Work and Energy SUMMARY In physics, a force is said to do work when it acts ‘on a body so that there isa displacement of the point of| application, however small, in the direction ofthe foree. ‘Thus, a force does work when it results in movement ‘and if a force is applied on a body and the body does ‘not move then no work is done at all. For example, on ‘pushing a wall, we do not do any work as wall does not move. Ifthe force and displacement are perpendicular to each other, the work done by the force is zero. ‘Work is measured as the product of force and the displacement in the direction ofthe fore. ie., Work = force * displacement in the direction ofthe force. “The SI nit of work isthe newton-meter or joule (). Ifa body moves through a distance of Im under a force of IN, inthe direction of force, then 1 J of work is said to be done. ‘Work is closely related to energy. Energy is defined as the ability to do work ie. Energy possessed by a body = Total work that the body can do. ‘Both work and energy have the same unit, joule (In our daily life, we use different forms of energy Such that mechanical, chemical, thermal, ight electrical, magnetic, sound, nuclear, etc ‘Mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the ‘fotion and position of an object. Potential energy is {he energy possessed by a body by virtue ofits position state. Potential energy of a body, thus depends on sveigit ofthe body (W = mg) and height ofthe body (h) Mave the ground. Thus potential energy PE is given PE = W* h=mgh Kinetic energy is energy possessed by a body by virtue ofits movement. The kinetic energy (KE) of a s- 1 question int = optio® tne Or ne is Here ont oo8t ork JOM" jisplaceme™ org Werco and oP 0 pen fo" sment © (Gestion 1d displace! en (07 ion. F o wee one ee wen oft displace (pede kes ing moving body depends on its ‘when force actin OF 0. ims 0c) WBE rection of Be sul! ul \ en a f0 Ke fay Sa ar onk oe ance oF “Thermal energy then aan so OFOU8 has related tits temperature, whi gia) 001 ‘ofhotness, flows into ourbodyandseing) 0-1 ‘out of our body. Light energy enablesuioe) jg) 1 ‘The electrical energy is generated dete ig 10 charged particles. Magneticenergy enya) 100 ‘due to magnetic Field. When a ion psi] gs (100. aa Ingres, egcuataced dtm ginnbich fee ONO ME Sound energy is the energy produit vibrations as they travel through a spi enables us to hear. The nuclear exe i ‘conventional form of ener whichis reactions by conversion of mass ino ete ‘sed for generating electricity Energy cannot be created o esto transformed into another form. The pe converting one form of energy tant ‘energy transformation. For example, i! ball, our muscles change chemical ene into kinetic energy. An electric cell coe energy into elec ri person is climbing up a stair fp Asatliterevolving around the cia obit fg Twoteamsplay atug of war and egal force. (a Aperson is standing with heay ted, ‘(0A person is climbing up a s Q2A car of mass 500 kg is m speedof 10 ms‘on a rough ho: ‘pended by the engine of the ¢ work done in 10 s by: energy nhl (9 eetforce on the car the chemical energy of coal is tans! energy ofthe hot team, and then ofturine, This mechanial ener weasel Ewitionl force ‘generator into electrical energy. During Rea ‘ofenergy from one form to another tremslsr) 4 Stal force hich also now as Law or Consens E yc 220 because scar movi Power is defined asthe rate of ois" Y gel road does ny ae Werk one Se Hetuse, there ea Power = ime kes Oral direction of feo on 0 S1Unitof powers watt (W), One wat ene = f force of spent when 1 J work is done in 1s. i838. coveted jn eine = 100 inhorse power. | horse power (HP) ~ 9 10s = 1 = 10:4 oe inText QUESTIONS - 13.1 se the correct option done is zero: and displacement are in the same os cum Werk ‘when force : tion. : a force and displacement of the body are Wr opposite directions. Wipen force acting on the body is perpendicular ) the direction of the displacement of the body. wo free makes an angle with displacement. @ Wier hen force acting on the body is he direction of the displacement of ( qos tothe d 1 og works done when a force of 0.01 N sy throug distance of: . oom wolm ‘ 100 m. ; ih ofthe following situations work is is climbing up a stair case. ie HA und the earth in closed 4 Astle revolving aro ciculr orbit. « Twoteams play: equal force. | ij Apesonis standing with heavy load on his bead ) : (a Aperson is climbing up a stair case. (2A car of mass $00 kg is moving with a / uted of10 ms‘on a rough horizontal road. cqpnded by the engine of the car is 1000 N. work done in 10 s by: 9 ret force on the car () gravitational force 6 te engine 8 fitional force ‘Zero, because a car moving with a constant pea road does not do any net force. ee because, there is no component of 4 we of force of gravity. done bythe engine = 1000 N x 100 m Covered in 10s = 100m = 1051 a tug of war and both pull with by energy... = WORK AND ENERGY / 99 eis INTEXT QUESTIONS — 13.2 —_—__—_ Q. 1. Explain the terms wo: ‘one example each. mer ge ener) wth Ans. Work (W) is done whenever one form of energy is changed into another form of energy. For example an electric motor does work by changing electrical energy into kinetic energy. 7 Energy is the ability to do work. Objects that have greater energy can do more work. For example, a weightlifter lifts the weight. Q.2. The ability to do work is called .. Ans. Energy. Q. 3. The SI unit of all forms of energy is Ans, Joule, Q.4. Energy possessed by a spring i energy. Ans, Potential. Q.5. The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called .. energy. Ans. Potential. . 6. The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called energy. ‘Ans. Kineti Q. 7. At height 4 the potential energy is E, at height s the potential energy would be.... ight h the potential energy of a body of mass m is E,, At the same height the potential energy of a body of mass 7 would be .. Ans, E /2 'Q. 9. A body of mass m moving with a speed v has kinetic energy, E,. The body if moves with speed 2y, will have kinetic energy equal to Ans. 4E,. Q. 10. A body of mass m moving with a speed v has kinetic energy E,. A body of mass 2 m moving with the same speed will have a kinetic Ans. 2E, INTEXT QUESTIONS - 13.3 | Give one example each of the following energy transformations. Q. 1. (i Light energy into chemical energy. (ii) Chemical energy into heat. (iii) Chemical energy into electrical energy. oo al4. poss it move through a longer distance? the torch cell has more mass then pencil jore kinetic energy. So it does more Ws Ye i has ™ ae : SA. ¢ when activity is done from a greater 5. Whnove the match box through still more de vate why? digs. Yes, boca se when a body comes down from ic decreases whereas its kinetic 5 Ve ntial energy d : ywdtlsnezs and the thing move more distance. es —— ACTIVITY 13.3 CC =—=—— upastaircase slowly and then run up on Moe eight. In which case do you get tired r - ae that it has to b it wer would be that as to be more in aur pve. Why 0, because, in the second case eeujgser time and hence spent more power. , taircase slowly and then run up veup as Cit ‘ame height. In which case do you get A re? Why? im. We getired more in the second case. Because eid ease we take lesser time but spent more 1 pe ee ——— TERMINAL QUESTIONS a= (Define the following terms and give their sits a) Work (#) Power (c) Energy ‘us. (a) Work: The product of force and in the direction of force is called work. TES of work is Joule. ‘over: Power is defined as the rate of doing vc TheSI uit of power is watt. (Energy: The ability to do work is called energy. luit of energy is Joule. (2. List different forms of energy. ‘ns Different forms of energy are: () Mectanical energy. (9 Chemical energy. (9) Sound energy. fy) Hectical energy. (" Themal energy. fy " Nslear energy, 19 Stren ane energy, ? ‘yt Law of Conservation of Energy. “the elp of examples. . WORK AND ENERGY / 101 Ans. Law of Conservation may neither be created nor dest sum of all the energies in the E related act For example, an object when dropped from a height transforms its potential energy into kinetic energy. Q.4. List the energy transformation taking place in a thermal power plant. Ans. In thermal power station, the chemical energy of coal is transformed into heat energy of the hot steam, and then into mechanical energy of turbine. This mechanical energy is transformed by a generator into elecirical energy. Q. 5. A ball of mass 0.5 kg has 100 J of kinetic energy. What is the velocity of the ball? n of Energy: Energy royed. Therefore, the stem is a constant spent in one act = Energy gained in the Sol. Mass = 0.5 kg, K.E.= 100 J KE = + mé? 2 2100 2 ae 05 = 400 v = 20 m/sec. ifted up by 10 m. Q.6.A body of mass 100 kg is Find. (a) The amount of work done. Sol. Work done = mgh = 100 x 10 = 10 = 10" Joule. (6) Potential energy of the body at that height (g=10 ms) Sol. Potential energy = mgh = 100 x 10 « 10 = 10" Joule. Q. 7. Why road accidents at high speeds are much worse than the accidents at low speeds? ‘Ans, During an accident, higher speeding vehicle involves greater change in momentum and hence the greater impact. This kind of accident involves greater magnitude of force for a very short duration of time resulting in very high magnitude of impact, sometimes leading to a disaster. Therefore, high speed accidents are more fatal than low speed accidents. Q. 8. Two bodies of equal mass move with uniform velocities « and 4 w respectively. Find the ratio of their kinetic energies. Sol. KE. = 1/2 me K.E., = 1/2. m (40)ynatis meant by the term dissipation of ge \ tt" ans come of the energy is given out to WORK AND ENERGY / 103 Ans, Chemical energy to electrical energy, Q.23. What kind of energy transformation takes a transformation ftom one form to place at a thermal power station? Dati ‘ Ans. Chemical energy of coal to heat energy and Nts called dissipation of energy. then electrical energy. ite Thisis cal c ‘ a ies i of physical quantity - Q. 24. The momentum of an object is doubled, % Anon whieh Pe yas How does its K.E, change? Kg gs et Ans. K.E, becomes four times, ig Was Sa tof work? Q. 25. Give an example when momentum of UN, wo i body changes while the K.B, remains same, iy 8 ati the product of force and distance Ans, Uniform circular motion. mS N gh Wate Q.26, Does the work done in moving a body vhost ree hould be the angle between force We = y suet to get maximum work? = ick ‘What should be the angle between foree Net, ement io get minimum Work? eet, hay Cla Wa. What isthe amount of work done on a ie Pring ota sagan ah OAS ats the amount of work done when act not a rh moves round the sun? Tener, Ler. " uit ‘What is work done in holding a 15 kg vile wating for a bus for 15 minutes? ans Work done is zero, because displacement is © direction, (Ql8.Name the S. I. unit of energy, Alou . (\iGsIftwo objects of different weights have ‘unentum, which one has the greater kinetic yu mean by work. tof force and dis Ned work. re SI-unit of work? e SI unit of work ‘ns Oaehaving lesser weight, (UI.Can wehave negative work? Iyes, give ‘ns Yes, the work done is negative when force is he term energy and staged oposite to motion, e.g. work done by frictional ity to do work is cal ine joule i defined sth Newton in displacing ed alin for train for 10 minutes? ‘x Lay since displacement is 2e0. (18 What will be work done in holding 20 kg depend on how fast or how slow the body is moved? Ans, No, time is not involved in work/energy. Q. 27. What is S.1. unit of power? Ans, Watt (W). Q.28. Name the physical quantity whose unit is watt. Ans, Power, Q.29, What is meant by gravitational potential energy? ‘Ans. The energy possessd by the body due to work done against gravity is known as gravitational potential energy. Q. 30. What is elastic potential energy? ‘Ans. This the amount of work done stored in spring as energy when spring is stretched. Q.31.Givean example when work done by force is against the motion of the body. ‘Ans, Work done by frictional force. Q.32, Is worka scalar or a vector quantity’? ‘Ans, Scalar quantity. Q. 33. A boy is holding a weight in his outstretched hand standing in the same position. Is the boy doing work? Explain, ‘Ans. No, he is not doing any work, because there ‘sno displacement in the body. Q. 34. Is any work done on a body, which is ‘moving in circular path with a constant speed? Ans. No, because the displacement is at right angle ; ef (BAtatisthrown vertically upwards. After °° Tat every position N on eer eal Q.35, For India which source of energy do you sion er ite a gota nde cna ines ee. at Bae cconaicald tobe developed for future? are det ms SEE) Riot a, Ans, Solar energy or biomass energy. anal electromagnetes™ | YoVilnd of energy is stored ina dam? Q. 36. Why are we advised not to waste the : UUW eee caaray? ae different sources ee eg ‘nergy is possessed by a wound ‘Ans, Because energy saved is energy produced. 25 ol Pa 37. y i settee cow Mt cy, Q.37. Name the energy resources which are used Renewable sources wy. is Bad ' iat id ot energy conversion takes i India to meet the energy requirements, ‘Ans. Thermal energy, biomass, natural gas, eeermal Energy =— SUMMARY ray is what we call energy that comes ‘ample, a cup of hot tea has thermal eye frm of kinetic energy from its particles. A pour some milk into your tea, some of this, ansfered to the particles in cold milk. The #8 cooler because it lost thermal energy to the mee of hotness or coldness of a body due ae eal it warmer is called temperature I vanes the direction of flow of heat. Heat and ire are intimately related. Normally, more the reatoabody higher will ecome its temperature. Tauris, measured in degrees Celsius (°C). A «J to measure the temperature of an spermal ene peat. For eX emameter is USE se are different types of thermometers. To ihe temperature of human body, doctor uses ical thermometer. The thermometer used for ig temperature during science experiments is ei aboratory thermometer. The thermometer used etoogiss for determining the maximum and sum temperature during a day is called as sinun-minimum thermometer. Digital thermo- ae also available now-a-days for different Mercury is filled as thermometric liquid we in contact with body, it acquires its temperature ‘ickly and has large uniform expansion over a drrange. tis opaque and does not stick to the walls be container. Thee measuring scales are used in thermometer, ata, fahrenheit scale and kelvin scale. is cae the lower fixed point is 0 and the upper ane In fahrenheit scale, the lower fixed Bb the fn Upper fixed point as 212 and in kelvin : fia fixed point is 273 and steam point is Scales are related by the formula C _F-32_K-273 “100” 180 100 SI Unit of temperature is kelvin (K). Latent heat is the heat released or absorbed by a body during a process that occurs without a change in temperature. There are two types of latent heat, latent heat of fusion of a solid and latent heat of vapourization ofa liquid. Latent heat of fusion of a solid substance is defined as the amount of heat (in joules) required to convert 1 kg of the substance from solid to liquid state at its melting point. Latent heat of vapourization of a liquid is defined as the amount of heat (in joules) required to convert | kg of the substance from its liquid to gaseous state at a constant temperature. Most of the material (except water which contracts on heating from 0°C to 4°C) expands on heating. The increase in the size ofa body on heating is called thermal expansion. Liquids expand more than solids and gases expand very much more than liquids. The linear expansivity of a material is defined as the change in length per unit original length per degree celsius rise in temperature. The volume expansivity of a material may be defined as change in volume per unit original volume per degree celsius rise in temperature. The SI Unit of expansivity is per Kelvin or per degree celsius. Thermal expansion has several applications in everyday life ‘Thermal expansion and contraction is used to join steel plates in ships and boilers firmly together. The bimetallic strip used in a thermostat works on the principle of thermal expansion. Heat energy flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature till both of them acquire a thermal equilibrium. The specific heat capacity of a material is defined as the amount of heat (in Joule) required to raise the temperature of Ike mass of that material through 1 K. The SI Unit of specific heat capacity (or simply specific heat) is J ke" K. ae ae