BUILDING AND ASSEMBLING A COMPUTER SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certification I
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of contents v-vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1-2
Motivation 2
Objectives of the study 2
Scope of the study 2
Expected contribution to knowledge 2
Methodology 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 History of processor 4-5
2.2 Function of the computer System 5-7
2.3 Where to get the parts/components 7-9
2.4 Factors affect the choice of any part/peripheral devices 9-10
2.5 Factors affecting/problems encountered during assembling 10
2.6 Definitions of Terms 10-11
1
CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM IMPLEMETATION

3.1 Tools required to set-up the computer

3.2 The components/parts required for pc assembly

3.3 The external and peripherals components

3.4 Pictures of the above mentioned components and devices

CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND EVALUATION

4.1 Features of the Computer

4.2 Procedural for the assemblage of the pc (personal computer)

4.3 Process of assembling the pc

4.3.1 Installing a socket processor and the heat sink on the motherhood

4.3.2 Installing memory modules

4.3.3 Installation of the motherboard

4.3.4 Installing the CDROM and hard disk drives

4.3.5 Connecting the power supply cables to the motherboard

4.3.6 Connecting the motherboard to the drives

4.3.7 Connecting the front panel cable

4.4 Installing the Operating System

4.4.1 Step One: Setting the BIOS

Step Two: Installing the Windows operating system

4.4.2 Step Three: Activating the Windows operating system

4.4.3 Step Four: Install Windows Updates

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendation
 ABSTRACT

Cloning of Computer System is very essential in a computing area. This project focuses more on
how computer system could be coupled and maintained effectively and efficiently without any
fault during assembling of the system. Throughout this project we shall focus on each and every
component needed for assembling and also there functions. The main reason why people go for
assembling of system instead of buying a new system is to allow them to have good and
satisfactory quality of what they want. Buying a new computer system might not solve the
problem of some people but coupling it themselves ease their wounds when it comes to
satisfaction. The main important of coupling a computer system is to have access to all those
components and to know how to couple and disassemble it when the system is faulty. This
research has managed to purchase the Sub-Assembly computer components and couple it to
make a computer system that could rival the performance of the branded version.
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Building and assembling a computer system, gives maximum satisfaction to the user and a very
rewarding experience. To Assembles Desktop PC (Personal Computer) the users/builders of such
systems are probably contemplating building or assembling a computer instead of purchasing
one pre-built or pre-assembled. This project is to enlighten us on how a computer students can
build a computer and peer to peer network with less stress and less amount of money, and how
the computer built can meet up with the processing requirement of the school Laboratory. This
research has managed to purchase the Sub-Assembly computer components and couple it to
make a computer system that could rival the performance of the branded version.

1.1 BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY

Building the computer system on this research embarks on gathering different

components/devices of computer system together in other to make a well functioning computer
system available to the computer laboratory (THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ADO-EKITI)
and to enable students to be more familiar to each components of the computer system. Thus,
this project will cover all the process of purchasing components, coupling, and the process of
installing the OS (operating system) into the computer system. Building or assembling Pentium
IV computer brings significant benefits which is identified below.

i. Know about computer components and how they fit and work together.

ii. Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a computer.

iii. Learning computer hardware terminology

iv. Ability to customize a computer according to specialized specifications.

v. Building and assembling computer system from components.

vi. The satisfaction of a job well-done.

vii. Technical problem solving ability.

1.2 MOTIVATION

My motivation grow in the view that, I have passion to know the functions of each and
every components of the computer and to be able to build a functioning computer system that
will be capable to be use in any school laboratories.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective is to build well functioning computer with purpose of:

i. Identifying computer components and how they fit and work together.

ii. Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a computer.

iii. Learning computer hardware terminology and geek-speak

iv. Ability to customize a computer according to specialized specifications.

v. Building and assembling computer system from components,

vi. The satisfaction of a job well-done

vii. Gathering technical problem solving ability.

viii. Reduce the cost of buying new computer system

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 The scope of this research is to show how computer system could be purchased in parts,
assembled and installed with required software to match a given configuration for the use in the
laboratory.

1.5 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KOWLE

The study is expected to specify the fact that computer is made up of several components
functioning together as a single unit.

It will enable us to know that hardware cannot work alone to makes a computer without
software being installed.

It gears us up to know the functionality of human to computer system.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

Method used to make complete system are:

i. Know the market price between a whole PC Desktop and Sub-assembly computer.

ii. Choosing the components that make a complete system such as: the system casing,
Motherboard. Hard disk. CDROM. Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse and some internal
components.

iii. Buying tools that will be use to assemble the system these are: Needle Nose Pliers,
Screwdriver, small plastic bin to put your screws and other small parts into, small
flashlight.

iv. Then the procedure for assembly and installation process begins.
CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Cloning of computer system primarily specifics the ability of a computer science student to have
the technical know how about and how to choose between buying a whole or sub assembly
computer system. Cloning of a computer system regards as step by step procedure for
assembling computer components for the purpose of achieving a set of configuration required by
the users.

2.1 HISTORY OF PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK

In the early days after the Internet had been developed the most popular file sharing was
the FTP or file transfer protocol because it was anonymous. Since, the file sharing is anonymous
over the FTP server lets users log-in with an anonymous name to receive files or share files on
the Internet. Computers were able to access remote files on other computers.

Usenet was one of the first developed in 1979; the network was initially based for dial-up
connection but has been transferred over to the Internet. Usenet uses a specialized client server
protocol called Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP). This special server primary purpose is
the exchange of text messages, but attached to these messages is encoded files which are
distributed to subscribers of Usenet. Usenet is one of the largest carries of file sharing and
Internet traffic. Many legal questions have arose around the use of copyrighted material over file
sharing. Between the developments of Usenet in 1979 to the 1990’s, files sharing were primarily
done through the use of bulletin board based systems. The computer game Doom grew in
popularity due to the distribution of files through the bulletin board system. Bulletin board
systems became less desirable as the Internet grew and more advanced techniques for file sharing
were developed.

About 20 years after Usenet had been developed, a new type of file sharing system was created
called Napster, which uses a centralized server to group all the files shared into
databases. Since, Napster used a centralized server for file sharing services could not use the
transitory network transmission safe found in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act since they
had control over all functions of their network. The software Napster collected and stored file
information from their users computers to being made available for other people to download.
Napster was the client host, which provided the ability of file sharing between the users once it
had been authorized by Napster. Not long after Napster was created the company was charged
with crimes of copyright infringement, more specifically the case A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster,
Inc. will be looked at in greater depth later in the document.

After the legal concerns facing Napster, in 2000 Gnutella was released in March and was the first
decentralized file sharing network. The decentralized network was connected to all software and
therefore had no immediate point of failure unlike Napster. A year after Gnutella in 2001, Kazaa
was developed and its FastTrack network was distributed and was assigned super-nodes to
increase the efficiency of networking between users. This network was encrypted and made vast
attempts to keep other competitors off the FastTrack network. Kazaa was one of the most
popular file sharing systems after Napster until its decline in 2004 due to bundled malware and
legal battles. Since these file sharing programs were getting into lawsuits, many universities and
institutions added file sharing regulations do to the legality concerns. Many others have been
developed for example LimeWire and Pirate Bay, have faced legal penalties. But, networks such
as Bit Torrent have seemed to manage and circumvent these legal ramifications due to its open
source clients. Bit Torrent uses a torrent file to store the metadata. The torrent file contains
URL’s of multiple trackers, which contain specific pieces of the file being downloaded.
Simultaneously your file is being downloaded from multiple sources at one time
2.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF P2P NETWORK

It’s simple and easy to setup it requires only HUB or switches and RJ45 cables to
connect all the computers together.

File on the computer can be easily access on another computer if it set to shared folders.

It’s cheap than having to use a server. The only cost involved is hardware, cabling and
maintenance.

The architecture of the layout is simple (how it connects)

If one of the computers fails to work the other computers that connected will still be able
to work.

It doesn’t need any full time system administrator. Every user is basically their own
administrator of their computers.

2.2 FUNCTION OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

Simple web surfer

To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little-word processing, and
the occasional game of solitaire, it’s important not to go overboard. Such a user has no need for a
top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A modestly configured system with an adequate
internet connection will suit this user best and can be assembled quite cheaply. This usage
pattern is not going to stress any particular component, you should be looking at a mid-to low-
level processor historically, and current, enough RAM for the OS (operating system) and a
mother board with built in Ethernet, video and audio. If you have a little extra money, spend it
on a better monitor, mouse/keyboard, and case power supply in that order.
Office computer

An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and database work,
internet and intranet access (including e-mail) and a little light development of spreadsheets,
databases, and presentations. It might also be called on to do page lay out work, some 2D graphic
creation, and/or terminal emulation.

Gaming System

We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night Zuma
obsession. Were talking about cutting edge 3D gaming first-person-shooters or real-time strategy
games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same time, specula reflections and a lot of
other confusing terminology that describes visual effects designed to make your system fall
down on its knees and cry like a little girl.

So you’re going to need the fasted processor you can afford and plenty of RAM, as well as a
motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses can limit high-end components.

Video editing

Big and fast hard drives are key, 10000 RPM Raptors in Raid 0 as working space with multiple
750 GB drives or I terabyte drives for storage is a good target. SATA/300 is highly
recommended and SCSI subsystems should also be considered. A large amount of memory
(2GB, 3GB, even 4GB) would be beneficial.

Music production

Plenty of disk space is important, but a music production (recording and mixing) workstation is
chiefly distinguished by specialized external components studio reference monitors instead of
speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc.
One piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones, even if you have to trade
the Blues mobile.
Entertainment system/media center
This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of you’re A/V gear. The idea is
that it will record and serve audio and video files foreplay via your existing television and stereo.

2.3 WHERE TO GET THE PART/COMPONENTS

Once you have decided what you’re going to use your computer for, and have reviewed
which parts are available for reuse, you should make a list of what components you will need to
buy. A few hours of research can save your years of regret, so make sure that the computer
builds will do need it to do.

Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you don’t understand, be sure to
look them up.

There are several places to buy parts:

Internet retailers generally offer the best price for new parts. If a part needs to be returned, you
may be stuck for the shipping; check return policies before it can be purchase.

Auction sites like eBay and several others offer very good prices for used parts. This is
especially useful for parts which do not wear out. Return scan be problematic or impossible.
Some auctions may not be legitimate. Always check the shipping cost before you bid.

Local PC shops their prices are often higher, but they may make up for this by providing a lot of
expertise. Get opinions from other sources, however, as they may be eager to sell you parts you
don’t need. Big Local retailers often lack technical expertise and higher prices, but can be useful
because they usually handle returns quickly. Also good if you need something right then.
Trade shows that occur from time to time also provide a good to shop, as the prices are often
significantly reduced. Also, your local town dump may have a special section for computers &
monitors that others have got rid of. These can be more or less brand new computers with trivial
problems such as a busted power supply or faulty cables.

Of course if the dump does have such a section, you should ask permission of those in charge.
They’re usually glad to let you go through it, but don’t leave mess. Taking advantage of this can
yield incredible finds, with a price tag of nothing or very little.

OEM vs. retail

Many hardware manufactures will sell the same components in both OEM and Retail versions.
Retail hardware is intended to be sold to the end-user through retail channels, and will come
fully packaged with manuals. Accessories, software, etc. OEM stands for original equipment
manufacture; items labeled as such are intended to be sold in bulk for use by firms which
integrate the components into their own products.

However, many online stores will offer OEM hardware at cheaper prices than the
corresponding retail versions. You will usually receive such an item by itself in an anti-static
bag. It may or may not come with a manual or a CD containing drivers. Warranties on OEM
parts may often be shorter, and sometimes require you to obtain support through your vendor,
rather than the manufacturer. OEM components are also sometimes specified differently than
retail counterparts, parts may be clocked slower, and ports or features maybe missing. Again, do
your research.

2.4 FACTORS AFFECT THE CHOICE OF ANY PART/PERIPHERAL

CHOOSING

Price
Today, there are wide arrays of hardware components and peripherals tailored to fit every home
computing need and budget. With all these options to choose from, it can be a bit overwhelming
if you’ve never bought computer parts before. Shop around and remember to factor in shipping
and handling, and taxes. Someplace may be priced a bit higher, but offer perks such as free
shipping, limited warranties, or 24-hour tech wait until the part you want goes down in price.
Unfortunately the reason prices decline is that better/faster parts are coming out all the time, so
the part you want this year that costs #3500 may well be #2000 next year, but by that time you
won’t want it any more, you ‘ill want the new, better part that still costs #3500. At some point
you’ve got to get on the bus and ride, even if the prices are still falling. Usually the best bet is to
buy just behind the bleeding edge, where, typically, you can get 90% of the performance of the
top of the line part for 50% or 60% of the price. That last 10% is very expensive and if you don’t
need it, you can save a lot of money with the second-tier part. It may well pay you think of future
upgradeability when selecting some components. While the computer that you are building today
may be fine for your current needs you will probably need to upgrade it later. So look for
components that support the newest standards and have room for future expansion, like a
motherboard that will allow user/ builder to fit more memory than he’s planning to use, or a case
that has room for extra hard drives. If your current machine is maxed out the only possible
upgrade is often another new machine.

Compatibility

While comparing on the type of components you want to go for when building a computer it is
essential to know the state of each component if they are compatible with each other and you’ll
want to make sure that all the parts you buy work together without problems. The CPU, the
motherboard, and the RAM in particular must be compatible with each other. Check the
motherboard manufacture’s web site; most will list compatible RAM and processors. Often
quality RAM that is not on the approved list (but is of the proper type) will work anyway, but the
manufacturer list of processors should be rigidly
adhered to. Again, you’ll also want to make sure that your operating systems support the
hardware you choose.

2.5 FACTOR AFFECTING/PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING

ASSEMBLING

Various problems were encountered during the assembling process the are:

i. Time consuming

ii. Damages of some components

iii. Take a long period of time to troubleshoot affected components

2.6 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Computer: is electronic machine/devices that accept and process data according to the set
of instructions given thereby outputting the processed data as a means of information for
usage.

Computer Case: This is the actual case that will house all your other parts. Consider it
your computers house. It will dictate how your machine looks at first glance as well as
what and how many parts you can put into your machine.

Hard Drive/Hard Disk: This is the “long-term memory” of the computer, used for
persistent storage i.e. the things stored on it remains even when the computer is powered
down. The operating system and all your programs and data are stored here. It is also
known as mass storage device.
Optical Drive Device: This is used for reading/writing disks. May read CDs, DVDs, or
other optical media, depending on the type. It is essential for installing operating systems
and programs
The Motherboard: is also called a main board, is an electronic circuit board that provide and
attachment for other internal and external components of the computer system to be fixed on.
Examples are RAM slot, PROCESSOR socket etc.

RAM: also known as random access memory is volatile memory storage that computer
used to run programs.

Processor: is the brain of the computer that performs the major operation that is being
done inside of the computer system.

CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT

Monitor: This is the device that display all processed data in computer system to the
outside world. Monitor can be inform of LCD/CRT.

Mouse: This is used to point and locate where necessary in the computer system. It can
either be PS2/optical mouse.

Speakers: This the medium that produces sounds made inside the computer such as audio
sound, midi, video sound.
CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

This phases discuss and enlighten the various parts/components and the require tools which will
be used to coupled it. This will be needed as a result of assembling the components to make it a
whole computer system.

3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO SETUP A WHOLE COMPUTER

i. Human effort and composure

ii. A small plastic bin(s) to put your screws and other small parts into. Needle nose pliers,
Screwdriver with a good collection of bits.

iii. A small flashlight. Used to check in to some internal component that is not seen clear.

iv. Antistatic Wrist Bank: Computer components are very sensitive to static electricity.

Figure 3.1 tool/kits

3.2 THE COMPONENTS/PARTS REQUIRED FOR PC ASSEMBLY

The components that make a whole PC cannot be over emphasized because they all have various
functions and tasks they perform, these has made it known to the users that they come one after
the other thereby assembling it in procedural process (step by step). The majorly components
that will must put into consideration are.

3.2.1 Computer Case and Power Pack

This is the actual case that will house all your other parts. Name it computers house. It will
dictate how your machine looks all first glances as well as what and how many parts you can put
into your machine. It also let you know the type of motherboard you be going for. The type of
casing going for hare is ATX casing, it should be noted that most motherboard in this new age
also comes up with ATX power pack. So you need not to go for a power separately except the
voltage of the power pack is either high or low to supply the motherboard.

3.2.2 Motherboard

A motherboard is also called a main board or just “The Board”. So don’t get confused, this is
your core computer part. It is where all your components will plug into.

It’s the electronic circuit that provides and attachment for other internal components of computer
system to be fixed on it, some of the attachments it provides are: RAM slot.

3.2.3 Hard disk

This is where your computer stores your programs, personal data and operating System. The
bigger the hard drive the more stuff you can fit on it. It’s also known as mass storage which
stores information for other time consultations.

3.2.4 CD/DVD-ROM
This is your optical drive. Optical drives are very handy and nowadays are in more systems than
floppy drives. You use this type of drive to listen to music, watch videos or to backup/move
data.

This optical drive can be a CD-Rom/DVD-Rom capable only of reading CD’s/DVD’s or a

CD/DVD-RW that can read, write and re-write CD’s/DVD’s.

3.2.5 RAM (Memory)

Your RAM (Read Only Memory) aka Memory is what the computer uses to run programs. The
more RAM you have on your machine the easier you make it for your computer to perform its
functions. Is the one that first holds the data you inputted for processing, it is volatile in nature.

3.2.6 TYPES OF CARDS (Video card, Sound card, Network card)

These cards mentioned above has different functions they performed on computer, the Video
card deals with visualization and any type f graphical display of the monitor, it is the one that
provide where monitor can be connected to the computer system.

Sound card deals with production of sound either in audio or video format: it provides port
where audio devices can be plug into called sound jack. Network card: as the name implies it
deals with connection of networks (WAN, LAN) where it provide port in which connecting
cables can be plug into.

As the technologies improve these cards are now onboard with the motherboard so there is no
need to shop for it except if the system required being upgrade.

3.3 THE EXTERNAL AND PERIPHERALS COMPONENTS

Monitor: Display processed data made by the computer to the outside word for visualization. It
can be LCD/CRT.
Keyboard: This is used to computer data in to the computer system.
Mouse: It is use to point and click to the desire icon/program that one need to make use of at any
point in time.

Speaker: Produces the sound made by the computer to the outside world.

PICTURES OF THE ABOVE MENTIONED COMPONENTS AND DEVICES

Figure 3.2.2 MOTHERBOARD ATX POWER PACK

Figure 3.2.1 COMPUTER CASING

Figure 3.2.3 HARD DISK DRIVE

Figure 3.2.4 DVD-ROM

Figure 3.3.2 keyboard

Computer casing Figure 3.3.1 Monitor (LCD Display)

Network card Figure 3.3.3 mouse

3.4 TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Basically there are two categories of Network Topologies:

Physical Topology

The physical topology is concerned with the physical cabling, nodes location, layout of the
cabling and in general the physical aspect of the network. However, this is determined by cost,
speed of data transfer and size (Wikipedia 2012.)

Logical Topology

The logical topology deals with the way signals or data interact/travel within the network media
from one device to another without disturbing the physical connection. The logical topologies
are determined by network protocols while physical topologies are determine by physical layout
of cables and network devices (Wikipedia 2012.)

Every physical topology has its own set of rules and standards which determine issues such as
cable length between nodes, segment number including computer per segment and speed of data
transfer (Cisco 2012.) The most common network topologies are:

Peer-Peer Network:

Fig 3.4.1 PEER-PEER Network (adapted from network topology, Winkelman)

This is connection that is very easy to establish and it connects two endpoints within a network.
In Peer-to-peer network operating systems enable users to share resources and
files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers.
(Winkelman 1997-2011.)

Star Topology:

Fig 3.4.2 Star Topology (adapted from network topology, Winkelman 1997-2011)

The hosts on this LAN topology (see Graph 3) were all attached to a central hub where data
originates from a sending computer and arrived at the central hub to be copied to all hosts
attached to the hub. In this topology a cable or PC failure on the network will not affect the other
hosts from communicating but if there is a central device failure (hub or switch), the entire
segment will be affected (Anand 2010, 12-14.) The two types of star network environments are
broadcast and switched. In a switched network, the central device sends the data to the intended
destination which improves bandwidth utilization and expensive to purchase while in the
broadcast, the central device (hub) copies all the data and send to all devices on the network. The
advantage of a star topology is that it centralizes resources and is easy to troubleshoot but it
requires more cabling because each computer on the network has its own back to the hub.
(Anand 2010, 12-14; Winkelman 1997-2011.)
Ring Topology:

Fig 3.4.3 Ring Topology (adapted from network topology, Winkelman 1997-2011)

In a Ring topology (see Graph 4), each computer is connected to the adjacent computer using a
continuous circle of cable, and no central hub or terminated ends are involved. The signal is sent
from one computer sending a data packet called token down the wire and the signal travels in
one direction around the ring. Each computer on the network checks the ring to determine if the
signal was addressed to them and if not the computer acts as a repeater to boost the signal and
resend it to the next computer. It differs from bus topology in which the computers are passive
recipients. The most common method of transmitting data on a ring network is called token
passing. (Nelson 2003, 69-70; CISCO 2012; Wong 2012.)

Mesh
Fig 3.4.4 Mesh Topology (adapted from network topology, Winkelman 1997)

The Mesh Topology is commonly used in Wide Area Network (WAN). In the mesh topology,
the nodes are connected to each node. In this type of topology in which all the nodes are
connected it is much easier to carry data from one point to another even if one cable connecting
one node fails. The topology provides fault tolerance in case a line goes down because the
topology provide alternate route to any destination. The advantage is that it provides high data
availability due to multiple transmission options but it is more expensive to implement since
multiple paths were used. (Nelson 2003, 70-73.)

Bus Topology:

Fig 3.4.5 Linear bus topology (adapted from network topology, Winkelman)
In a Bus Topology (see Graph 6), a cable connects each of the computers and devices to each
other on the network. However, if there is a break in cable anywhere on the network,
data communication will be disrupted on the bus network. (Nelson 2003, 66.) This is
synonymous to a situation where everyone is travelling in a bus and if there is a problem with
the bus everyone will be affected. In bus network, a computer send data addresses to other
computers on the network and on receiving, the data is check if the packet is meant for them. If it
is meant for the computer, it will be processed else the computer will ignore it. The same
situation in a bus conveying passengers and each passenger has different destinations. In this
topology, data is sent one at a time to avoid collisions which results in data loss. The advantage
of this topology is that is the simple to design and requires lower cable hence reduce cost but
difficult to troubleshoot. A single fail connection in a bus topology will affect the entire segment.
(Nelson 2003, 65-67; Winkelman 1997-2011.)

Tree Topology:

Fig 3.4.6 Tree Topology (adapted from network topology, Winkelman 1997-2011)

The Tree Topology is also known as the Expanded Star. Tree topology combines characteristics
of linear bus and star topologies. It is made up of combinations of star configured workstations
together with a linear bus backbone cable. A tree topology allows expansion of an existing
network, and enables the small-medium enterprise to configure a network to meet their needs.
(Winkelman 1997-2011.)
Hybrid

Hybrid Topology is a combination of two or more topologies resulting in a topology that does
not belong to any of the topology standards. A combination of star and tree topology is an
example of Hybrid topology. A combination of linear and Ring topology can also be referred to
as Daisy chain. (Anand 2010, 12-14; Wikipedia 2012.)
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND EVALUATION

This phase describes the process of how the components of the computer system are to be
assembled right from the major components/devices to the least. Thereafter the installation of the
operating system comes in to check and test for the required configuration of the system.

4.1 FEATURES OF THE COMPUTER

PROCESSOR SPEED 3.0GHZ

RAM 2GB

HDD 80GB

MONITOR LCDSCREEN

KEYBOARD PS2

MOUSE USB

ABILITY TO RUN PROGRAMS like Java, VB, and Fortran etc.

4.2 PROCEDURAL FOR THE ASSEMBLAGE OF THE PC (PERSONAL

COMPUTER)

Availability of workshop or a big table which you will put everything accordingly must be
considered first. Then next step is to un-wrap all the new components/devices from their sachets
staring from the motherboard, processor, memory etc. make sue the manuals of all the
components are intact and you follow as stipulated in other not to damage some components.
The tool/kits needed for the completion of the processes should be made available. After this
must have been done then the procedure begins;

4.3 PROCESS OF ASSEMBLING PC

Put on the Static Wrist protector; this will prevent accidental; electric shocks or damage to the
equipment. Always make sure the power IS NOT connected to your case/motherboard!

4.3.1 INSTALLING A SOCKET PROCESSOR AND THE HEAT SINK ON THE

MOTHERBOARD

Lift up the lever that is on the side of the socket. This unlocks the mechanism and gets it ready
for you to insert the processor. Carefully match up the pins on the bottom of the new processor
with the holes in the socket, and then VERY gently insert the processor into the socket. If you
don’t get it right on the first shot pull it straight back up, avoid bending the pins and try again.
Use the corner arrow reference marks on the processor and socket to align the processor in the
socket correctly. Do not force the processor into the socket or you could damage the processor, It
should go in smooth and fit like a glove. Placing the heat sink follows immediately. Connect the
fan power cable to the power cable connector on the system board.

4.3.2 INSTALLING MEMORY MODULES

1. Find the memory module bank on your system board. They should look similar to what
you see below. There may only be two slots instead of four as you see

2. Align the notches on the memory module with the notches on the memory module bank,
and then press the module firmly into the bank. The tabs on the sides of the module bank should
secure the memory module automatically. When the module Is secure, you hear a click.
 Fig.4.3.2

3. Repeat this procedure for any additional memory modules that need to be installed.

4.3.3 INSTALLATION OF MOTHERBOARD.

After fixing all the necessary components/devices on the motherboard and making sure that they
all intact then installing of the motherboard to the system case follows, it should be noted that the
power pack comes with casing bough that’s why the step is sipped here. Slide the motherboard
gently towards the back of the Case. The system board standoffs side it the keyhole slots. The
picture is shown

Fig.4.3.2

Your board should have a thumbscrew to secure it to the case. Screw it in and lock it into place
using your screwdriver or thumb and fore-finger.

After this procedure for installing the motherboard, the outlook is shown above.
It should be noted that configuration set for the Hard Disk is master while the CD ROM Drive is
slave
4.3.4 INSTALLING THE CD ROM AND HARDISK

Readily the space for the Hard disk and the CR-ROM drive in the computer case are easy
to know. The HARD DISK and the CD-ROM drive should be placed in to the casing in the form
that will allow cables to be connected.

Connect power cables to your physical hard and CD-ROM drives.

Fig. 4.3.4

4.3.5 CONNECTING THE POWER SUPPLY CABLES TO THE

MOTHERBOARD

1. There is always a big power supply cable that connects the power supply to the main board
make sure the connector locks into place.

Fig. 4.3.
2. If you have a second, smaller power cable (Usually four round connectors on it), connect the
smaller power cable to the system board as well, there is only one place it could go and make
sure the cable clicks into place.

4.3.6 CONNECTING THE MOTHERBOARD TO THE DRIVES

The picture below shows the IDE cable side that connects to the IDE socket on the main board.
The other end of this cable connects to your hard drive or optical.

Fig. 4.3.6

3.3.7 CONNECTING THE FRONT PANNEL CABLE

With all the hardware installed correctly, follow these steps to connect the internal cabling. c

This is the final step. What you’re going to do here is to make sure that power/standby buttons,
earphone port etc. that are located on the front of your case are working.

Depending on the case you got there should see a bunch of small cables coming out from it, they
should look similar to the ones below.
 Fig. 4.3.7

SPK (Speaker) – For small speaker mounted in the PC Case (if present)

PWR SW (Power switch) – Turns the PC on/off

RST SW (Reset switch) – Resets the system

PWR LED (Power LED) – Shows when system is on (usually green)

SLP LED (Sleep LED) – shows when system is suspended (in ‘sleep’ mode

HDD LED (HDD LED) - Shows when system is accessing hard drive (usually red)

These connectors need to be connected onto a set of grouped pins on the Motherboard. At this
step you will need to refer to your Motherboard manual for the connection method of these
cables.

4.4 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Now that you’ve put everything together, you’ve past all the difficult stages the rest is a
cakewalk. Here’s how to install your operating system and get everything up and running.

If you’ve never installed an OS before, it’s remarkably easy, if you have, I’d still suggest reading
through this guide to make sure you’ve got it all down. Installing Windows on a custom machine
can take a few extra steps than installing it on a pre-built machine. For this guide, we’re going to
use Windows 7 as an example, but you can of course install Window XP, Linux, or even Mac
OS X, if you’re building a Hackintosh. Refer to our
Getting Started with Linux series and easy Hackintosh guide if you’re using those OSes instead.

4.4.1 Step One: SETTING THE BIOS

When you first start up your computer, it’ll tell you to press a key ton enter setup, usually
DEL. This takes you to the setup of your Basic Inputs/Outputs System, or BIOS, here; you can
configure some of the lowest-level aspects of your new machine. You may not actually need to
edit any of these settings, but it’s a good idea to go through, get acquainted with them, and make
sure everything’s in good order before moving on.

Note that BIOS will be a little bit different on different brands of motherboard, so your
screen may not look exactly like the images here, but it should be close.

First, we should make sure that everything’s been installed correctly. If your have a System
Information page in your BIOS, head there and make sure the amount of RAM listed is the same
amount you put in. if it isn’t detecting all of your RAM, some of it might not be seated correctly,
so go back and fix that before continuing. If there isn’t a System Information page in your BIOS,
your motherboard probably lists the amount of RAM it detects on the POST screen, right after
you press the power button.

Fin the SATA configuration option, and make sure it’s configured as AHCI. If you’re
running Window XP you’ll need to change this to IDE, otherwise AHCI is probably what you
want to go with.

Lastly, find the “Boot Order” or “Boot Priority” page. Make sure your DVD drive is the
first drive on the list (or your USB drive if you’re installing from a flash drive), and that the hard
drive you’ll be installing to is second. Note that some BIOS utilities split this up into two menus
one for setting the boot order for your different media (CD-ROM, hard disks, USB disks) and
another that lets you choose the order of just the hard drives.If you don’t see your hard drive
listed, it may not be plugged in correctly or it may be dead. Turn your computer off and re-check
the connection if necessary.
4.4.2 Step Two: INSTALLING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Next, grab your Windows installation DVD (or flash drive, if that be the case) and pop it
in. Start up your computer and it should automatically boot into the Windows installer. If you
ever get a “Press any key to boot from CD” option, make sure to hit a key on your keyboard to
continue.

Once the installer loads, hit the “Install Now” button, accept the terms of use, and choose
“Custom (advanced)” when asked what type of installation you want. Find your primary hard
drive (if you have more then one), click on the “Unallocated Space” partition, and

Fig. 4.4.2

Hit Next. Windows should start installing

If you aren’t using a brand new drive, you may have to format it first. Click on the currently-used
partition, click “Drive options (advanced)”, and then hit “Format”,. It should format the drive to
be Widows- compatible, after which you can hit next and let the installation run.

From there, the rest is just a waiting game. Leave your computer alone to do its thing. It’ll copy
all the necessary files to your disk and reboot a number of times in the process. You’ll know
you’re done when you hear the familiar startup chime and boot into the default Windows 7
desktop.
4.4.3 Step Three: ACTIVATING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

The last thing you need to do before you actually use your computer is install your drivers. If
your Ethernet or Wi-Fi works out-of-the-box, Windows may find most or all of your drivers for
you. If not, you’ll need to pop in the CD that came with your motherboard to install the Ethernet
or Wi-Fi drivers you need to access the internet. Don’t install any other drivers from that CD just
yet.

Once you’ve got the internet up and running, Windows will install drivers for you. It might not
catch everything though, so you’ll have to install some manually. The CDs that came with your
motherboard, video card, and other hardware are probably already out of date, so I don’t
recommend using these to install those drivers.

Instead, you’ll want to download the drivers manually from the manufacture’s web site.

Open up Device Manager by opening up the Start menu and searching for “Device Manager”.
Look for anything that has a question mark or an exclamation point next to it.

Often, it’ll tell you what the missing driver is for say, SATA and you can then head to your
motherboard manufacture’s web site, go to their support page, and download the drivers
manually. If it’s your video card that’s missing a driver, you’ll want to head to

Fig.4.4.3
NVIDIA or ATI’s web site instead.
If it says “Unknown Device” next to the driver-fewer devices, try inserting the CD that came
with your motherboard and seeing if there are any drivers that aren’t listed in the Device
manager, and try installing those from the manufacturer’s web site. Eventually, you should be
able to get everything installed.

4.4.4 Step Four: INSTALL WINDOWS UPDATES

The last thing you’ll want to do is get Windows up to date. Chances are, you’ve already
gotten a notification from Windows Update at this point, but if not, head into your Start Menu,
go to Programs, and hit Windows Update. Install all the updates it gives you, and reboot your
computer. Check for updates again and it’ll have a whole new slew of them for you. You’ll have
to do this quite a few times, but eventually it should stop serving you notifications and you’ll be
all up to date. When you are, you’re ready to actually start using your computer.

This is also a good time to get some antivirus on your machine, as well as any other basic
apps you want.

4.5 INSTALLATION OF PEER TO PEER NETWORK

During the installation process computer and workgroup name are automatically generated. You
could use these names but it would be better to have a good and descriptive name. To change
computer and workgroup name Right-click on My Computer and select Properties, or open the
System applet from Control Panel.
Fig. 4.5.1
Select the Computer Name tab ==> click Change to open the Computer Name Changes dialog
box.

Fig. 4.5.2

Follow this guideline while choosing name for computer and workgroup

Computer name should be unique in a workgroup.

Workgroup name should be same for all computer.

Workgroup name may be up to 15 characters long and may contain any alphanumeric (a-z
and 0-9) characters, as well as special characters except for ; : " < > * + = \ | ?.

Computer name can be up to 15 characters long and have the same naming restrictions as
workgroup. In addition, the computer name cannot be the same as the workgroup name.

Enter a new computer name in the Computer Name field and new workgroup name in
Workgroup field and click OK.
Fig. 4.5.3

You will be prompted to restart your computer to complete the name change. Click yes to restart
your computer.

Fig. 4.5.4

We have completed our first necessary step. Now its time to configure LAN card.
Configure LAN card

First check LAN card driver

Right Click on My Computer ==> properties ==> Hardware ==> Device manager ==> Network
Adaptor ==> Check here (also check under the other devices tag)
Situation:- Showing
Fig. 4.5.5

Description:- Installed and working properly

Situation:-Showing with Yellow sign

Fig. 4.5.6

Description:- LAN card driver is corrupted

Solution:- Install LAN card driver. Situation:-
Showing with Red Cross

Description:- Either cable is unplugged or LAN card is disabled

Solution:- My network places ==> properties ==> local area connection ==> right click ==>
Enable (Follow only if Lan card is disable )

Check whether network cable is plugged or not

Situation:-Not Showing

Fig. 4.5.7
Description:- LAN card is not detected yet (Check for physical installation) Solution:- Open the
cabinet and check for physical detection Check Bios ==> On bord LAN Option should be
enable

Checking LAN card in Network place

How to show my network place on Desktop?

Right click on the free space of desktop ==>Customize desktop ==>check mark on My
network places ==> Apply ==> Ok
My network place ==> properties ==> local area connection
Situation:- Showing

Fig. 4.5.8

Description:- Installed and working properly

Situation:-Showing with Red Cross
Fig. 4.5.
Description:-cable is unplugged

Solution:-Check whether network cable is plugged or not

Situation:-Showing with Yellow sign

Description:-LAN is working on Automatic private IP.

Solution:- assign manually IP address

Situation:-Showing with disable

Fig. 4.6

Description:-LAN is disabled

Solution:-My network places ==> Local area connection ==> Right click ==> Enable
(Follow only if LAN card is disable )

Situation:-Showing with firewall

Fig. 4.6.1
4
3
Description:-LAN is firewall protected

Solution:-There is no need to on firewall unless you are connecting with internet. To

turn off firewall

My network place ==> properties ==>local area connection ==> properties

==>Advanced ==>Settings

Fig. 4.6.2

Genral==> Off

Fig. 4.6.3

Next step is to check 4 necessary configuration in LAN card properties

LAN cards drives

Client for Microsoft network

File and printer sharing services
Internet protocols (TCP/IP)
Fig. 4.6.4

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The whole research is concerned on building Pentium IV computer which has gather
stages on how each components of the computer system can be fitted.

The research has manage to identify each components/devices with their functions and
specifications and the required tools were used; screwdriver, tester, multi-meter, nose-pliers and
blower machine. The components and their specifications re; 2GBRAM, 3,0 Intel Pentium IV
processor, LCD monitor, ATX easing, ATX motherboard, 80GB HDD, keyboard and mouse.

This research has purportedly achieve the aim of cloning computer system and peer to peer
network that will be used in the school laboratories’
5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Satisfactorily arriving at the pace of achieving a PC assembles and peer to peer network
that has the functionality required. Its durability which is well guarantee is therefore
recommended to be used in the school laboratories, offices, and other official places.
 REFERENCES

Anand Lal Shimpi (November 20, 2000). “Intel Pentium 4 1,4GHz & 1.5GHz”.

Anandtech ^ “Intel Introduces The Pentium 4 Processor”. Intel. Archived from the original on
2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-08-14.

Darril Gibson (2011): “Partlist of computer components”

http://en,wikibooks.org/wiki/Image: How To Assemble A Desktop

Dinesh T. (2009) “Introduction to Computer components” retrieves from

http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-is-computer . Falodi
E.A, Ogunnusi O.S and Ogunlola O.O (2008) “Introduction to computer”, Jossy

Kay publishers, Ado-Ekiti.

“Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor-M Datasheet”. Intel Corp. the Tech Report. February

2, 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-28.

Scott Wasson (September 10, 2001): “The Pentium 4 gets SDRAM: Two new chipsets”.
Wasson, Scott and Brown, Andrew (January 7, 2002): Pentium 4 ‘Northwood’ 2.2 GHz,

Tech report.