1 \WODULE-3 Moving Things ae Motion and its Description 9) 56S TO SSS ss SUMMARY Motion is a change in position of an object with respect 10 time and its surroundings. For example, sidering Sun as reference point, planets change its fositon, so, planets are in motion. Motion is typically Veseribed in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement and time. When the body does not change jis position with respect to the surroundings, the body issuidto be at rest. For example, a person, sitting inside amoving bus, is at rest with respect to the person sitting next fo him as he is not changing his position. Motion is said to be rectilinear if the body moves inthe same straight line all the time. For example, a car moving in straight line on a level road. The motion is said to be circular if the body moves on a circular path; g.themotion of the tip of the second needle ofa watch, Oscillatory motion is motion that is repetitive and that which cycles about a central position. We can also call this periodic motion. Oscillatory motion is seen in pendulums. The total path length covered by a moving body is thedistance travelled by it, while the change in position of the object is called displacement. Displacement is equal to distance, if body moves along a straight line path and does not change its direction. Displacement is Position dependent while distance is path dependent. Ina graphical representation, ifa straight line makes an angle of 45° with x-axis or y-axis, the motion is straight line motion and distance is equal to the displacement. If graph lifte does not make an angle of 45° with x-axis or y-axis, the motion will not be straight line motion, During movement along a circular path, the maximum displacement is equal to the diameter of the circular path and the distance covered by object increases with time, The motion in which an object covers equatl distance in equal interval of time is called uniform motion whereas the motion in which distance covered by object is not equal in equal interval of time is called non- uniform motion. For the uniform motion, the graph isa straight line graph and for non-uniform motion, the graph is nota straight line, The quantities which have direction are called vector and which do not have direction are called scalar quantity. Speed can be defined as the distance travelled by a body in unit time, Distance travelled Time taken Its SI unit is metre Per second (ms). The other commonly used unit is km h~, 1 kmbr! = (5/18) mst Displacement per unit time is cal is a scaler quantity, Thus, speed = led velocity. Speed while velocity is a vector quantity, Change in position Time taken Instantaneous speed is the Magnitude of instantaneous velocity but average speed is not the magnitude of average velocity, Position-time graph of a body moving in a straight line with constant speed is a str: aight line sloping with time axis. The slope of the line gives the velocity ofthe object in motion. Velocity-time graph of a body in straight line with Constant speed is a straight line parallel to time axis and area under the graph gives distance travelled. Similarly, velocity-time graph of a body in straight line with Constant acceleration is a straight line sloping with the time axis. The slop of the line gives acceleration, The acceleration of an object is defined as the change in velocity divided by the time interval during which this occurs. Velocity = _ Change in velocity peeeleration Tine Hava i eee aty a](68/ NEERAJ : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (NLOS— x) Its unit is ms It is a vector quantity. 1 the acceleration of an object during its motion is constant the object is said to be moving with uniform acceleration. Itshould be noted that for uniform motion, the acs For uniformly accelerated motion, the three equations of motion are: v= utat o ration will be zero, pec ies Ait) ot a tere w= inal velo,» =f veloc an 1 dine evel in scons Uniform eur motion canbe decibel as the motion ofan objet na cle ata const ped fe rebjctmovestnacieleiscontanly cheng te Secon Aral instances, the eject moving tangent tothe eve Since the detion othe vel seroe is tne same asthe dieton ofthe objets avon the Celoiy vector i dected tangent tthe ec swe In objec movieg ina cee aeteting du i change in dicen, Accslerating objects ave objec? hich are changing their velciy-iter the spect {ie magitae ofthe velocity vec orth deen INTEXT QUESTIONS - 9.1 Q. 1. Choose the correct answer in the following: 1. For an object moving along a straight line without changing its direction the: (a) distance travelled > displacement (b) distance travelled < displacement (0) distance travelled = displacement (a) distance is not zero but displacement is zero ‘Ans. (c) distance travelled = displacement. Q.2. Ina circular motion the distance travelled is: (a) always > displacement (b) always < displacements (0) always = displacement (a) nero when displacement is Zero Ae og atom pon A cto position B by two diferent paths ACB and ‘AB respectively as shows It a ty ao ve ons £0 (@) Their distances (©) Tet displacement Sap (9 Thedlplacemonta teiistanee travelled by tm Ans. (0) Thee dsplacem Q. 4. In respect ofthe top wheel of radius fe moving oh Which ofthe following ‘whet rotation. (o) distance ~ displacement (b) distance = displacement (6) displacement 2 (8 sisplacement= af Ans. (0) distance = displacement te sine Q'S. An abject thrown vertically 7 height of 20 m comes to the hands often spe Teme ign for which #P* 10 seconds. The displacement of he obj Tre ation OF (@) 20m (Oy dome™ | Qt ye abjects are ot ee (4 60m sre Pe lig Oe gale of clock (0) Zero. For minute nee Oe 6. Draw a distance-displace «a Seca allo nel i an debra teterseneemen eal naan ft wr motion onan, Yin 88 FO Py uniform sPe 5) When ob eaves wth unify Q.4. The dist ind the average SPé | ble yer ine abject during them ee ‘nnximum speed of the ol —————${T=S INTEXT QUESTIONS - 9.2 —— 1. Some of the quantities are gist! column I. Their corresponding values are write column HI but not in same order. You have (0 these values corresponding to the values BM ‘column Icoven ‘Column TT roe @ 20 ms" i 18 km Gi) 10 ms* [jo 72 kmh! (ii) S18 ms" 4 (iv) Sms @36 kmh ( fs, We know that 1 kmh! = (5/18) ms* tg (a) (0) (i) (0) (9 (A) i. ‘a cyclist moves along the path shown in jagram and takes 20 seconds from point A to tbc Ag. Find the distanee, displacement and speed rae cyclist. 80m 60m B sol Distance = 80 + 60= 140m [AB = 80° + 602 AB?= 6400 + 3600 = 10000 = AB (Displacement) = 100 m __Distmee 140 _ Speed “Time 20 : Q.3. Identify the situation for which speed and xerage speed of the objects are equal. () Freely falling ball (i) Second or minute needle of a clock (ii) Motion of a ball on inclined plane (iv) Train going from Delhi to Mumbai (») When object moves with uniform speed Ans. (x) When object moves with uniform speed, Q.4. The distance-time graph of the motion of an object is given. Find the average speed and maximum speed of the object during the motion. 10 12 14 times (8) MOTION AND ITS DESCRIPTION / 69 Sol. Total distance covered = 28 m Total time taken = 14 seconds Total distance covered Average seeed = Total tm taken 16 9,12 “1 Maximum speed = rey rs 6ms", Q. 5. The distance travelled by an object at different times is given in the table below. Draw a distance-time graph and calculate the average speed of the object. State whether the motion of the object is uniform or non-uniform, Time (s) > 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | so Distance (m) >] 0 | 2 4} 6] 8|10 Sol. E 810 6 30 40 ‘50 times (s) Q 6. A player completes his half of the race in 60 minutes and next half of the race in 40 minutes, If he covers a total distance of 1200 m, find his average speed. Sol. Total distance covered Total time taken 1200 m (60 + 40) minutes = 100 min = 6000 sec 1200 o.2ms 6000 Q.7.A train has to cover a distance of 1200 km in 16 h. The first 800 km are covered by the train in 10 h. What should be the speed of the train to cover the rest of the distance? Also find the average speed of the train, Average speed = Total distance covere ‘Total time taken Average speed = ¥10 2 3 4050 tes (a) (q4Acaracelerates from rest uniformly and shins maximum velocity of 2 ms* in § seconds, ey ypat sean slows dawa uniformly and comes “ital 2. Draw a velocity. 'S S809 pe teen oF Ut secon raw ay oe then «SS ig forthe motion, Caleuate from the grap reais qucetn i retardation, andi distange ct A is 4 times the ve | teceleration, = ~OAmsect h for the motion oft! ata given in table: (0) reardation (-2) = 0.4 ms2 (i stance travelled = 5 x2= 10 m S.Abody moving wit ‘hseond and com “Position. uation, itha constant speed of 10 ly reverses its direction of motion at the es to rest in next S second. Draw ‘ime graph ofthe motion to represent this MOTION AND ITS DESCRIPTION/71 E e g 8 a —— INTEXT QUESTIONS - 9.4 —__ Q.1.Aballis thrown straight upwards with an initial Velocity 19.6 ms". It was caught at the same Aistanee above the ground from which i was thrown: (i) How high does the ball rise? Sol.u=19.6 ms, y=9 0-(19.67 . he (19.6) = 196x196 _ . 2g 2x98 (i) How ton (g=9.8 ms?) Sol. Time taken by the ball to remain in air does the ball remain in air? t= Bhan 2ai0s veu 196 Q-2-Abrickis thrown vetially upwards with ‘the Velocity of 192,08 ms" to the labourer at the ‘eight of 9.8m, What ares velocity and acceleration ‘when it reaches the labourer? ‘Ans. When the brick wi velocity becomes zero, Acceleration ‘against the gravity will be 9.8 ms?, Q-3.A body starts its motion with a speed of 10 ms" and accelerates for 10 ‘with 10 ms*, What will be the distance covered by the body in 10 5? Solu=10ms",a=10 ms? , 10s pets 1 =10 10+ (2) » 1007 = 4s. ill reach to the labourer, its