BACHELOR OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT WITH

HONOURS

SEMESTER JANUARY / 2023

XBOH 2103

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TASK 1...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.0 DISCUSSION OF TRAGEDY DEEPWATER HORIZON ..................................... 2
1.1. Domino Theory and Multiple Causation Theory ................................................... 3
2.0 DO AND DON’T ........................................................................................................... 6
3.0 POLICY STATEMENT ............................................................................................... 7
4.0 SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS) CHEMICAL ............................................................ 8
4.1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)............................................................................................. 8
4.2. Safety Hazards ........................................................................................................... 8
4.3. Control Exposures ..................................................................................................... 9
5.0 POSTER....................................................................................................................... 11
TASK 2: MyInspire Portal Discussion ................................................................................. 12
ATTACHMENT .................................................................................................................... 14

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TASK 1
1.0 DISCUSSION OF TRAGEDY DEEPWATER HORIZON

Summary of the movie Deepwater Horizon, it started with doubt and suprised by the
supervisor Mr. Jimmy Harrell that the workers assigned to test the integrity of recently
completed cement work are being sent home early, without conducting a cement bond
log (CBL), at the insistence of BP managers persuades him to conduct a negative pressure
test, which indicates the cement has not properly sealed the well from the high-pressure
reservoir. Then the management disputes the test finding and orders a second test. After
concluding the second test was a success, the senior tool pusher pressures by BP manager to
run more tests and orders the rig to remove the drilling mud and prepare the rig to move to its
next job.

At first, the operation goes smoothly, but the cement job eventually fails completely,
triggering a massive blowout that overpowers and kills majority of the other drill team
members. The BP managers manage to evacuate the floor in time. A chain of equipment
malfunctions, coupled with a failed attempt to seal the well, ignites the oil, killing more team
members. The rig's Dynamic Position Operator, tries to alert the Coast Guard, only to be
overruled by her superior, on the grounds that the rig is not in any imminent danger, at least
until the rig erupts in flames, then sends out his own call for help. With oil now spewing into
the ocean, the Damon Bankston, which was there to collect the drilling mud from the well,
and dies; the vessel heads towards the rig just as the workers begin a frantic evacuation,
sending out a rescue team after seeing the rig burst into flames. Although most of the member
seriously injured in the explosion, some still try to rescued and assumes control of the
situation, only to discover that the rig cannot be saved. A team member sacrifices himself to
keep a burning crane from collapsing onto the surviving crew, so they can be rescue and get
themselves to safety.

As night falls and the burning oil lights up the area, the Coast Guard becomes aware of the
incident and sends ships and aircraft to rescue the survivors, who are being ferried in the
lifeboats to the Damon Bankston as it was already on scene to assist with the evacuation and
rescue. With all the lifeboats full, causing the latter to suffer a panic attack to those who left
behind. Just as the oil in the well itself ignites and destroys the rig. Luckily, they jump into
the water and are picked up by rescuers, who then ferry them to the Damon Bankston, where
the surviving crew mourn their lost crewmen and say the Lord's Prayer.
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1.1. Domino Theory and Multiple Causation Theory

Accident causation theories of the Deepwater Horizon accident was constructed to

identify key events and failed barriers leading to the accident can be observed. Based In
the domino theory there are “five-factor accident sequence” in which each factor would
actuate the next step in the manner of toppling dominoes lined up in a row. The sequence
of accident factors is as follows:
i.) ancestry and social environment
ii.) fault of person
iii.) unsafe act and condition
iv.) accident
v.) damage or injury.
In the same way that the removal of a single domino in the row would interrupt the
sequence of toppling, it is suggested that removal of one of the factors would prevent the
accident and resultant injury; with the key domino to be removed from the sequence
being number 3.

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While Multiple causation theory is an improvement of the domino theory, but it
postulates that for a single accident there may be many contributory factors, causes and
sub-causes, and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents. According to
this theory, the contributory factors can be grouped into the following two categories:
i.) Behavioural. This category includes factors pertaining to the worker, such as
improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and
mental condition.
ii.) Environmental. This category includes improper guarding of other hazardous
work elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe procedures.

Figure 2: Multiple Caustion Theory

The major contribution of this theory is to bring out the fact that rarely, if ever, is an
accident the result of a single cause or act. Using the domino theory for this tragedy

Ancestry And Social Environment

As in the summary the BP manager has temperament based on how they communicate
and react to other team member is related to the person personality trait been developed
by their social environment. Therefore, it is hard to be controlled and contribute to the
next factor Fault of person

Fault of person
Due to this, it led that person defect as profit-oriented person. This factor can be
controlled by that person where we can recalled on the movie the BP manager concerned
more on the progress and cost rather the safety and evidence of the integrity such as the
CBL. Thus, he can simply hold the drilling process until everything are proven save and
secure rather the safety of the rig and people on board. This then lead to the unsafe Act
and Condition

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Unsafe Act and Condition
This factor are trigger by the first two factors, the unsafe act commit by the BP Manager
skipping the CBL test by sending the Schlumberger worker early for cost and time
saving. This act also considers unsafe condition where nobody really knows the integrity
of the cement bond around the wellhead. We can conclude that this action committed due
to improper attitude and lack of knowledge or skills. When they decide to do the negative
pressure test to the integrity of the cement bond and the result went bad, again the BP
manager cannot accept the fact and argue using the bladder effect point. No agreement
between them so they decide to run the test again on other line called ads Kill Line. Since
the result doesn’t align and the pressure from the BP Manager. The operation thinking the
well is in good condition

Accident
Accident is unplanned or incident happened unexpectedly that resulting in injury or
damages due to unsafe act or condition. Here the negative test conduct already had poor
cement bond. Thus, the operation went smoothly at first. When suddenly, the cement
bond fail completely and triggered a massive blowout that kills the drill team members on
the rig. The rig burst into flame in a second due to ignition of the hydrocarbon gas that
flow through the riser undetected by the crew. A failed attempt to seal the well due to a
chain of malfunction equipment make it worst and forcing all to evacuate to safety.

Damage Or Injury.
Injury is a physical trauma or damage to the body cause by an external force. This tragedy
makes majority of the team member receive an overpower external force that cannot be
handle and caused a trauma and damage whether minor injury, severe injury or fatal. The
Deepwater horizon explosion from 126 crew on board, 17 were severely injuries and 11
fatal.

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2.0 DO AND DON’T
Safety and health information and precaution carried out based on Deepwater Horizon
tragedy:-
Do
➢ Always be alert of hazard on
surrounding or environment.
➢ Make sure all equipment working
properly before start operating
➢ Monitor and perform the necessary test
to make sure all in good condition
➢ Always get equipped with your
personal protective equipment for
safety at worksite
➢ Immediately stop any operation if
sudden change trigger
Don‘t
➢ Don’t ignore or hide any potential
hazard from the authority
➢ Do not bypass safety control or SOP
unless per advise
➢ Do not assume any condition without
proper investigation unless proven safe
to operate
➢ Do not take lightly any alarm trigger or
suddenly appear
➢ Do not carried out task that are not
under your expertise, seek consultation
or advise
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3.0 POLICY STATEMENT

Our company aims to enhance its reputation as a leading Marine, Oil and Gas Service
Provider is fully committed to the conservation and protection of the Environment and
conducting operation in an ethically and practically sound manner that minimizes risk and
places high priority on the safety of those involved in our operation.

We Committed to:

• Comply with all applicable Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) laws, regulations
and standards and to apply responsible standards where legislation is inadequate or
does not exist.
• A systematic framework of hazards identification and risk assessment through which
safe operations can be managed.
• Ensure employee safety and health with providing training required to protect
themselves such as use personal protective equipment, equipment handling and
facilities that necessary to maintain a safe and healthy worksite
• Protect and minimize any harm to the environmental in our oil and gas activities, and
continuously focus on improving our environmental procedures.
• Drilling and Well Operations Practice (DWOP) and Operating Management System
(OMS) implementation
• Establish D&C leading and lagging indicators for well integrity, well control and rig
safety critical equipment
• Require drilling contractors to implement an auditable integrity monitoring system to
continuously assess and improve the integrity performance of well control equipment
against a set of established leading and lagging indicators.
• We integrate safety in all business processes

Eedi Amin B. Abdullah

Chief Executive operation
AHB Petroleum
Mac 2023

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4.0 SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS) CHEMICAL

4.1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Hydrogen sulfide also known as H2S. Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally from
decaying organic materials, human and animal wastes (sewer gas, swamp gas, stink
damp, and sour damp). It can be released from sewage sludge, liquid manure, and occurs
naturally in crude petroleum, natural gas and sulfur hot springs. Its a colourless gas
known for its pungent "rotten egg" odor at low concentrations. It is extremely flammable
and highly toxic. Because it is heavier than air, hydrogen sulfide can collect in low-lying
and enclosed spaces. Its presence makes work in confined spaces potentially very
dangerous. Hydrogen sulfide can also exist as a liquid compressed gas. Industrial
activities that can produce the gas such as:
• Petroleum production and • Pulp and paper processing
refining • Food processing
• Sewer and wastewater treatment • Hot asphalt paving
• Agricultural silos and pits • Mining
• Textile manufacturing

4.2. Safety Hazards

Hydrogen sulfide is a highly flammable, explosive gas, and can cause possible life-
threatening situations if not properly handled. In addition, hydrogen sulfide gas burns and
produces other toxic vapors and gases, such as sulfur dioxide.
In addition to exposure to hydrogen sulfide in the air, exposure to liquid hydrogen sulfide
can cause "blue skin" or frostbite. If clothing becomes wet, avoid ignition sources,
remove the clothing and isolate it in a safe area to allow it to evaporate. There also effect
called knockdown (rapid unconsciousness) often results in falls that can seriously injure
the worker. The explosive range of hydrogen sulfide in air is 4.3 to 45 percent. This range
is much higher than the PEL.

Figure 3: Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) sign

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4.3. Control Exposures
▪ Use exhaust and ventilation systems to reduce hydrogen sulfide levels.
▪ Train and educate workers about hazards and controls. Training topics may include:
i.) Characteristics, sources and health hazards of hydrogen sulfide
ii.) Effect and symptoms of hydrogen sulfide exposure and control
iii.) Types of hydrogen sulfide detection methods and applicable exposure limits
iv.) Workplace practices and procedures to protect against hydrogen sulfide exposure
v.) Emergency plans, locations of safety equipment, rescue techniques or fire-
fighting, first-aid and accidental measures (personal, environmental, large and
small spill)
vi.) Confined space procedures
vii.) Handling (hygiene, precautions and protective measures) and condition for safe
storage include incompatibilities
▪ Establish proper rescue procedures to safely rescue someone from a hydrogen sulfide
exposure. Rescuer protection should include:
i.) Positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
ii.) A safety line to allow for rapid exit if conditions become dangerous.
▪ Understanding personal protection for exposure controls of appropriate engineering,
environmental and parameters for occupational exposure limits.
▪ Exposure of individual protection measures: Hygiene, eye or face, skin (hand, body
and other) and respiratory
▪ Use respiratory and other personal protective equipment. Respiratory protection
should be at least:
i.) For exposures below 100 ppm, use an air-purifying respirator with specialized
canisters/cartridges for hydrogen sulfide. A full-face respirator will provide eye
protection.
ii.) For exposures at or above 100 ppm, are considered immediately dangerous to life
and health (IDLH) use a full-face pressure demand self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA).

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Figure 4: Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) SDS

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5.0 POSTER

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TASK 2: MyInspire Portal Discussion

i.) Posting 1

Figure 5: Posting 1

ii.) Posting 2

Figure 6: Posting 2

iii.) Posting 3

Figure 7: Posting 3

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iv.) Posting 4

Figure 8: Posting 4

v.) Posting 5

Figure 9: Posting 5

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 ATTACHMENT
REFERENCES

Universal Industrial Gases Inc. (November 15, 2018). Methane Compressed Gas SDS, Rev

0, https://www.airgas.com/msds/001033.pdf

OSHA U.S. Department of Labor (10/2005). OSHA Fact Sheet Hydrogen Sulfude (H2S),

https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/hydrogen_sulfide_fact.pdf

Seyyed Shahab Hosseinian, Zahra Jabbarani Torghabeh (January 2012). Major theories

of construction accident causation models: A literature review,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268439084_Major_theories_of_constru

ction_accident_causation_models_A_literature_review/link/59ea640ba6fdccef8b0

8d4b2/download

Steohen M. Testa, James A. Jacobs (2014). Oil Spills and Gas Leaks: Environmental

response, Prevention and Cost Recovery, 1st Edition,

https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780071772891/back-

matter/appendix2

Raouf, A (March 30, 2011). Theory of Accident Causes,

https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-viii-12633/accident-prevention/item/894-

theory-of-accident-causes

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