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    AASHTO Standard Specifications For Highway Bridge 16th

    Uploaded by

    Angelica Ocaña
    Puentes

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Vebemened TobaZ i STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS for HIGHWAY BRIDGES SIXTEENTH EDITION 1996 Adopted and Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc. 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 © Copyright 1996 by the American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Officials ne, All Rights Reserved, Printed inthe United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. ISBN 1-56051-040-4 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 1995-1996 VOTING MEMBERS Officers: President: Bill Burnet, Texas Vice President: Darrell Rensink, towa Secretary/Treasurer: Clyde E. Pyers, Maryland Regional Representatives: Regions: T Carlos I. Pesquara, Puerto Rico Hl Robert L. Robinson. Mississippi IM Patrick Nowak, Michigan IV Marshall W. Moore, North Dakota NON-VOTING MEMBERS Inmediate Past President: Wayne Shackelford, Georgia Executive Director: Francis B. Francois, Washington, D.C. HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 1995 JAMES E. SIEBELS, COLORADO, Chairman G. CHARLES LEWIS, GEORGIA, Vice Chairman STANLEY GORDON, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary ALABAMA, William F. Conway ALASKA, Steve Bradford, Rey Shumway ARIZONA, William R. Bruesch, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Dale Loe CALIFORNIA, James E, Roberts COLORADO, Stephen Horton CONNECTICUT, Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Chao H. Hu D.C, Jacob Patnaik, Luke DiPompo FLORIDA, Jerry Potter GEORGIA, Paul Liles HAWAII, Donald C. Omelias, IDAHO, Scott Stokes ILLINOIS, Ralph E, Anderson INDIANA, John J. White IOWA, William A. Lundquist KANSAS, Kennth F. Hurst, KENTUCKY, Richard Sutherland LOUISIANA, Norval Knapp, Wayne Aymond MAINE, Larry L. Roberts, James E. Tukey MARYLAND, Eatle S. Freedman MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Sudhakar Kulkarni MINNESOTA, Donald J. Flemming MISSISSIPPI, Wilbur F. Massey MISSOURI, Allen F. Laffoon MONTANA, Joseph Kalman NEBRASKA, Lyman D. Freemon NEVADA, Floyd I. Mareucci NEW HAMSPHIRE, James A. Moore NEW JERSEY, Robert Pege NEW MEXICO, Martin A. Gavumnick NEW YORK, (vacant) NORTH CAROLINA, John L. Smith NORTH DAKOTA, Steven J. Miller OHIO, Richard L. Engel OKLAHOMA, Veldo M. Goins OREGON, Terry J. Shike PENNSYLVANIA, (vacant) PUERTO RICO, Jorge L. Melendez, Hector Camacho RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Ferhournand SOUTH CAROLINA, Rocque L. Kneece SOUTH DAKOTA, John Cole ‘TENNESSEE, Clellon Loveall, ‘Ed Wasserman ‘TEXAS, Robert Wilson US. DOT, Stanley Gordon (FHWA), Nick E. Mpars (USCG) UTAH, Dave Christensen VERMONT, Warren B. Tripp VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley WASHINGTON, Myint Lwin WEST VIRGINIA, James Sothen WISCONSIN, Stanley W. Woods WYOMING, David Pope ALBERTA, Bob Ramsay BRITISH COLUMBIA, Peter Brett, MANITOBA, W. Saltzberg MARIANA ISLANDS, Elizabeth H. Salas-Balajedia NEW BRUNSWICK, G.A. Rushton NEWFOUNDLAND. Peter Lester NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Jivko Jivkoy NOVA SCOTIA, Al MacRae ONTARIO, Ranjit S. Reel SASKATCHEWAN, Lorne J. Hamblin MASS. METRO. DIST. COMM., David Lenhardt NJ.TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Wallace R. Grant PORT AUTH. OF NY AND NI, Joseph K. Kelly NY STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William Moreau BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, ‘Wade Cosey USS. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FOREST SERVICE, Nelson Hemandez MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, Robert D. Franz U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS- DEPT. OF THE ARMY, Paul C, T. Tan iit PREFACE to Sixteenth Edition [Msjor changes and revisions to this eition are as follows: 1. The Interim Specifications of 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 have been adopted and are in cluded, (Note the 1996 interim, with commentary, were never published as separate document.) "2 Entte Division f-8, Seismic Design, was revised. Entire section of Commentary snd Sup plemenis A & B of Division I-A were deleted. 3 Section 17, Soil Reinforced Conerete Structure Interaction Systems, of Division { was revised 4, Section 26, Metal Culvens, of Division I was revised 5. Section 27, Concrete Culver, of Division Il was revise. 6. Section 29, Embediment Anchors, was added to Division I INTRODUCTION ‘The compilation of these specifications began in 1921 with the organization of Committee on Bridges and Structures of the American Association of State Highway Officials. During the period from 1921, unti printed in 1931, the specifications wer> gradually developed, and asthe several divisions were approved from time to time, they ‘were made available in mimeographed form for use of the State Highway Departments and other organizations. A complete specifiéation was available in 1926 and it was re- vised in 1928. Though not in printed form, the specifications were valuable to the bridge engineering profession during the period of development. ‘The fist edition of the Standard Specifications was published in 1931, and it was foliowed by the 1935, 1941, 1944, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1973, 1977, 1983, 1989, and 1992 revised editions. The present sixteenth edition constitutes re- vision of the 1992 specifications, including those changes adopted since the publico- tion of the fifteenth edition and those through 1995, The constant research and devel. ‘opment in stel, concrete, and timber structures practically dictates the necessity cf revising the specifications every few year, andthe 1996 edition coatinues this trend Interim Specifications are usually published in the middle ofthe calendar year, ant ‘revised edition of this book is generally published every 4 years. The Interim Speck fications have the same status as standards of the American Association of State High- ‘way and Transportation Officials, but are tentative revisions approved by atleast two- thirds of the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. These revisions are voted on bj the Association Member Departments prior to the publication of each new edition of this book, and if approved by at least two-thirds of the members, they are included inthe new edition as standards ofthe Association. Members of the Association are the 50 Staie Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transportation is 3 rronvoting member, ‘Annual Interim Specifications are generally used by the States aftr their adoption by the Bridge Subcommittee. Orders for these annuat Interim Specifications should sent to the Publication Sales Office of the Association at 444 North Capitol Stree’, NW. Suite 249, Washington, D.C, 20001, (202)624-5800. ‘The Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges are intended to serve as a stan- dard or guide for.the preparation of State specifications and for reference by bridge engineers. Primarily the specifications set forth minimum requirements which are consistert with current practice, and certain modifications may be necessary to suit local condi- tions. They apply to ordinary highway bridges and supplemental specifications may be required for unusual types and for bridges with spans longer than 500 fect. ‘Specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials, the Americar ‘Welding Society, the American Wood Preservers Association, and the National Forest Products Association are referred to, or are recognized. Numerous research bulletins are noted for references. ‘The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials wishes © express its sincere appreciation to the above organizations, as well as to those univer- sities and representatives of industry whose research efforts and consultations have ‘been most helpful in continual improvement ofthese specifications. Extensive references have been made to the Standard Specifications for Trans- portation Materials published by the American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Officials, including equivalent ASTM specifications which have been reproduced in the-Association’s Standard Specifications by permission of the Amer'- ccan Society for Testing and Materials. tention i also directed to the following publications prepared and published-by the Bridge Subcommittee: Construction Manual for Highway Bridges and Incidental Sructures—19T3 Edition Guide Specifications for Fracture Critical Now Redundant Steel Bridge Mem- bers—1978 Edition, updated to 1986 Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Highway Bridges—1980 Edition, ‘updated to 1993, ‘Standard Specifications for Movable Highway Bridges—1988 Edition Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires ‘and Traffic Signals—1985 Edition, updated to 1994 Guide Specifications for Alternate Load Factor Design Procedures for Steel Bean Bridges Using Braced Compact Sections—1991 Edition AASHTO Commentary on ANSUAASHTOMAWS Bridge Welding Code 01.5-88— 1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Strength Design of Truss Bridges (Load Factor Desigu}—1986 Edition Guide Specifications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges—1990 Edition Guide Specifications for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steet and Concrete Bridges—1989 Edition Guide Specifications for Design and Construction and Segmental Concrete Bridges—1989 Edition Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings—1989 Edition Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barrters—1989 Edition AASHTO Guide Specificarions—Thermal Effects in Concrete Bridge Super- structure —1989 Eaition ANSUAASHTOIAWS Bridge Welding Code D1.S Foundation ts ssigation Manual—1978 Edition Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges—1991 Edition Guide Specification for the Design of Stress-Laminated Wood Decks—1991 Edition, Guidelines for Bridge Management Systems—1993 Edition Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges—1994 Edition Guide Specifications for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges—1994 Edition Guide Specifications for Aluminum Highway Bridges—1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design—1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Fatigue Design of Steel Bridlges—1989 Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications—1994 U.S. Units Edition, 1994 SI Units Edition Guide Design Specifications for Bridge Temporary Work—1995 Edition Construction Handbook for Bridge Temporary Work—1995 Edition Guide for Painting Steet Structures—1996 Edition ‘The following have served as chairmen of the Committee singe its inception in 1921. Messrs, ELF. Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee, Albin L. Gemeny, R. B. McMinn, Raymond Archiband, G. S. Paxson, E. M. Johnson, Ward Goodman, Charles Matlock, Joseph S. Jones, Sidney Poleynard, Jack Freidenrich, Henry W. Derthick, Robert C. Cassano, Clellon Loveall, and James E. Siebels, The Committee expresses its sincere appreciation of the work of these men and of those active mem- bers of the past, whose names, because of retirement, are no longer on the rll. ‘Suggestions for the improvement of the specifications are welcomed. They should be sent to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001. Inquiries as to the intent or application ofthe specifications should be sent to the same aléress. ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO —American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials acl American Concrete Institute AITC —- —American Institute of Timber Construction ASCE —American Society of Civil Engineers ASTM — —American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI —American National Standards Instiate AWS —American Welding Society AWPA — —American Wood Preservers Association cs —Commercial Standards NDS —National Design Specifications for Stress Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings NFPA —National Forest Products Association SAE Society of Automotive Engineers WPA —Westem Pine Association WWPA — —Westem Wood Products Association AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS, DIVISION F DESIGN SECTION I—GENERAL PROVISIONS Ml 1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND GENERAL STRUCTURAL, INTEGRITY FOR BRIDGES Design Analysis Structural Integrity BRIDGE LOCATIONS WATERWAYS General Hydraulic Stu Site Data Hydrologic Analysis Hydraulic Analysis CULVERT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND WATERWAY OPENINGS ROADWAY DRAINAGE, RAILROAD OVERPASSES Clearances Blast Protection SUPERELEVATION FLOOR SURFACES UTILITIES, SECTION 2~GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN GENERAL, Notations ‘Width of Roadway and Sidewalk STANDARD HIGHWAY CLEARANCES—GENERAL, ‘Navigational Roadway Width Vertical Clearance Other ‘Curbs and Sidewalks HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES. Width Vertical Clearance HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR UNDERPASSES Width .. : Vertical Clearance Curbs HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR TUNNELS Roadway Width . Clearance Between Walls Vertical Clearance Curbs. HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSED ROADWAYS - Division 1 CONTENTS: 261 Roadway Width 7 262 ‘Clearance Between Walls . 263 Curbs 27 RAILINGS. 271 Vehicular Railing 271.0 General tee Geomeiry 2713 Loads . oy 272 Bieyele Railing... 272.1 General 2722 Geometry and Loads . ceecteteteeteeseeteess 273 Pedestrian Railing ........ fl 2731 General : 2732 Geometry and Loads | 274 ‘Structural Specifications and Guidelines SECTION 3—LOADS PART A~-TYPES OF LOADS 3a NOTATIONS 32 GENERAL 33 DEaD LOAD i 34 LIVELOAD ..... 35 OVERLOAD PROVISIONS 36 ‘TRAFFICLANES ..... 37 HIGHWAY LOADS . 321 Standard Truck and Lane Loads... 3.12 Classes of Loading... 373 Designation of Loadings Site 374 Minimum Loading ..... pasaeeee 375 HLoading . 7 3.76 HS Loading 38 IMPACT. 381 Application 38.1 Group A 3.8.12 Group B . i 382 Impact Formula... 39 LONGITUDINAL FORCES 3.10 CENTRIFUGAL FORCES .. a 311 APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD 3111 ‘Traffic Lane Units . : 312 ‘Number and Position of Traffic Lane Units . 3.3 Lane Loads on Continuous Spans 3.14 Loading for Maximum Stress... i 3.12 REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY 3.13 ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADS een 314 SIDEWALK, CURB, AND RAILING LOADING 3.14.1 Sidewalk Loading. 3.142 Curb Loading - 3.143 Railing Loading ... 3.15 WIND LOADS ...... 3.23 3234 332 3.3.21 3.23.2. 323.23 3.23.23.1 323.232 3.23.23 324d 3242 3243, 3243.1 3.2432 3244 325 3245.1 B24S.L1 3245.12 CONTENTS Superstructure Design Group Il and Group V Loadings « Group II and Group Vi Loadings : Substructure Design ....0..p.c0ctceeeee 7 Forces from Supersinicture Forces Applied Directly to the Substructure «.....- Overturning Forées ‘THERMAL FORCES UPLIFT... FORCES FROM STREAM CURRENT, FLOATING ICE, AND DRIFT CONDITIONS Force of Stream Current on Piers Stream Pressure Pressure Components Drift Lodged Against Pier Force of Tee on Piers General... fecteees : Dynamic lee Force Static Ice Pressure BUOYANCY EARTH PRESSURE EARTHQUAKES PART B—COMBINATIONS OF LOADS COMBINATIONS OF LOADS PART C—DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS TO STRINGERS, LONGITUDINAL BEAMS, AND FLOOR BEAMS Position of Loads for Shear a Bending Momento Stringers and Longitudinal Beams General... Interior Stringers and Beams Outside Roadway Stingers and Beams Steel-Timber-Concrete T-Beams . Concrete Box Girders Total Capacity of Stringers and Beams Bending Moments in Floor Beams (Transverse) Precast Concrete Beams Used in Multi-Beam Decks DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS AND DESIGN OF CONCRETE SLABS . are : Span Lengths Edge Distance of Wheel Loads Bending Moment Case A~Main Reinforeement Perpendicular to Traffic (Spans 2 to 24 Feet Inclusive) Case B—Main Reinforcement Para Shear and Bond .. Cantilever Slabs. Truck Loads Case A—Reinforcement Perpendicular Tealfic Case B—Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic 226 +26 126 26 27 2 27 21 28 31 2 32 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 35 35 35 38 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 Division 1 Division 1 CONTENTS 32452 Railing Loads ‘ % 3.246 Stabs Supported on Four Sides 36 324.7 Median Slabs aes 3 3.248 Longitudinal Kage Beams 37 3.249 Unsupported Transverse Edges .. 3 3.24.10° Distribution Reinforcement... a) 3.25 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON TIMBER FLOORING . . 37 3.25.1 ‘Transverse Flooring a: - a 3252 Plank and Nail Laminated Longit 2 3.253 Longituc ey 3253.1 Bending Moment .........-- BD 3.2532 Shear 9 3.2533 Deflections i 240 32534 Stiffener Arrangement ry 3.254 Continuous Flooring 2 3.26 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS AND DESIGN OF ‘COMPOSITE WOOD-CONCRETE MEMBERS 0 3.26. Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Moment and Shear ; 0 3.26.2 Distribution of Bending Moments in Continous Spans 0 3.263 Design «..... ey 327 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEBL LOADS ON STEEL GRID FLOORS 40 327.1 General ... : tee sees AO) 3272 Floors Filled with Coverete |... ite PE eal 3273 Open Floors . 41 3.28 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS FOR BENDING MOMENT IN SPREAD BOX GIRDERS at 3.28.1 Interior Beams - i 3.282 Exterior Beams 3.29 MOMENTS, SHEARS, AND REACTIONS .. 330 TIRE CONTACT AREA SECTION 4—FOUNDATIONS PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 41 GENERAL. oe 42 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CAPACITY .. 421 Selection of Foundation Type -..........2.0-..- 422 Foundation Capacity : 4221 Bearing Capacity . ‘ 4222 Settlement 4223 Overall Stability. feseee 423 Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions... 7 a 43 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROGRAMS .......... ‘ 43 43.1 General Regizements 243 432 jum Depth, aa 433 Mimo Coverage 245 434 Laboratory Testing ....... eves ce AS 435 * Scour aeiee feteaeceeeeee ee MS 44 440 4ALd 44.12 44.13 44a 44.1 442 443 44a 445 445. 445.2 4453 4454 446 47 44.1 4ATLd AAT 4ATLL2 4ATA13 SATA 4aTLS 4AT1L6 AATAAT 4ATALS 4AT12 44.22, 4A 4a lL 412 CONTENTS: PART B—SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ‘ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN SPREAD FOOTINGS General Applicability Footings Supporting Non-Rectangular Columas or Piess Footings in Fill Footings in Sloped Portions of Embankments Distribution of Bearing Pressure . Notations Design Terminology Soil and Rock Property Selection Depth ‘Minimum Embedment and Bench Width ‘Scour Protection Footing Excavations Piping Anchorage . Geotechnical Design on Soil Bearing Capacity .. actors Affecting Bearing ad Eccentric Loading Footing Shape Inclined Loading Ground Surface Slope Embeciment Depth Ground Water Layered Soils Inclined Base . Factors of Safety Settlement ‘Stress Distribution Elastic Settlement Consolidation Settlement Secondary Seitlement Tolerable Movement Dyaamic Ground Stabitity Geotechnical Design on Rock. Foatings or Competent Rock . Footings on Broken or Jointed Rock Factors of Salty Settlement . Footings on Competent Rock . Footings on Broken or Jointed Rock “Tolerable Movement Overall Stability DynamioSeismic De Structural Design Loads and Reactions ‘Action of Loads and Reactions . Isolated and Multiple Footing Reactions 237 45 4S 4S 45 48 45 45 45 48 48 4B 48 49 49 49 49 49 er) 50 30 ar 31 SI 31 35 35 37 37 7 38 38 61 261 61 6 62 62 262 3 8B 1B 83 “64 64 66 66 66 86 7 Division £ Division T 44.112 44.21 4AN22 44.113 44.113.1 44.1132 4s 44Nad 44142 44.115 44.115.1 441152 44.11.53 44l1sa 4aMss 4ad1S6 445.7 4416 44.11.61 44.11.62 4S 451 43.11 45.42 45.13 4514 45.15 45.16 45.17 DRIVEN PILES CONTENTS: Moments i Critical Section . Distsibution of Reinforcement. Shear Critical Section... Footings'on Piles or Drilled Shafts Development of Reinforcement Development Length Critical Section . . ‘Transfer of Force at Base of Column ‘Transfer of Force Lateral Forces . een aaet Bearing ‘ 7 ‘i Reinforcement... Dowel Size Development Length . Splicing 7 Uneinforced Canceete Footings Design Stress . Pedestals General Application Materials Penetration : Lateral Tip Restraint... Estimated Lengths H Estimated and Minimum Tip Elevation. Piles Through Embankment Fill ‘Test Piles ae Pile Types oo 2 ee eeeeeeee Friction Piles . End Bearing Piles. ‘Combination Friction and End Bearing Piles Batter Piles Notations : Design Terminology Selection of Soil and Rock Properties Selection of Design Pile Capacity Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity Factors Affecting Axial Capacity. ; 50 “Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils 6. e teen eee IO) ‘Axial Capacity in Cohesiontess Soils peered ‘Axial Capacity on Rock 0 Factor of Safety Selection iu Settlement : aT Group Pile Loading .. PE erie a Lateral Loads on Piles : Uplift Loads on Piles ay carted ‘Single Pile Pile Group Vertical Ground Movement ae "Negative Skin Frieti 45.672 4568 437 4301 45.0.2 45.13 Asad 4575 438 459 45.10 43.11 45.12 A513 45.14 431d 45.142 45.143 4SIS 4515.1 4315.1 45.15.1 ASS. 45.16 45.161 45.162 43.163 43.164 45.165 45.166 45.167 45168 45.169 45.17 45171 45.172 45.173 45.174 45.175 45.176 45117 4S178 4518 43.181 45.182 45.183 45.184 45.185 45.19 4.19.1 45.192 45.193, 45.194 CONTENTS: Expansive Soil Dynamic/Seismic Design Structural Capacity of Pile Section Load Capacity Requirements 7 Piles Extending Above Ground Surface Allowable Stress in Piles . Cross-Section Adjustment for Corrosion Scour Protection Against Corrosion and Abrasion ‘Wave Equation Analysis, Dynamic Monitoring i Maximum Allowable Driving Stresses Tolerable Movement Buoyancy Protection Against Dete ‘Steel Piles : Concrete Piles ee : Timber Piles Spacing, Clearances, and Embedment Pile Footings . Pile Spacing Minimaum Projection ito Cap Bent Caps Precast Concrete Piles Size and Shape Minimum Area Minimum Diameter of Tapered Piles Driving Points Vertical Reinforcement Spiral Reinforcement Reinforcement Cover Splices . Handling Stresses Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles. Materials ‘Shape Minimum Area General Reinforcement Requirements Reinforcement into Superstructure Shell Requirements Splices i Reinforcement Cover Steel H-Piles Metat Thickness Splices : Caps Lugs, Scabs, and Core-Stoppers Point Attachments Unfilled Tabular Steel Piles Metal Thickness... Splices Driving Column Action “6B m2 B B TB B 33 B 4 mm m4 4 4 4 7 4 ry dS Eel 1B B 25 WB 18 73 5 75 B B 8 16 76 16 76, 16 76 76 76 16 16 16 76 16 76 16 7 n 1 11 n n 1 n Division | Division 1 CONTENTS xy 45.20 Prestressed Concrete Piles 45.201 Size and Shape 2.4... 45.202 Main Reinforcement . 45.203 Vertical Reinforcement .. 45204 Hollow Cylinder Piles . : 45205 Splices 7 452 ‘Timber Piles, 45211 Materials... 45212 Limitations on Untceated Timber Pile Use 45213 Limitations on Treated Timber Pile Use . 46 DRILLED SHAFTS 461 General 46.11 Applic 46.12 Materials 46.13 Construction 46.14 Embedment 4615 ‘Shaft Diameter 46.1.6 Batter Shafis 46.17 Shafi Through Embankment Fill. 462 Notations .... . 463 Design Terminology 464 Selection of Soll and Rock. Properties 464.1 Presumptive Values 4642 Measured Values 465 4651 ‘Axial Capacity in Soil i 465.11 Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil. 46512 Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil 46513 Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soil 465.14 ‘Tip Resistance in Cohesiontess Soil 7 4652 Factors Affecting Axial Capacity in Soil i 46521 Soil Layering and Variable Soil Strength with Depth 465.22 Ground Water .. 465.23 Enlarged Bases. 46524 Group Action 465.241 Cohesive Sol 465242 Cohesionless Soil. 465243 Group in Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Soil 46525 Vertical Ground Movement . : 46526 Method of Construction 4653 Axial Capacity in Rock . 4653.1 Side Resistance . 46532 Tip Resistance Factors Affecting Axial Consiy in Rock 3 Rock Stratification 465332 Rock Mass Discontinuties 465333 Method of Construction . 4654 Factors of Safety .... 4655 Deformation of Axislly Loaded Shafts 46551 Shafis in Soil. ‘ 4655.11 Cohesive Soil 4655.12 Cohesionless Soil 4655.13 Mixed Soil Profile 46352 46353 4636 4656.1 4656.11 46.56.12 4656.13 4656.14 4656.15 465.6.16 4656.17 46562 4657 466 466.1 46.6.2 46621 466.2, 46623 46624 46.625 466.26 4663 4664 467 4671 461.2 46.03 47 48 49 4.10 4101 4102 4103 4.10 4105 4.106 al ata aud 4is2 4113 alia ALLS ALLE 4ALL7 4118 SHLL9 CONTENTS: Shafts Socketed into Rock Tolerable Movement Lateral Loadi Factors fetng Lately Loaded Shas Soil Layering : Ground Water Scour Group Action Cyclic Losding : Combined Axial and Lateral Loading Sloping Ground ‘Tolerable Lateral Movements Dynamic/Seismic Design Structural Design and General Shaft Dimensions General Reinforcement Longitudinal Bar Spacing Splices . ‘Teansverse Reinforcement Handling Suesses .. Reinforcement Cover Reinforcement into Superstnucture Enlarged Bases ‘Center-to-Cenrer Shaft Soin Load Testing General Load Testing Procedures Load Test Method Selection tionally Not Used PART C--STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SCOPE DEFINITIONS LIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORS, AND RESISTANCE FACTORS. General Serviceability it States States ment : Load Combinations and Load Factors Performance Factors SPREAD FOOTINGS . General Considerations General Depth Scour Protection Frost Action Anchorage Groundwater Uplit. Deterioration [Nearby Structures 289 31 87 88 88 88 88 88 88 39 89 0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 a 92 92 2 m 2 3 983 93 93 9B 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 34 95 Division ! Division | 412 413 4113.1 432 4133 434 411341 4113.42 4113.43 4a 414d 414d AMAL 41a 4a 41415 4114.16 4142 411421 411422 411423 4MA24 4142s 41143 alla 4s 4116 41161 4.11.62 4.11.63 412 4121 4122 4123 4123.1 4123.11 4123.12 4.12.3.13 4123.14 41232 4123.21 4123.22 4123.23 4123.23 4.123.236 4123.24 41233 4233.1 412332 412333 4123.34 412335 412336 412337 CONTENTS Notations Movement Under Serviceability Limit States General Loads... : ‘Movement Criteria Settlement Analyses Settlement of Footings on Cohesionless Soils. Settlement of Footings on Cohesive Soils Settlement of Footings on Rock ... Safety Against Soil Failure : Bearing Capacity of Foundation Soils... ‘Theoretical Estimation Semi-Empirical Procedures Plate Loading Test Presumptive Values Effect of Load Eccentricity . Effect of Groundwater Table Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Rock ‘Semi-Empirical Procedures ‘Analytic Method . . Load Test ..... oe Presumptive Bearing Values, Effect of Load Becentricity . Failure by Sliding 0.0.2.0... Loss of Overall Stability Structural Capacity Construction Considerations for Shallow Foundations General Excavation Monitoring General . Notations Selection of Design Pile Capacity .. Factors Affecting Axial Capacity Pile Penetration Groundwater Table and Buoyancy. Uplift Movement Under Serviceability Limit State General ....e.e ees Tolerable Movement Settlement .. Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil Lateral Displacement... Resistance at Strength Limit States ‘Axial Loading of Piles Analytic Estimates of Capacity. Pile of Capacity Estimates Based on in Situ Tests Piles Bearing on Rock Pile Load Test ... oe Presumptive End Beng Casces ‘ Uplift Effect of Settling Ground and Downdrag Forces : 101 102 102 102, 102 102 103 103 103 103 103 103, 103 2103, 103, 103 104, 104 104 104 104 104 CONTENTS 4.123.370 Single Pile Uplift Capacity 41233.76 Pile Group Uplift Capacity 412.338 Lateral Load faut 4.12339 Baiter ile 7 4.1233.10 Group Capacity 4.12.33.108 Cohesive Soil 4.12.3.3.10b Cohesionless Soil cevteseeseeeee 4.1233.102 Pile Group in Strong Soil Overlying a Weak ‘or Compressible Soil : 4233.11 Dynamic/Seismic Design Structural Design Buckling of Piles Construction Considerations DRILLED SHAFTS General . Notations Geotechnical Design Factors Affecting Axial Capacity 4133. Downdrag Loads 4133.12 Uplift 4133.2 Movernent Under Serviceability Limit State... 413321 General 4133.22 Tolerable Movement 4133.23 Settlement 4133.23 Settlement of Single Drilled Shafts 4.133.238 Group Seitlement 413324 Lateral Displacement 4.1333 Resistance at Strength Limit States 413331 ‘Axial Loading of Drilled Shafts 413332 Analytic Estimates of Drilled Shaft Capacity in Cohesive Soils 4133.33 Estimation of Deilled-Shaft Capacity in Cohesionless Soils 413334 Axial Capacity in Rock 7 4.13335 Load Test .. 4.13336 Uplift Capacity 413.336 Uplift Capacity of a Single Drilled Shaft 4.133.340 Group Uplift Capacity 7 4.13337 Lateral Load 4.13338 Group Capacity. 4.133380 Cohesive Soil 4.133380 Cohesionless Soil ceveeee fee 413.3.3.8¢ Group in Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Compressible Soil. 4.13339 Dynamic/Seismic Design 4B Structural Design 4A Buckling of Drilled Shafts SECTION $—RETAINING WALLS PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 3 GENERAL 52 WALL TYPE AND CAPACITY tot 108 tot los Loe toa = 105 105 105 105 105 105 +105 os 105 106 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 2107 107 108 108 108 108, 108, 108 108 108 108 108 108 109 ut MI Division f Division 1 CONTENTS: xix $21 Selection of Wall Type al 5211 Rigid Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls

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