglottograph 
The​ ​EGG​ ​is​ ​a​ ​non-invasive​ ​device​ ​for​ ​measuring​ ​relative​ ​contact​ ​between​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​folds.​ ​In 
singing​ ​voice​ ​investigations​ ​it​ ​can​ ​reveal​ ​not​ ​only​ ​the​ ​frequency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​glottal​ ​cycle,​ ​but​ ​usually 
the​ ​closed​ ​quotient​ ​as​ ​well.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller  
 
Electroglottography  
A​ ​charting​ ​of​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​glottal​ ​contact​ ​in​ ​each​ ​vibratory​ ​cycle,​ ​from​ ​which​ ​a​ ​closed​ ​quotient 
(the​ ​percentage​ ​of​ ​time​ ​the​ ​glottis​ ​is​ ​closed)​ ​and​ ​laryngeal​ ​register​ ​can​ ​be​ ​postulated.​ ​Data​ ​is 
collected​ ​by​ ​means​ ​of​ ​a​ ​small​ ​electric​ ​current​ ​passing​ ​between​ ​two​ ​electrodes​ ​placed​ ​one​ ​on 
either​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​larynx.​ ​The​ ​greater​ ​the​ ​conductivity​ ​between​ ​them,​ ​the​ ​greater​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​fold 
contact.​ ​Chest​ ​voice​ ​(mode​ ​one)​ ​has​ ​greater​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​contact​ ​and​ ​a​ ​larger​ ​contact​ ​quotient 

 
  

than​ ​head​ ​voice​ ​(mode​ ​two).​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman 

 
ENT Ear,​ ​Nose,​ ​Throat​ ​Physician  
Otolaryngologists​ ​are​ ​physicians​ ​trained​ ​in​ ​the​ ​medical​ ​and​ ​surgical​ ​management​ ​and​ ​treatment 
of​ ​patients​ ​with​ ​diseases​ ​and​ ​disorders​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ear,​ ​nose,​ ​throat​ ​(ENT),​ ​and​ ​related​ ​structures​ ​of 
the​ ​head​ ​and​ ​neck.​ ​They​ ​are​ ​commonly​ ​referred​ ​to​ ​as​ ​ENT​ ​physicians. 
http://www.entnet.org/content/what-otolaryngologist​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
ERV Expiratory​ ​Reserve​ ​Volume  
The​ ​maximal​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​air​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​exhaled​ ​from​ ​the​ ​end-expiratory​ ​position. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
F Formant  
A​ ​formant​ ​is​ ​a​ ​variable​ ​resonance​ ​of​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​tract.​ ​The​ ​first​ ​(lowest​ ​in​ ​frequency)​ ​five​ ​formants 
make​ ​important​ ​contributions​ ​to​ ​a​ ​sung​ ​sound.​ ​The​ ​frequencies​ ​of​ ​the​ ​first​ ​two​ ​(designated​ ​F1 
and​ ​F2,​ ​called​ ​the​ ​vowel​ ​formants)​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​vowel,​ ​and​ ​are​ ​also​ ​the​ ​principal​ ​varying 
factors​ ​in​ ​formant​ ​tuning.​ ​The​ ​singer's​ ​formant​ ​is​ ​a​ ​clustering​ ​among​ ​F3,​ ​F4,​ ​and​ ​F5.​ ​Formant 
properties​ ​include​ ​a​ ​center​ ​frequency,​ ​which​ ​is​ ​delicately​ ​adjusted​ ​in​ ​formant​ ​tuning,​ ​and​ ​a 
bandwidth,​ ​which​ ​varies​ ​inversely​ ​with​ ​the​ ​"quality"​ ​of​ ​the​ ​formant​ ​(the​ ​formant's​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​decay). 
Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
F0​,​ f​ 0​,​ F
​ 0​ ​​ Fundamental​ ​Frequency  
Frequency​ ​is​ ​the​ ​repetition​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​a​ ​periodic​ ​signal,​ ​expressed​ ​in​ ​hertz​ ​(Hz),​ ​or​ ​cycles​ ​per 
second.​ ​The​ ​fundamental​ ​frequency​ ​(F0)​ ​determines​ ​what​ ​is​ ​perceived​ ​as​ ​pitch,​ ​the 
psychoacoustic​ ​counterpart​ ​of​ ​F0.​ ​Frequency​ ​is​ ​the​ ​reciprocal​ ​of​ ​period,​ ​the​ ​time​ ​duration​ ​of 
one​ ​cycle.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller  
 

 
  

The​ ​lowest​ ​harmonic​ ​of​ ​a​ ​sound​ ​(H1),​ ​more​ ​or​ ​less​ ​equivalent​ ​to​ ​the​ ​perceived​ ​pitch. 
Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman

 
F1 First​ ​Formant  
see​ ​F  
 
 
F2 Second​ ​Formant  
see​ ​F  
 
 
F3 Third​ ​Formant  
see​ ​F  
 
 
F4 Fourth​ ​Formant  
see​ ​F
 
 
F5 Fifth​ ​Formant  
see​ ​F  
 
FO  Frequency​ ​of​ ​Oscillation
 
 
FRC Functional​ ​Residual​ ​Capacity  
The​ ​volume​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​at​ ​the​ ​end-expiratory​ ​position. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 

 
  

 
F​s Singers​ ​Formant​ ​Cluster 
See​ ​SFC 
 
FVF  False​ ​Vocal​ ​Folds  
Lying​ ​above​ ​the​ ​laryngeal​ ​ventricles​ ​are​ ​the​ ​false​ ​vocal​ ​folds.​ ​Because​ ​these​ ​evolutionary 
vestiges​ ​can​ ​be​ ​neither​ ​adducted​ ​nor​ ​tensed,​ ​they​ ​normally​ ​have​ ​nothing​ ​to​ ​do​ ​with​ ​phonation. 
Some​ ​people,​ ​however,​ ​have​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​squeeze​ ​the​ ​entire​ ​larynx​ ​tightly​ ​enough​ ​to​ ​being​ ​the 
false​ ​vocal​ ​folds​ ​into​ ​contact,​ ​producing​ ​a​ ​raspy,​ ​rattling​ ​sound​ ​that​ ​resembles​ ​the​ ​voice​ ​of​ ​the 
immortal​ ​jazz​ ​musician​ ​Louis​ ​Armstrong.​ ​Your​ ​Voice:​ ​An​ ​Inside​ ​View,​ ​ch9​ ​pg​ ​119​ ​(2004)​ ​Scott 
McCoy
 
 
GERD Gastroesophageal​ ​Reflux​ ​Disease  
Gastroesophageal​ ​reflux​ ​disease​ ​(GERD)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​chronic​ ​digestive​ ​disease.​ ​GERD​ ​occurs​ ​when 
stomach​ ​acid​ ​or,​ ​occasionally,​ ​stomach​ ​content,​ ​flows​ ​back​ ​into​ ​your​ ​food​ ​pipe​ ​(esophagus). 
The​ ​backwash​ ​(reflux)​ ​irritates​ ​the​ ​lining​ ​of​ ​your​ ​esophagus​ ​and​ ​causes​ ​GERD. 
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/definition/con-20025201 
(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
H Harmonic   
A​ ​frequency​ ​component​ ​of​ ​a​ ​sound.​ ​Harmonic​ ​frequency​ ​components​ ​are​ ​either​ ​the​ ​lowest 
component​ ​(the​ ​fundamental​ ​frequency)​ ​or​ ​whole​ ​integer​ ​multiples​ ​of​ ​the​ ​lowest​ ​frequency 
component.​ ​Together​ ​they​ ​therefore​ ​generate​ ​a​ ​pressure​ ​waveform​ ​that​ ​repeats​ ​at​ ​the 
frequency​ ​of​ ​that​ ​lowest​ ​common​ ​denominator.​ ​Kinesthetic​ ​Vocal​ ​Pedagogy,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman  
 
A​ ​harmonic​ ​is​ ​one​ ​form​ ​of​ ​the​ ​.​ ​frequency​ ​components​ ​of​ ​a​ ​periodic​ ​sound,​ ​which​ ​include​ ​H1, 
the​ ​fundamental​ ​frequency​ ​(note​ ​that​ ​F0=H1),​ ​and​ ​whole-number​ ​multiples​ ​of​ ​H1:​ ​H2,​ ​H3,​ ​H4, 
etc.​ ​Harmonic​ ​sound​ ​is​ ​periodic,​ ​as​ ​distinguished​ ​from​ ​non-periodic​ ​noise.​ ​A​ ​harmonic​ ​series​ ​for 
a​ ​given​ ​F0​ ​is​ ​generated​ ​by​ ​successively​ ​adding​ ​the​ ​F0​ ​to​ ​the​ ​previous​ ​member:​ ​F0,​ ​2F0,​ ​3F0, 

 
  

4F0,​ ​etc.​ ​The​ ​musical​ ​interval​ ​between​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​series​ ​decreases​ ​with​ ​each​ ​higher 
step:​ ​H1-H2:​ ​octave​ ​H2-H3:​ ​perfect​ ​fifth​ ​H3-H4:​ ​perfect​ ​fourth​ ​H4-H5:​ ​major​ ​third​ ​H5-H6: 
minor​ ​third​ ​etc.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
H1 First​ ​Harmonic  
See​ ​H
 
 
H2-H​∞ Second​ ​Harmonic​ ​through​ ​Infinity​ ​Harmonic  
See​ ​H
 
 
Hz Hertz  
Cycles​ ​per​ ​second,​ ​a​ ​unit​ ​of​ ​frequency.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
IA  Interarytenoid​ ​(Muscles)  
IA​ ​muscles​ ​have​ ​two​ ​portions:​ ​the​ ​transverse​ ​interarytenoid,​ ​which​ ​slides​ ​the​ ​two​ ​arytenoids 
together​ ​along​ ​the​ ​surface​ ​of​ ​the​ ​cricoid​ ​cartilage;​ ​and​ ​the​ ​oblique​ ​interarytenoids,​ ​which 
crisscross​ ​behind​ ​the​ ​transverse​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​muscle​ ​and​ ​continue​ ​into​ ​the​ ​aryepiglottic​ ​fold. 
Your​ ​Voice:​ ​An​ ​Inside​ ​View​ ​ch​ ​9​ ​pg​ ​118​ ​(2004)​ ​Scott​ ​McCoy

 
IC Inspiratory​ ​Capacity  
The​ ​sum​ ​of​ ​Inspiratory​ ​Reserve​ ​Volume​ ​and​ ​Tidal​ ​Volume. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
ICVT International​ ​Congress​ ​of​ ​Voice​ ​Teachers  

 
  

The​ ​ICVT​ ​grew​ ​out​ ​of​ ​an​ ​interest​ ​in​ ​developing​ ​opportunities​ ​to​ ​share​ ​professional​ ​and 
artistic​ ​information​ ​on​ ​an​ ​international​ ​scale.​ ​NATS​ ​and​ ​dozens​ ​of​ ​other​ ​voice​ ​teacher 
associations​ ​entered​ ​into​ ​a​ ​Joint​ ​Venture​ ​Agreement​ ​to​ ​facilitate​ ​(by​ ​providing​ ​marketing 
services​ ​and​ ​managing​ ​funds)​ ​a​ ​world-wide​ ​gathering​ ​of​ ​voice​ ​teachers​ ​for​ ​master​ ​classes​ ​and 
sessions,​ ​very​ ​similar​ ​to​ ​the​ ​NATS​ ​national​ ​conferences,​ ​but​ ​international​ ​in​ ​scope. 
https://www.nats.org/international-congress-of-voice-teachers.html​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
IPA International​ ​Phonetic​ ​Alphabet   
A​ ​phonetic​ ​alphabet​ ​is​ ​an​ ​alphabet​ ​in​ ​which​ ​a​ ​single​ ​sound​ ​is​ ​represented​ ​by​ ​a​ ​single​ ​symbol. 
The​ ​International​ ​Phonetic​ ​Alphabet,​ ​or​ ​IPA,​ ​is​ ​such​ ​an​ ​alphabet.​ ​Diction​ ​For​ ​Singers,​ ​Joan​ ​Wall 
and​ ​Robert​ ​Caldwell
 
 
IRV Inspiratory​ ​Reserve​ ​Volume  
The​ ​maximal​ ​volume​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​inhaled​ ​from​ ​the​ ​end-inspiratory​ ​level. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
IVA Institute​ ​for​ ​Vocal​ ​Advancement  
IVA​ ​was​ ​founded​ ​by​ ​a​ ​group​ ​of​ ​world-class​ ​teachers​ ​of​ ​singing​ ​who​ ​have​ ​over​ ​125​ ​years​ ​of 
combined​ ​experience​ ​training​ ​singers​ ​and​ ​teachers​ ​of​ ​singing.​ ​The​ ​founding​ ​members​ ​have 
dedicated​ ​themselves​ ​to​ ​learning​ ​the​ ​best​ ​method​ ​for​ ​training​ ​the​ ​voice,​ ​and​ ​to​ ​pass​ ​this 
knowledge​ ​on​ ​to​ ​others.​ ​The​ ​IVA​ ​Master​ ​Teachers​ ​are​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​providing​ ​and​ ​developing 
ongoing​ ​education​ ​for​ ​IVA​ ​Student​ ​Teachers​ ​and​ ​IVA​ ​Certified​ ​Teachers​ ​in​ ​private​ ​lessons, 
webinars,​ ​Master​ ​Classes​ ​and​ ​Teacher​ ​Trainings.​ ​They​ ​are​ ​evaluating​ ​and​ ​certifying​ ​IVA 
Instructors​ ​of​ ​all​ ​levels.​ ​These​ ​Master​ ​Teachers​ ​have​ ​worked​ ​with​ ​singers​ ​of​ ​every​ ​genre:​ ​From 
Rock​ ​and​ ​Pop​ ​musicians​ ​going​ ​out​ ​on​ ​major​ ​tours​ ​to​ ​leads​ ​on​ ​Broadway​ ​performing​ ​Musical 
Theatre.​ h
​ ttps://www.vocaladvancement.com/about-iva/​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
  

 
IVC Inspiratory​ ​Vital​ ​Capacity  
The​ ​maximum​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​air​ ​inhaled​ ​from​ ​the​ ​point​ ​of​ ​maximum​ ​expiration. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
IVTOM International​ ​Voice​ ​Teachers​ ​of​ ​Mix  
International​ ​Voice​ ​Teachers​ ​of​ ​Mix​ ​(IVTOM)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​non-profit​ ​organization​ ​that​ ​provides 
education,​ ​accreditation,​ ​interaction,​ ​and​ ​community​ ​for​ ​teachers​ ​who​ ​continually​ ​endeavor​ ​to 
be​ ​the​ ​best​ ​in​ ​their​ ​field.​ ​ ​We​ ​strive​ ​to​ ​teach​ ​natural,​ ​unaffected,​ ​and​ ​healthy​ ​vocal​ ​production, 
with​ ​a​ ​return​ ​to​ ​pure​ ​bel​ ​canto​ ​singing​ ​in​ ​all​ ​styles.​ ​http://www.ivtom.org/about-2/​​ ​(accessed 
July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
JASA Journal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Acoustical​ ​Society​ ​of​ ​America  
Since​ ​1929,​ ​The​ ​Journal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Acoustical​ ​Society​ ​of​ ​America​ ​(JASA)​ ​has​ ​been​ ​the​ ​leading 
source​ ​of​ ​theoretical​ ​and​ ​experimental​ ​research​ ​results​ ​in​ ​the​ ​broad​ ​interdisciplinary​ ​subject​ ​of 
sound.​ ​The​ ​journal​ ​serves​ ​physical​ ​scientists,​ ​life​ ​scientists,​ ​engineers,​ ​psychologists, 
physiologists,​ ​architects,​ ​musicians,​ ​and​ ​speech​ ​communication​ ​specialists. 
http://asa.scitation.org/jas/info/about​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
JOS Journal​ ​of​ ​Singing  
Journal​ ​of​ ​Singing​ ​is​ ​the​ ​official​ ​journal​ ​of​ ​National​ ​Association​ ​of​ ​Teachers​ ​of​ ​Singing, 
providing​ ​current​ ​information​ ​regarding​ ​the​ ​teaching​ ​of​ ​singing​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​results​ ​of​ ​recent 
research​ ​in​ ​the​ ​field.​ ​A​ ​refereed​ ​journal,​ ​it​ ​serves​ ​as​ ​an​ ​historical​ ​record​ ​and​ ​is​ ​a​ ​venue​ ​for 
teachers​ ​of​ ​singing​ ​and​ ​other​ ​scholars​ ​to​ ​share​ ​the​ ​results​ ​of​ ​their​ ​work​ ​in​ ​areas​ ​such​ ​as​ ​history, 
diction,​ ​voice​ ​science,​ ​medicine,​ ​and​ ​especially​ ​voice​ ​pedagogy.​ ​Journal​ ​of​ ​Singing​ ​is​ ​published 
five​ ​times​ ​annually​ ​(Sept/Oct,​ ​Nov/Dec,​ ​Jan/Feb,​ ​March/April,​ ​May/June) 
https://www.nats.org/cgi/page.cgi/about_journal_singing.html​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
  

 
JOV Journal​ ​of​ ​Voice  
The​ ​Journal​ ​of​ ​Voice​ ​is​ ​widely​ ​regarded​ ​as​ ​the​ ​world's​ ​premiere​ ​journal​ ​for​ ​voice​ ​medicine​ ​and 
research.​ ​This​ ​peer-reviewed​ ​publication​ ​is​ ​listed​ ​in​ ​Index​ ​Medicus​ ​and​ ​is​ ​indexed​ ​by​ ​the 
Institute​ ​for​ ​Scientific​ ​Information.​ ​The​ ​journal​ ​contains​ ​articles​ ​written​ ​by​ ​experts​ ​throughout 
the​ ​world​ ​on​ ​all​ ​topics​ ​in​ ​voice​ ​sciences,​ ​voice​ ​medicine​ ​and​ ​surgery,​ ​and​ ​speech-language 
pathologists'​ ​management​ ​of​ ​voice-related​ ​problems.​ ​The​ ​journal​ ​includes​ ​clinical​ ​articles, 
clinical​ ​research,​ ​and​ ​laboratory​ ​research.​ ​Members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Foundation​ ​receive​ ​the​ ​journal​ ​as​ ​a 
benefit​ ​of​ ​membership.​ h
​ ttp://www.jvoice.org/content/aims​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
JSLHR  Journal​ ​of​ ​Speech,​ ​Language,​ ​and​ ​Hearing​ ​Research  
JSLHR​ ​publishes​ ​peer-reviewed​ ​research​ ​and​ ​other​ ​scholarly​ ​articles​ ​on​ ​the​ ​normal​ ​and 
disordered​ ​processes​ ​in​ ​speech,​ ​language,​ ​hearing,​ ​and​ ​related​ ​areas​ ​such​ ​as​ ​cognition, 
oral-motor​ ​function,​ ​and​ ​swallowing.​ ​The​ ​journal​ ​is​ ​an​ ​international​ ​outlet​ ​for​ ​both​ ​basic 
research​ ​on​ ​communication​ ​processes​ ​and​ ​clinical​ ​research​ ​pertaining​ ​to​ ​screening,​ ​diagnosis, 
and​ ​management​ ​of​ ​communication​ ​disorders​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​the​ ​etiologies​ ​and​ ​characteristics​ ​of 
these​ ​disorders.​ ​JSLHR​ ​seeks​ ​to​ ​advance​ ​evidence-based​ ​practice​ ​by​ ​disseminating​ ​the​ ​results 
of​ ​new​ ​studies​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​providing​ ​a​ ​forum​ ​for​ ​critical​ ​reviews​ ​and​ ​meta-analyses​ ​of​ ​previously 
published​ ​work.​ ​http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/ss/aboutJSLHR.aspx​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
kHz,​​ ​KHz Kilohertz  
One​ ​kilohertz​ ​is​ ​a​ ​thousand​ ​hertz.​ ​See​ ​Hz.​ ​Webster’s​ ​New​ ​World​ ​College​ ​Dictionary,​ ​4th​ ​Edition

 
LCA Lateral​ ​Cricoarytenoid 
The​ ​lateral​ ​cricoarytenoid​ ​muscles​ ​take​ ​their​ ​name​ ​from​ ​their​ ​point​ ​of​ ​origin​ ​on​ ​the​ ​superior 
surface​ ​of​ ​the​ ​cricoid​ ​cartilage​ ​and​ ​their​ ​insertion​ ​into​ ​the​ ​muscular​ ​processes​ ​of​ ​the​ ​arytenoids. 
On​ ​contraction,​ ​they​ ​rotate​ ​the​ ​arytenoids,​ ​bringing​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​processes​ ​together​ ​to​ ​close​ ​the 
anterior​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​glottis.​ ​Your​ ​Voice:​ ​An​ ​Inside​ ​View​ ​ch9​ ​pg​ ​118​ ​(2004)​ ​Scott​ ​McCoy

 
  

 
 
LPC Linear​ ​Predictive​ ​Coding  
LPC​ ​is​ ​a​ ​complex​ ​mathematical​ ​operation​ ​carried​ ​out​ ​by​ ​computers​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to 
estimate​ ​formant​ ​frequencies​ ​in​ ​a​ ​voiced​ ​sound.​ ​While​ ​reasonably​ ​useful​ ​at​ ​the​ ​low​ ​F0s​ ​of 
speech​ ​(ca.​ ​120​ ​Hz​ ​for​ ​men,​ ​200​ ​Hz​ ​for​ ​women),​ ​it​ ​becomes​ ​quite​ ​unreliable​ ​at​ ​F0s​ ​above​ ​300 
Hz​ ​(ca.​ ​D4),​ ​and​ ​thus​ ​is​ ​of​ ​little​ ​use​ ​for​ ​much​ ​of​ ​the​ ​singing​ ​voice.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald 
Gray​ ​Miller
 
 
LTAS Long​ ​Time​ ​Average​ ​Spectrum  
LTAS​ ​accumulates​ ​spectral​ ​measurements​ ​over​ ​a​ ​specified​ ​duration,​ ​displaying​ ​them​ ​lumped 
together​ ​in​ ​a​ ​single​ ​power​ ​spectrum...​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
M0 Mode​ ​Zero  
A​ ​vibrational​ ​mode​ ​of​ ​the​ ​voice​ ​source​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​shape​ ​is​ ​short​ ​and​ ​thick,​ ​and​ ​the 
vocalis​ ​muscle​ ​and​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​cover​ ​are​ ​loose.​ ​Also​ ​called​ ​pulse​ ​or​ ​vocal​ ​fry​ ​register.​ ​Practical 
Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman

 
M1 Mode​ ​One​ ​or​ ​Mechanism​ ​One 
A​ ​vibrational​ ​mode​ ​of​ ​the​ ​voice​ ​source​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​shape​ ​is​ ​short​ ​and​ ​thick,​ ​and​ ​the 
vocal​ ​fold​ ​cover​ ​loose.​ ​It​ ​has​ ​vertical​ ​phase​ ​difference,​ ​generating​ ​more​ ​and​ ​stronger​ ​high 
partials.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​greater​ ​TA​ ​laryngeal​ ​muscle​ ​participation.​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics, 
Ken​ ​Bozeman  

 
M2 Mode​ ​Two​ ​or​ ​Mechanism​ ​Two 

 
  

A​ ​vibrational​ ​mode​ ​of​ ​the​ ​voice​ ​source​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​shape​ ​is​ ​long​ ​and​ ​thin,​ ​and​ ​the 
vocal​ ​fold​ ​cover​ ​is​ ​taut.​ ​It​ ​has​ ​little​ ​vertical​ ​phase​ ​difference,​ ​resulting​ ​in​ ​a​ ​more​ ​sinusoidal 
pressure​ ​wave​ ​that​ ​is​ ​more​ ​fundamental​ ​frequency​ ​dominant.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​greater​ ​CT 
laryngeal​ ​muscle​ ​participation​ ​and​ ​usually​ ​passive​ ​TAs.​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken 
Bozeman
 
 
M3 Mode​ ​Three  
A​ ​vibrational​ ​mode​ ​of​ ​the​ ​voice​ ​source​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​shape​ ​is​ ​long​ ​and​ ​thin,​ ​and​ ​the 
vocal​ ​fold​ ​cover​ ​is​ ​taut.​ ​However​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​folds​ ​may​ ​not​ ​be​ ​fully​ ​adducted​ ​nor​ ​vibrate​ ​along 
their​ ​full​ ​length.​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman

 
mel Unit​ ​on​ ​Mel​ ​Scale  
The​ ​mel​ ​scale,​ ​named​ ​by​ ​Stevens,​ ​Volkmann,​ ​and​ ​Newman​ ​in​ ​1937,​ ​is​ ​a​ ​perceptual​ ​scale​ ​of 
pitches​ ​judged​ ​by​ ​listeners​ ​to​ ​be​ ​equal​ ​in​ ​distance​ ​from​ ​one​ ​another.​ ​The​ ​reference​ ​point 
between​ ​this​ ​scale​ ​and​ ​normal​ ​frequency​ ​measurement​ ​is​ ​defined​ ​by​ ​assigning​ ​a​ ​perceptual 
pitch​ ​of​ ​1000​ ​mels​ ​to​ ​a​ ​1000​ ​Hz​ ​tone,​ ​40​ ​dB​ ​above​ ​the​ ​listener's​ ​threshold.​ ​Above​ ​about​ ​500​ ​Hz, 
increasingly​ ​large​ ​intervals​ ​are​ ​judged​ ​by​ ​listeners​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​equal​ ​pitch​ ​increments.​ ​As​ ​a 
result,​ ​four​ ​octaves​ ​on​ ​the​ ​hertz​ ​scale​ ​above​ ​500​ ​Hz​ ​are​ ​judged​ ​to​ ​comprise​ ​about​ ​two​ ​octaves 
on​ ​the​ ​mel​ ​scale.​ ​The​ ​name​ ​mel​ ​comes​ ​from​ ​the​ ​word​ ​melody​ ​to​ ​indicate​ ​that​ ​the​ ​scale​ ​is​ ​based 
on​ ​pitch​ ​comparisons.​ h
​ ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_scale​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
MFDR Maximum​ ​Flow​ ​Declination​ ​Rate  
The​ ​acoustic​ ​quantity​ ​most​ ​highly​ ​correlated​ ​with​ ​acoustic​ ​sound​ ​intensity​ ​is​ ​the​ ​maximum​ ​flow 
declination​ ​rate​ ​(MFDR)​ ​of​ ​the​ ​airflow​ ​in​ ​the​ ​glottis.​ ​If​ ​we​ ​think​ ​of​ ​the​ ​airflow​ ​in​ ​the​ ​glottis​ ​as 
being​ ​made​ ​up​ ​of​ ​a​ ​series​ ​of​ ​pulses,​ ​one​ ​per​ ​cycle​ ​of​ ​vibration,​ ​then​ ​the​ ​maximum​ ​rate​ ​of 
decline​ ​of​ ​the​ ​flow​ ​in​ ​any​ ​one​ ​of​ ​these​ ​pulses​ ​gives​ ​us​ ​a​ ​strong​ ​measure​ ​of​ ​vocal​ ​intensity. 
http://www.vocapedia.info/_Library/JOS_files_Vocapedia/JOS-061-1-2004-063.pdf​ ​(accessed 
July​ ​25,​ ​2017)​ ​Journal​ ​of​ ​Singing​ ​What​ ​Makes​ ​A​ ​Voice​ ​Acustically​ ​Strong,​ ​Ingo​ ​Titze
 

 
  

 
MPT Maximum​ ​Phonation​ ​Time  
MPT​ ​is​ ​the​ ​longest​ ​period​ ​during​ ​which​ ​a​ ​patient​ ​can​ ​sustain​ ​phonation​ ​of​ ​a​ ​vowel​ ​sound, 
typically​ ​/a/.​ ​A​ ​timer​ ​and​ ​audio​ ​recorder​ ​are​ ​the​ ​only​ ​equipment​ ​typically​ ​used​ ​to​ ​measure​ ​MPT. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128209/​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
ms Millisecond  
A​ ​millisecond​ ​(from​ ​milli-​ ​and​ ​second;​ ​symbol:​ ​ms)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​thousandth​ ​(0.001​ ​or​ ​10−3​ ​or​ ​1/1000)​ ​of 
a​ ​second.​ ​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
MTD  Muscle​ ​Tension​ ​Dysphonia   
The​ ​term​ ​“muscle​ ​tension​ ​dysphonia”​ ​is​ ​a​ ​general​ ​term​ ​for​ ​an​ ​imbalance​ ​in​ ​the​ ​coordination​ ​of 
the​ ​muscles​ ​and​ ​breathing​ ​patterns​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​create​ ​voice.​ ​This​ ​imbalance​ ​can​ ​be​ ​seen​ ​without 
any​ ​anatomical​ ​abnormality​ ​(primary​ ​MTD)​ ​or​ ​in​ ​the​ ​presence​ ​of​ ​an​ ​anatomical​ ​abnormality 
(secondary​ ​MTD).​ ​In​ ​the​ ​case​ ​of​ ​secondary​ ​MTD,​ ​the​ ​muscle​ ​tension​ ​is​ ​thought​ ​to​ ​be​ ​the​ ​body’s 
natural​ ​compensatory​ ​process​ ​to​ ​adjust​ ​for​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​injury. 
http://www.otolaryngology.pitt.edu/centers-excellence/voice-center/conditions-we-treat/muscl
e-tension-dysphonia​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
NATS National​ ​Association​ ​of​ ​Teachers​ ​of​ ​Singing  
Founded​ ​in​ ​1944,​ ​National​ ​Association​ ​of​ ​Teachers​ ​of​ ​Singing,​ ​Inc.​ ​(NATS)​ ​is​ ​the​ ​largest 
professional​ ​association​ ​of​ ​teachers​ ​of​ ​singing​ ​in​ ​the​ ​world​ ​with​ ​nearly​ ​7,000​ ​members​ ​in​ ​the 
United​ ​States,​ ​Canada,​ ​and​ ​nearly​ ​30​ ​other​ ​countries.​ ​Internationally,​ ​NATS​ ​is​ ​represented​ ​in 
Argentina,​ ​Australia,​ ​Austria,​ ​Belgium,​ ​Bolivia,​ ​Brazil,​ ​China,​ ​Colombia,​ ​Denmark,​ ​France, 
Germany,​ ​Greece,​ ​Hungary,​ ​Indonesia,​ ​Ireland,​ ​Italy,​ ​Japan,​ ​Malaysia,​ ​Mexico,​ ​Netherlands, 
Portugal,​ ​Singapore,​ ​South​ ​Korea,​ ​Spain,​ ​Sweden,​ ​Switzerland,​ ​Taiwan,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​United​ ​Kingdom, 
with​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​countries​ ​growing​ ​every​ ​year.​ h
​ ttps://www.nats.org/who-is-nats.html 
(accessed​ ​July​ ​24,​ ​2017)
 

 
  

 
NCVS National​ ​Center​ ​for​ ​Voice​ ​and​ ​Speech 
The​ ​National​ ​Center​ ​for​ ​Voice​ ​and​ ​Speech​ ​conducts​ ​research,​ ​educates​ ​vocologists, 
disseminates​ ​information​ ​about​ ​voice​ ​and​ ​speech,​ ​and​ ​provides​ ​referral​ ​services​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​help 
people​ ​around​ ​the​ ​world​ ​enjoy​ ​healthy​ ​and​ ​effective​ ​vocal​ ​communications.​ ​In​ ​carrying​ ​forth​ ​its 
mission,​ ​the​ ​National​ ​Center​ ​for​ ​Voice​ ​and​ ​Speech​ ​strives​ ​to​ ​cultivate​ ​and​ ​develop​ ​positive​ ​and 
effective​ ​relationships;​ ​it​ ​provides​ ​leadership​ ​in​ ​making​ ​a​ ​compelling​ ​case​ ​for​ ​support​ ​and 
research​ ​on​ ​the​ ​human​ ​voice.​ h
​ ttp://www.ncvs.org/about_mission.html​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25, 
2017)
 
 
NYTSA New​ ​York​ ​Singing​ ​Teachers’​ ​Association  
NYSTA​ ​strives​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​voice​ ​professionals,​ ​both​ ​locally​ ​and​ ​globally,​ ​with​ ​the​ ​tools​ ​and 
inspiration​ ​needed​ ​for​ ​an​ ​increasingly​ ​informed​ ​and​ ​creative​ ​pedagogy.​ ​Immense​ ​advances​ ​in 
voice​ ​science,​ ​neurology,​ ​psychology,​ ​education​ ​theory,​ ​medicine,​ ​and​ ​mind/body​ ​healing​ ​offer 
new​ ​information​ ​and​ ​techniques​ ​from​ ​which​ ​voice​ ​teachers​ ​can​ ​draw.​ ​By​ ​making​ ​these 
resources​ ​accessible​ ​to​ ​our​ ​members,​ ​we​ ​foster​ ​twenty-first-century​ ​pedagogy,​ ​rooted​ ​in​ ​the 
great​ ​traditions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​past,​ ​incorporating​ ​the​ ​new​ ​knowledge​ ​of​ ​our​ ​time. 
http://www.nyst.org/content/about-nysta​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
Pa Pascals  
One​ ​pascal​ ​is​ ​the​ ​pressure​ ​exerted​ ​by​ ​a​ ​force​ ​of​ ​magnitude​ ​one​ ​newton​ ​perpendicularly​ ​upon​ ​an 
area​ ​of​ ​one​ ​square​ ​metre.​ ​In​ ​measurements​ ​of​ ​sound​ ​pressure​ ​or​ ​loudness​ ​of​ ​sound,​ ​one​ ​pascal 
is​ ​equal​ ​to​ ​94​ ​decibels​ ​SPL.​ ​The​ ​quietest​ ​sound​ ​a​ ​human​ ​can​ ​hear,​ ​known​ ​as​ ​the​ ​threshold​ ​of 
hearing,​ ​is​ ​0​ ​dB​ ​SPL,​ ​or​ ​20​ ​µPa.​ ​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)#See_also​​ ​(accessed 
July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
PAS Phonatory​ ​Aerodynamic​ ​System  

 
  

The​ ​Phonatory​ ​Aerodynamic​ ​System​ ​(PAS)​ ​measures​ ​airflow,​ ​pressure,​ ​and​ ​other 
parameters​ ​related​ ​to​ ​speech​ ​and​ ​voice​ ​production​ ​to​ ​support​ ​evidence-based​ ​practice. 
http://www.pentaxmedical.com/pentax/en/99/1/Phonatory-Aerodynamic-System-PAS-Model-6
600​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
 
PP  Perfect​ ​Pitch  
See​ ​AP​ ​(Absolute​ ​Pitch) 
 
 
PRT Primary​ ​Register​ ​Transition  
The​ ​PRT​ ​is​ ​the​ ​(moveable)​ ​point​ ​in​ ​the​ ​F0​ ​range​ ​of​ ​a​ ​voice​ ​where​ ​the​ ​vibration​ ​pattern​ ​of​ ​the 
glottal​ ​voice​ ​source​ ​shifts​ ​from​ ​'chest'​ ​to​ ​'head.'​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
PTP Phonatory​ ​Threshold​ ​Pressure  
Phonatory​ ​Threshold​ ​Pressure​ ​is​ ​the​ ​pressure​ ​required​ ​to​ ​overcome​ ​the​ ​resistance​ ​of​ ​glottal 
adduction​ ​and​ ​initiate​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​oscillation.​ ​Your​ ​Voice:​ ​An​ ​Inside​ ​View​ ​ch9,​ ​pg​ ​119​ ​(2004), 
Scott​ ​McCoy
 
 
PVCM Paradoxical​ ​Vocal​ ​Cord​ ​Movement  
See​ ​VCD
 
 
PVFM Paradoxical​ ​Vocal​ ​Fold​ ​Movement  
See​ ​VCD
 
 
RAP  Resident​ ​Artist​ ​Program 

 
  

See​ ​YAP 
 
 
RP  Relative​ ​Pitch 
Relative​ ​pitch​ ​is​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​of​ ​a​ ​person​ ​to​ ​identify​ ​or​ ​re-create​ ​a​ ​given​ ​musical​ ​note​ ​by​ ​comparing 
it​ ​to​ ​a​ ​reference​ ​note​ ​and​ ​identifying​ ​the​ ​interval​ ​between​ ​those​ ​two​ ​notes. 
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pitch​ ​(accessed​ ​August​ ​5,​ ​2017) 
 
 
RV Residual​ ​Volume  
Residual​ ​volume​ ​is​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​air​ ​that​ ​remains​ ​in​ ​a​ ​person's​ ​lungs​ ​after​ ​fully​ ​exhaling. 
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/HEALTH/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=str2316&​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25, 
2017)
 
 
s Second  
The​ ​second​ ​(symbol:​ ​s)​ ​(abbreviated​ ​s​ ​or​ ​sec)​ ​is​ ​the​ ​base​ ​unit​ ​of​ ​time​ ​in​ ​the​ ​International 
System​ ​of​ ​Units​ ​/​ ​Système​ ​International​ ​d'Unités​ ​(SI).​ ​It​ ​is​ ​qualitatively​ ​defined​ ​as​ ​the​ ​second 
division​ ​of​ ​the​ ​hour​ ​by​ ​sixty,​ ​the​ ​first​ ​division​ ​by​ ​sixty​ ​being​ ​the​ ​minute.​ ​The​ ​SI​ ​definition​ ​of 
second​ ​is​ ​"the​ ​duration​ ​of​ ​9​ ​192​ ​631​ ​770​ ​periods​ ​of​ ​the​ ​radiation​ ​corresponding​ ​to​ ​the​ ​transition 
between​ ​the​ ​two​ ​hyperfine​ ​levels​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ground​ ​state​ ​of​ ​the​ ​caesium​ ​133​ ​atom". 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
sec Second  
see​ ​s
 
 
SFC Singers’​ ​Formant​ ​Cluster  
The​ ​singers'​ ​formant​ ​is​ ​created​ ​by​ ​a​ ​clustering​ ​of​ ​at​ ​least​ ​to​ ​of​ ​formants​ ​F3,F4,​ ​and​ ​F5,​ ​which 
are​ ​far​ ​less​ ​variable​ ​than​ ​the​ ​vowel​ ​formants,​ ​F1​ ​and​ ​F2.​ ​Effective​ ​in​ ​the​ ​frequency​ ​range​ ​2.3-3.5 

 
  

kHz,​ ​where​ ​the​ ​sound​ ​of​ ​an​ ​orchestra​ ​is​ ​relatively​ ​weak​ ​and​ ​sensitivity​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ear​ ​is 
particularly​ ​strong,​ ​the​ ​singer's​ ​formant​ ​is​ ​instrumental​ ​in​ ​helping​ ​unamplified​ ​voices​ ​to​ ​be 
well​ ​perceived.​ ​On​ ​high​ ​pitches​ ​in​ ​some​ ​voices​ ​the​ ​resonance​ ​of​ ​the​ ​singer's​ ​formant 
contributes​ ​the​ ​dominant​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​total​ ​SPL.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing,​ ​Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller

 
SLP Speech-Language​ ​Pathologist  
Speech-language​ ​pathologists​ ​(SLPs)​ ​work​ ​to​ ​prevent,​ ​assess,​ ​diagnose,​ ​and​ ​treat​ ​speech, 
language,​ ​social​ ​communication,​ ​cognitive-communication,​ ​and​ ​swallowing​ ​disorders​ ​in 
children​ ​and​ ​adults.​​ ​http://www.asha.org/Students/Speech-Language-Pathologists/#careers 
(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
SLS Speech​ ​Level​ ​Singing  
A​ ​pedagogic​ ​approach​ ​initiated​ ​by​ ​Seth​ ​Riggs,​ ​and​ ​currently​ ​disseminated​ ​by​ ​several 
independent​ ​international​ ​groups​ ​(IVA,​ ​IVTOM​ ​etc.).​ ​Kinesthetic​ ​Vocal​ ​Pedagogy,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman  
 
 
SOVT Semi​ ​Occluded​ ​Vocal​ ​Tract  
A​ ​vocal​ ​tract​ ​with​ ​an​ ​exit​ ​sufficiently​ ​narrowed​ ​to​ ​generate​ ​flow​ ​resistance​ ​or​ ​acoustic 
impedance.​ ​A​ ​short​ ​thin​ ​straw​ ​is​ ​one​ ​mechanical​ ​example.​ ​A​ ​very​ ​small,​ ​kazoo-like​ ​/w/​ ​is​ ​an 
articulatory​ ​example.​ ​Kinesthetic​ ​Vocal​ ​Pedagogy,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman

 
SPL Sound​ ​Pressure​ ​Level  
SPL​ ​is​ ​a​ ​physical​ ​measure​ ​of​ ​the​ ​intensity​ ​of​ ​sound,​ ​given​ ​in​ ​decibels​ ​(dB),​ ​a​ ​logarithmic 
measure.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​distinguished​ ​from​ ​loudness,​ ​a​ ​psychoacoustic​ ​measure.​ ​Resonance​ ​in​ ​Singing, 
Donald​ ​Gray​ ​Miller
 
 
SPLAT  Singer​ ​Please​ ​Loosen​ ​Abdominal​ ​Tension   

 
  

Janice​ ​Chapman​ ​discusses​ ​the​ ​SPLAT​ ​method​ ​within​ ​her​ ​writing​ ​and​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​need​ ​for 
singers​ ​to​ ​loosen​ ​abdominal​ ​tension.​ ​Her​ ​work​ ​is​ ​heavily​ ​influenced​ ​by​ ​the​ ​Accent​ ​Method 
and​ ​is​ ​therefore​ ​worthy​ ​of​ ​consideration. 
https://www.voiceworkshop.co.uk/the-accent-method-does-the-research-support-it/​​ ​(accessed 
July​ ​26,​ ​2017)
 
SVS Singing​ ​Voice​ ​Specialist  
Singing​ ​voice​ ​specialists​ ​are​ ​speech​ ​pathologists​ ​with​ ​extensive​ ​background​ ​in​ ​singing​ ​as​ ​well 
as​ ​vocal​ ​teaching​ ​and​ ​coaching. 
https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/voice-therapy/singing-voice-specialists​​ ​(accessed​ ​July 
25,​ ​2017)
 
 
TA Thyroarytenoid​ ​(muscle)  
The​ ​muscles,​ ​which​ ​upon​ ​contracting​ ​shorte​ ​and​ ​thicken​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​folds​ ​for​ ​lower​ ​pitches.​ ​The 
comprise​ ​the​ ​body​ ​of​ ​the​ ​vocal​ ​folds​ ​and​ ​are​ ​responsible​ ​for​ ​what​ ​has​ ​historically​ ​been​ ​called 
"chest"​ ​register​ ​(now​ ​vibrational​ ​mode​ ​one),​ ​with​ ​its​ ​thicker​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​contact,​ ​vertical​ ​phase 
difference,​ ​and​ ​larger​ ​number​ ​of​ ​harmonics.​ ​Practical​ ​Vocal​ ​Acoustics,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman  
 
 
TA Transverse​ ​Abdominus  
See​ ​TVA
 
 
TLC Total​ ​Lung​ ​Capacity  
The​ ​volume​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​at​ ​maximal​ ​inflation,​ ​the​ ​sum​ ​of​ ​VC​ ​and​ ​RV. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)

 
TMJ Temporomandibular​ ​Joint   

 
  

The​ ​joints​ ​of​ ​the​ ​jaw​ ​with​ ​the​ ​skull,​ ​just​ ​in​ ​front​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ear​ ​canals.​ ​A​ ​handy​ ​reference​ ​for 
sensations​ ​of​ ​palatal​ ​height​ ​and​ ​over​ ​vowel​ ​ring.​ ​Kinesthetic​ ​Vocal​ ​Pedagogy,​ ​Ken​ ​Bozeman
 
 
TMJ​ ​Syndrome​ ​or​ ​TMJ​ ​Disfunction  
Symptoms​ ​include​ ​pain​ ​in​ ​the​ ​face​ ​and​ ​jaw,​ ​restricted​ ​range​ ​of​ ​jaw​ ​motion,​ ​popping​ ​and​ ​grating 
noises​ ​in​ ​the​ ​TM​ ​joint​ ​(Zemblin,​ ​1998).​ ​This​ ​syndrome​ ​can​ ​be​ ​particularly​ ​problematic​ ​for​ ​singer, 
who​ ​often​ ​must​ ​open​ ​the​ ​jaw​ ​very​ ​widely​ ​and​ ​quickly.​ ​Treatment​ ​options​ ​include​ ​bite 
adjustment,​ ​heat,​ ​and​ ​drugs​ ​ranging​ ​from​ ​analgesics​ ​to​ ​muscle​ ​relaxants.​ ​Singers​ ​who 
experience​ ​symptoms​ ​of​ ​TMJ​ ​Dysfunction​ ​should​ ​consult​ ​their​ ​dentist​ ​or​ ​physician​ ​for 
treatment​ ​options.​ ​Your​ ​Voice:​ ​An​ ​Inside​ ​View,​ ​ch​ ​10​ ​pg​ ​141​ ​(2004)​ ​Scott​ ​McCoy

 
TV Tidal​ ​Volume  
The​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​air​ ​breathed​ ​in​ ​and​ ​out​ ​during​ ​respiration​ ​(measured​ ​in​ ​liters). 
http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/glossary.html#​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
TVA Transverse​ ​Abdominus  
The​ ​deepest​ ​layer​ ​of​ ​abdominal​ ​muscle​ ​is​ ​the​ ​transverse,​ ​whose​ ​fibers​ ​run​ ​horizontally​ ​from​ ​the 
rectus​ ​muscles​ ​to​ ​the​ ​spine.​ ​Like​ ​the​ ​internal​ ​obliques,​ ​the​ ​transverse​ ​muscles​ ​have 
attachments​ ​to​ ​the​ ​inguinal​ ​ligament,​ ​the​ ​iliac​ ​crest​ ​and​ ​the​ ​aponeurosis;​ ​at​ ​the​ ​top,​ ​however, 
they​ ​are​ ​located​ ​in​ ​the​ ​interior​ ​of​ ​the​ ​thorax​ ​where​ ​they​ ​attach​ ​to​ ​ribs​ ​six​ ​through​ ​twelve​ ​and 
interlace​ ​with​ ​portions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​diaphragm.​ ​Your​ ​Voice:​ ​An​ ​Inside​ ​View​ ​ch8,​ ​pg​ ​92​ ​(2004)​ ​Scott 
McCoy
 
 
VC Vital​ ​Capacity  
The​ ​maximum​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​air​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​exchanged​ ​by​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​with​ ​the​ ​outside;​ ​it​ ​includes​ ​the 
expiratory​ ​reserve​ ​volume,​ ​tidal​ ​volume​ ​and​ ​inspiratory​ ​reserve​ ​volume​ ​(measured​ ​in​ ​liters). 
http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/glossary.html#M​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25, 

 
  

2017)
 
 
VCD Vocal​ ​Cord​ ​Dysfunction  
VCD​ ​is​ ​characterized​ ​by​ ​full​ ​or​ ​partial​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​closure​ ​that​ ​usually​ ​occurs​ ​for​ ​short​ ​periods 
during​ ​inhalation​ ​but​ ​can​ ​also​ ​occur​ ​during​ ​exhalation.​ ​Alternate​ ​terms​ ​for​ ​VCD​ ​include 
paradoxical​ ​vocal​ ​fold​ ​motion​ ​(PVFM)​ ​and​ ​paradoxical​ ​vocal​ ​cord​ ​movement​ ​(PVCM). 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25,​ ​2017)
 
 
VF Vocal​ ​Folds  
A​ ​paired​ ​system​ ​of​ ​tissue​ ​layers​ ​in​ ​the​ ​larynx​ ​that​ ​can​ ​vibrate​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​sound. 
http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/glossary.html#M​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25, 
2017)  
 
True​ ​Vocal​ ​Folds  
The​ ​vocal​ ​folds​ ​are​ ​alternately​ ​called​ ​the​ ​true​ ​vocal​ ​folds,​ ​also​ ​to​ ​distinguish​ ​them​ ​from​ ​the 
ventricular​ ​or​ ​false​ ​folds.​ ​Your​ ​Voice:​ ​An​ ​Inside​ ​View​ ​ch​ ​9​ ​pg​ ​107​ ​(2004)​ ​Scott​ ​McCoy 

 
VRP Voice​ ​Range​ ​Profile  
Vocal​ ​Range​ ​Profile​ ​(VRP)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​representation​ ​of​ ​a​ ​client's​ ​minimum​ ​and​ ​maximum​ ​intensity 
levels​ ​across​ ​his/her​ ​vocal​ ​range.​ ​Phonetograms​ ​are​ ​graphical​ ​representations​ ​of​ ​the​ ​vocal 
range​ ​profile.​ ​Frequency,​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​intensity​ ​ranges​ ​are​ ​measured​ ​yielding​ ​quantitative 
measures.​ ​http://web.nmsu.edu/~lleeper/pages/Voice/olsen/definition.html​​ ​(accessed​ ​July​ ​25, 
2017)
 

YAP Young​ ​Artist​ ​Program

Young​ ​Artist​ ​Programs​ ​(also​ ​Resident​ ​Artist​ ​Programs),​ ​or​ ​YAPs,​ ​are​ ​(typically)​ ​opera 
company-aligned​ ​performance-and-training​ ​programs​ ​that​ ​bridge​ ​the​ ​gap​ ​between​ ​higher 

 
  

education​ ​and​ ​a​ ​professional​ ​career​ ​in​ ​opera.​ ​The​ ​first​ ​true​ ​Young​ ​Artist​ ​Program​ ​in​ ​the 
United​ ​States​ ​was​ ​started​ ​at​ ​Santa​ ​Fe​ ​Opera​ ​in​ ​1956,​ ​and​ ​was​ ​designed​ ​to​ ​give​ ​performing 
and​ ​training​ ​opportunities​ ​to​ ​developing​ ​singers.​ ​There​ ​are​ ​now​ ​more​ ​than​ ​50​ ​YAPs​ ​in​ ​the​ ​United 
States​ ​attached​ ​to​ ​opera​ ​companies​ ​at​ ​every​ ​level,​ ​preparing​ ​hundreds​ ​of​ ​singers​ ​each​ ​year​ ​for 
the​ ​professional​ ​stage.​ ​https://en.opusatlas.com/blog/2017/06/05/yap-bootcamp-yaps-101 
(accessed​ ​August​ ​5,​ ​2017)