FOREST FIRE

PROTECTION
WITH SMS
NOTIFICATION

ABSTRACT
The process of detection of forest fire initiates at any of the nodes
planted on a tree inside the forest. The forest has a network of nodes
placed at suitable distances from each other, the nodes have a
capability to communicate through devices ( RF module in our case)
and by using Arduino. If any change above a threshold value is found
in the atmospheric parameters (temperature rise, contamination of
air with smoke, etc.) near a node (source node), the information is
passed to a nearest intermediate node until it reaches to the
main/head terminal. The main/head terminal uses a GSM modem to
pass the information to a cell phone (the forest fire monitoring
centre).

INTRODUCTION
Fire is an undesirable event. Forest fire also known as bush fire or hill fire is an uncontrolled
fire occurring wild or forest areas. It is very important to detect these kinds of fire as early as
possible so as to prevent the damage from it to ecological system. Every year millions of
acres of forest are burnt down. The land where forest is burnt it becomes impossible to
grow vegetation over there. This is because soil becomes water repellant and accepts no
more water, leading to reduction in ground water level. The global warming report 2008
mention forest fire as one of the major cause behind increase in global warming. In recent
year 2016 more than 4000 hectares of forest were burnt in the hills of Uttarakhand. This
shows that these fires cause a great loss to social wealth as well as human life. So there is an
urgent need of the hour to develop a system that could detect and alert the concerned
authorities about the fire as early as possible. The fire alarm system proposed in this paper
integrates the use of affordable instruments, connectivity and wireless communication. The
system has lower power consumption and faster processing ability at a lower cost.
 Components Required

1. Arduino Uno
2. LCD
3. GAS Sensor
4. GSM MODULE
5. TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM35

ARDUINO UNO .
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project,
and user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital
 world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and
software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
(LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture
of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are
available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards or Breadboards (shields) and
other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including
Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading
programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and
C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project
provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the
Processing language project. The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program
for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to
provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices
that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple
robots, thermostats, and motion detectors. 11 The name Arduino comes from a
bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The
bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014

Features of the Arduino UNO :

 Microcontroller: ATmega328

 Operating Voltage: 5V

 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

 Analog Input Pins: 6

 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)

 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)

 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

ARDUINO HARDWARE PART:-

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are

distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and
are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some
versions of the hardware are also available. Although the hardware and
software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers
have requested the name Arduinoto be exclusive to the official product and not
be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on
use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating
work by others into the official product. Several Arduino-compatible products
commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names
ending in -duino. Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR
microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280,
ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The
32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.
The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate
connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may
connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked
shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards
include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic
resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with
the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. Arduino
 microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies
uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of
the Arduino UNO is the optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program
code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards
contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS232 logic levels and
transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial
adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno
boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-
serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other
variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficialBoarduino, use a
detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods.
When used with 14 traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino
IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other
circuits. The Diecimila,Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six
of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can
also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female
0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially
available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and
Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that
can plug into solderless breadboards. Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived
boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used
interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for
use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are
electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility
with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.

ARDUINO SOFTWARE PART:-

 IDE .
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-
platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the
programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the
languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features
 such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple
one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino
board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The
source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++
using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic
functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are
compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable
cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with
the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to
convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that
is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

 Sketch .
A program written with the Arduino IDE is called a sketch. [58]
Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the
file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with
the extension .pde. 16 A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of
only two functions: setup(): This function is called once when a sketch
starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and
output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. loop(): After
setup() has been called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in the
main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is
reset. Blink example Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode
(LED) and a load resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which
is a convenient feature for many tests and program functions. A typical
program for a beginning Arduino programmer blinks a LED repeatedly.
This program uses the functions pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(),
which are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE
environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board
by the manufacturer.
Arduino Uno Technical Specifications:
Microcontroller ATmesa328P - 8 bit AVR family microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended InputVoltage- 7-12V
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 5 (A0 - As)
Digital l/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on l/O Pins 40 Ma
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Boot loader)
SRAM 2KB
EEPROM 1KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 1.6 Hz

LPG GAS SENSOR

The sensor is capable of detecting different types of flammable gases on calibrated
sensitivity.

This sensor can be calibrated using the potentiometer fitted in the breakout board of Me6 gas
sensor

'The sensor gives an analog output. This is a simple-to-use LpG sensor, suitable for sensing

LPG (composed of mostly propane and butane) concentrations in the air. The Me-6 can
detect gas

concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm. The sensor's output is an analog resistance.

lnterfacing with the sensor module is done through a 4-pin breadboard compatible Slp header
and

requires one l/o pin from the host microcontrotler. The onboard microcontroller provide
initial heating

interval after power-up and then starts to measure LPG sensor output. lf it found the LpG

concentration above preset value, it will inform the Host controller by pulling the output pin
to High

and Starts to blink onboard LED. The sensor module is mainly intended to provide a means
of
comparing LPG sources and being able to set an alarm limit when the source becomes
excessive.

It consists of four pins. pin details of LpG Gas sensor Modute:

SPECIFICATION

Supply voltage =5V

Heating voltage = 5V
Heater resistance = 33ohm
Heating consumption is less than 750 MW
Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range
High sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LpG
Long life and low cost
Simple drive circuit
Sensor Type : Semiconductor

16x2 LCD Display

LCD modules are vey commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its cheap

price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across these
displays in our

day to day life, either at pCO's or calculators. The appearance and the pin outs have already
been

visualized above now let us get a bit technical. A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its
definition from

its name itself. lt is combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a
liquid

crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display
screen that

are generally used in laptop computer screen, TVs, cell phones and portable video games.
LCD's

technologies allow displays to be much thinner when compared to cathode ray tube (cRT)
technology'
L6x2 LCD consists of 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of combinations available
like, $xt,8x2,

L1xz,16x1 in market . t6x2 LCD is the most popular among them. lt can accumulate
maximum (16x2=32J. 32

characters in total and each character will be made of 5x8 Pixel Dots.

PIN CONFIGURATION:

Pin No: Pin Name: Description

t Vss (Ground) Ground pin connected to system ground

2 Vdd (+5 Volt) Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V - 5.3V)

3 VE (Contrast V)

Decides the contrast level of display. Grounded to get maximum

contrast.

4 Register Select Connected to Microcontrolter to shit between command/data

register

5 Read/Write used to read or write data. Normally grounded to write data to LCD

Enable

connected to Microcontroller Pin and toggled between 1 and 0 for

data acknowledgement

Data Pin 0

Data pins 0 to 7 forms an 8-bit data line. They can be connected to

Microcontroller to send 8-bit data.

These LCD's can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Dpta pin

4,5,6 and 7 will be left free.

8 Data Pin 1

9 Data Pin 2
10 Data Pin 3

11 Data Pin 4

12 Data Pin 5

13 Data Pin 5

14 Data Pin 7

15 LED Positive Backlight LED pin positive terminal

16 LED Negative Backlight LED pin negative terminal

Features of 16x2 LCD module

1. . Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
2. . Current consumption is lmA without backlight
3. . Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers
4. . Consists of two rows and each row can print 15 characters'
5. . Each character is build by a 5x8 pixel box
6. . Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
7. . lt can also display any custom generated characters
8. . Available in Green and Blue Backlight
LCD INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO
 GSM GPRS SIM900A Modem :

GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS engine-

SIM900A, works on frequencies 900/ 1800 MHz. The Modem is coming with
RS232 interface, which allows you connect PC as well as microcontroller with
RS232 Chip(MAX232). The baud rate is configurable from 9600-115200
through AT command. The GSM/GPRS Modem is having internal TCP/IP
stack to enable you to connect with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS,
Voice as well as DATA transfer application in M2M interface. The onboard
Regulated Power supply allows you to connect wide range unregulated power
supply . Using this modem, you can make audio calls, SMS, Read SMS, attend
the incoming calls and internet through simple AT commands.

 FEATURES :

 Dual-Band GSM/GPRS 900/ 1800 MHz.

 RS232 interface for direct communication with computer or MCU kit.
 Configurable baud rate.
 Power controlled using 29302WU IC.
 ESD Compliance.
 Enable with MIC and SPeaker socket.
 With slid in SIM card tray.
 With Stub antenna and SMA connector.
 Input Voltage: 12V DC.
 GSM SIM 900A PIN DIAGRAM :
GSM module is used in many communication devices which are based on GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communications) technology. It is used to interact
with GSM network using a computer. GSM module only understands AT
commands, and can respond accordingly. The most basic command is “AT”, if
GSM respond OK then it is working good otherwise it respond with “ERROR”.
There are various AT commands like ATA for answer a call, ATD to dial a call,
AT+CMGR to read the message, AT+CMGS to send the sms etc. AT commands
should be followed by Carriage return i.e. \r (0D in hex), like “AT+CMGS\r”. We
can use GSM module using these commands:
ATE0 - For echo off
AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0 <ENTER> - Auto opened message Receiving. (No need to
open message)
ATD<Mobile Number>; <ENTER> - making a call (ATD+919610126059;\r\n)
AT+CMGF=1 <ENTER> - Selecting Text mode
AT+CMGS=”Mobile Number” <ENTER> - Assigning recipient’s mobile number
>>Now we can write our message
>>After writing message
Ctrl+Z send message command (26 in decimal).
ENTER=0x0d in HEX
The SIM900A is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS Module which delivers
GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS and Data with
low power consumption.

 WORKING EXPLANATION :

In this project, Arduino is used for controlling whole the process. Here we

have used GSM wireless communication for controlling home appliances.
We send some commands like “#A.light on*”, “#A.light off*” and so on for
controlling AC home appliances. After receiving given commands by
Arduino through GSM, Arduino send signal to relays, to switch ON or OFF
the home appliances using a relay driver.

Here we have used a prefix in command string that is “#A.”. This prefix is
used to identify that the main command is coming next to it and * at the end
of string indicates that message has been ended.
When we send SMS to GSM module by Mobile, then GSM receives that
SMS and sends it to Arduino. Now Arduino reads this SMS and extract
main command from the received string and stores in a variable. After this,
Arduino compare this string with predefined string. If match occurred then
Arduino sends signal to relay via relay driver for turning ON and OFF the
home appliances. And relative result also prints on 16x2 LCD by using
appropriate commands.
 Here in this project we have used 3 zero watt bulb for demonstration which
indicates Fan, Light and TV.
Below is the list of messages which we send via SMS, to turn On and Off
the Fan, Light .
GSM Module :
GSM module is used in many communication devices which are based on
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) technology. It is used to
interact with GSM network using a computer. GSM module only
understands AT commands, and can respond accordingly. The most basic
command is “AT”, if GSM respond OK then it is working good otherwise it
respond with “ERROR”. There are various AT commands like ATA for
answer a call, ATD to dial a call, AT+CMGR to read the message,
AT+CMGS to send the sms etc. AT commands should be followed by
Carriage return i.e. \r (0D in hex), like “AT+CMGS\r”. We can use GSM
module using these commands:
ATE0 - For echo off
AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0 <ENTER> - Auto opened message Receiving. (No
need to open message)
ATD<Mobile Number>; <ENTER> - making a call (ATD+919610126059;\
r\n)
AT+CMGF=1 <ENTER> - Selecting Text mode
AT+CMGS=”Mobile Number” <ENTER> - Assigning recipient’s mobile
number
>>Now we can write our message
>>After writing message
Ctrl+Z send message command (26 in decimal).
ENTER=0x0d in HEX
The SIM900A is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS Module which delivers
GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS and Data
with low power consumption.
 LM35

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an

output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. ... The low-
output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of
the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy.

The sensor unit can communicate effectively with low-cost processors without
the need of A/D converters. An example for a temperature sensor is LM35.
The LM35series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature.

Most commonly, temperature sensors are used to measure temperature in

circuits which control a variety of equipment's. There are different types
of temperature sensors used in the market today including
resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, thermistors,
infrared sensor , and semiconductor sensors.
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an
output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The low-
output impedance, linear output and precise inherent calibration of
the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy.

Description

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an

output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The low-
output impedance, linear output and precise inherent caliberation of the LM35
device makes interfacing to read-out or control circuitry especially easy.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

LM35

ARDUINO
UNO

POWER
LCD SUPPLY
APPLICATIONS
SMS based Fire detection system using Smoke and Temperature sensor has
applications in many areas like Industries, Companies, Offices, Shopping malls
and even at our home. This project has a Smoke sensor and a temperature
sensor to detect the fire. The fire detection system sends SMS to the user
when anyone these sensor crosses threshold value. We have provided a Buzzer
which turns on when SMS is sent to the user.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

This system presented the development of a fire alarm system using the Arduino UNO. This
system undoes the need of a person to continuously monitor the area. The monitoring will
be done with the help of sensors. Buzzer and Message alerts are used to alert the required
authorities. This system is a low cost, power efficient and based on the instruments that
reliable as well as durable. Many future works are also possible in this system design. We
can use the multiple nodes for a single receiver node. GPS module could also be used to pin
point the exact position of the fire. We can use the wind sensor to determine the rate of fire
flow and its direction. Automated fire extinguishing system could be used along with the
system. This system is developed to implement the knowledge gained during the
engineering program.

References
[1]Project report by Arito atArduino.comhttps://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/Aritro
/smoke-detection-using-mq-2-gas-sensor-79c54a

[2]Specification report of MQ-5 Sensor by Hanwei ElectronicsCo.LTd.

[3]Muhammad Salihin Ahmad Azmil, Norsuzila Ya’acob,Khairul Nizam Tahar, Suzi Seroja
Sarnin “Wireless Fire Detection Monitoring Systemfor Fire and Rescue Application” 2015
IEEE 11th International Colloquium on Signal Processing & its Applications (CSPA2015), 6-8
Mac. 2015, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[4]Bharathkumar. v, Irshad.SM, Gowtham.S , R. Geethamani “Microcontroller based Digital
Meter with Alert System using GSM” 2017 11 th International Conference on Intelligent
Systems and Control (ISCO)

[5]T.H. Mujawar, V.D. Bachuwar, A. D. Shaligram, L.P. Deshmukh “Wireless sensor network
system: gas leakage detection and monitoring”, International Journal of Current Research, 7
(2015)18445- 18450