African Journal of Science and Research,2016,(5)4:61-66

ISSN: 2306-5877
Available Online: http://ajsr.rstpublishers.com/

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW THROUGH A SUPERSONIC NOZZLE- A COMPUTATIONAL

APPROACH.
Tapas Kumar Nandi and Prosun Roy
Department of Mechanical Engineering,Techno India College of Technology, WBUT, Kolkata,India.
Email:nashtake555@gmail.com
Received:15,July,2016 Accepted:26,Aug,2016
Abstract
Computational Modeling of supersonic flow pattern is one of the greatest challenges in the domain of CFD analyses. One of the primary
requirements of compressible flow simulation is to accurately model the inertia force. The compressible flow in a convergent-divergent (CD)
nozzle is investigated by using Finite Volume Method (FVM) for solving partial differential equation with a two equation    turbulence
model. The paper presents initial steps in numerical analysis of flow, generated by convergent-divergent nozzle with Mach number M = 3.39 at
nozzle exit. The numerical simulations of compressible flow passing through a convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle with a fixed geometry are
carried out. Moreover, this paper outlines results from simulations of 2-D finite volume solver based on fluent software. Using structured mesh,
the RANS equation with    SST turbulent model has been applied. Again, the influence of the turbulence model, differentiation and
computational grid to the solution has been studied. The analysis includes static pressure, temperature, turbulence intensity, Mach number and
density of the flow. This paper also determines the location and the strength of normal shock wave in the divergent portion o f the nozzle under
varying operating conditions as well as various flow parameters across the normal shock had been obtained by using gas table. Finally, in this
paper, we provide an overview of key findings obtained from computational studies of supersonic compressible flow. This work deals with the
numerical simulation of compressible and turbulent internal flow using fluent software. In this approach, the physical and thermal magnitudes of
the flow are calculated. The flow is considered a two-dimensional compressible flow turbulent supersonic nozzle, characterized by the presence
of walls requires the consideration of viscosity effects.
Keywords: CFD, Mach number, Divergent, Shock, Turbulence, Supersonic, Compressible.
INTRODUCTION
Nozzle is used to convert the chemical thermal energy generated accelerate hot exhaust to produce thrust. Rocket engines usually
in the combustion chamber into kinetic energy. The nozzle converts have a fixed geometry CD nozzle with a much larger divergent
the low velocity, high pressure, high temperature gas in the section than is required for a gas turbine. Supersonic nozzle flow
combustion chamber into high velocity gas of lower pressure and separation occurs in CD nozzles at pressure ratios far below their
temperature. Computational fluid dynamics is a versatile technique of design value that results in shock formation inside the nozzle. In the
modeling and simulation of flow fields which provides accurate one-dimensional analysis it is treated that the shock is normal, the
results regarding the flow characteristics of devices like flow over an flow past the shock stays attached to the wall, and the subsonic flow
airfoil, if simulated using CFD code provides the user with each and downstream of the shock expands isentropically to the level of back
everything required for the efficient designing- pressure, velocity, pressure at the nozzle exit. But in reality the flow detaches from the
density at each fluid particle. A nozzle is a relatively simple device, wall and forms a separation region, subsequently the flow
just a specially shaped tube through which hot gases flow. However, downstream becomes non-uniform and unstable.
the mathematics, which describes the operation of the nozzle, takes
some careful thought. CFD plays a vital role in modern techniques of LITERATURE REVIEW
design optimization by providing the offhand solutions of the flow Supersonic flow separation in a CD nozzle leads to unstable
problems. The solution of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) plume in the exit region. Qing Xiao., et. Al., [1] demonstrated that
equations being transient in nature imposes the complexity in the such separation can be efficiently utilized to enhance the jet mixing.
computational studies of the flow field through CD nozzles and the Potential applications include propulsion of jet engines, turbofans,
implementation of an appropriate turbulence model for closure of the turbo jets, spin-stabilized rockets and ramjet engines.
RANS equations. The compressible flow regions in nozzles being A. A. Khan and T. R. Shembharkar [2] confirmed that the classical
dominated by strong pressure gradients and complex secondary one-dimensional inviscid theory does not reveal the complex flow
flows induce discrepancies between the numerical simulations and features in a choked CD nozzle accurately. They used the code
the experimental measurements. The flow that particularly concerns Fluent to compute RANS flow in a 2-D CD nozzle for nozzle pressure
us is a high-speed flow and very high temperature where it produces ratios (NPR) corresponding to presence of shock inside the diverging
shock waves that interact with the boundary layers. The existence of part of the nozzle. The computed solutions differed from the simple
shocks in this type of flow produces heavy load losses. These flow theory so far as shock location, shock structure and after-shocks are
phenomena in the nozzles are very harmful to the solid structures of concerned.
the nozzle. In this nozzle, the flow first converges down to the Pardhasaradhi Natta et al [3] found in the nozzles with different
minimum area or throat, and then is expanded through the divergent divergence angles considering default divergence angle as 7
section to the exit at the right. The variable geometry causes these degrees that; In the nozzle with divergence angle of 20 degrees
nozzles to be heavier than a fixed geometry nozzle, but variable Mach number is 1.15 at throat and at divergence angle of 7 degrees
geometry provides efficient engine operation over a wider airflow Mach number is 1.19. From Default angle Mach number is
range than a simple fixed nozzle. Rocket engines also use nozzles to increasing up to 2.917 at the nozzle exit while for divergence angle
62
of 20 degrees the Mach number at exit is nearly 2.84. At the throat
the velocity magnitude is same for all divergence degrees of angle
and it is 260 m/s. Near the wall, the Mach number is decreasing for
all the nozzles. This is due to the viscosity and turbulence in the fluid.
For a nozzle of divergence angle of 20 degrees the Mach number at
exit is very low compared to other nozzles. While when the
divergence angle is 30 degrees the Mach number at nozzle exit is
3.06 and but an divergence angle 40 degrees it gives the Mach
number at nozzle exit is 3.19 and it is lowest at an divergence angle
20 degrees. The turbulence intensity is very high for a divergence
angle of 20 degrees at exit. For maximum velocity we can go with 30
or 40 degrees of divergence angle conical nozzle.
Mykhaylo Fedorov [4] published a paper in which described that
exact analytical solutions of one-dimensional gas dynamics are
intensively applied in engineering practice as a tool in modelling and
simulating the piping systems that utilize a compressible medium as
their working fluids. Well-known exact analytical solutions for simple
types of flows, i.e. for flow processes in which only a single effect is
taken into account (e.g. such limiting cases of flows as isentropic,
adiabatic or isothermal), are classics of modern one-dimensional gas
dynamics theory formed in the first half of last century. At present,
gas dynamics does not possess an exact analytical solution for more
than a single factor bringing about changes in fluid properties. In this
paper the possibility of obtaining general and particular solutions of a
nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) system describing
one-dimensional steady-state flow of compressible ideal gas in
constant area ducts with a constant heat flux and friction factor is
discussed. It shows that ODE system variables can be separated,
and integrals can be taken in terms of elementary functions. Since
an analytical solution is the most important result of the paper, its
detailed derivation is presented.
R. Haouia and all [5] presented the results of a flow of high
temperature gas in an axisymmetric nozzle at hypersonic regime.
They used a gas mixture composed of five chemical species (O2, N2,
NO, O, N). The in-stationary partial differential equations (Euler
equations), which governs this flow is solved with an explicit scheme
using digital finite volume method with two kinetic models to
Zeldovich (3 and 17 reactions chemical). They used a 150 mesh
node along the X axis and 10 nodes according to the radius Y. They
got very interesting results in both cases models mentioned above.
Adamson and Nicholls [6], analyzed nozzle jets experimentally
and presented an analytical method for calculating the position of
shock inside the nozzle, whereas Lewis and Carlson [7]
experimentally determined the distance of the first Mach disc in
under expanded supersonic nozzles issuing gas from the nozzle exit
plane.
Romine [8] presented the mechanisms of flow separation from the
nozzle wall. Back.et.al [9] presented the comparison of measured
and predicted flows through conical supersonic nozzles. They also
presented the wall static pressure for various conical nozzles in the
region of 2-D flow as quasi-one dimensional theories is not
applicable. They claim that flow through the transonic region was
found to depend essentially on local configuration, i.e., on the ratio of
radii rc/r*.
Vincent Lijo [10] explained a numerical investigation of transient
flows in an axisymmetric over-expanded thrust optimized contour
nozzle is presented. These nozzles experience side-loads during
start-up and shut-down operations, because of the flow separation at
nozzle walls. Two types of flow separations such as free shock
separation (FSS) and restricted shock separation (RSS) shock
structure occur. A two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical
Tapas Kumar Nandi et.al
simulation has been carried for a thrust-optimized contour nozzle to
validate present results and investigate oscillatory flow
characteristics during the start-up processes. Reynolds-
Averaged Navier–Stokes equations are numerically solved using
a fully implicit finite volume scheme. Governing equations are solved
by coupled implicit scheme. The present work is concerned with
comprehensive assessment of the flow features by using Reynolds
stress turbulence model. Computed pressure at the nozzle wall
closely matched with the experimental data. A hysteresis
phenomenon has been observed between these two shock
structures. The transition from FSS to RSS pattern during start-up
process has shown maximum nozzle wall pressure. Nozzle wall
pressure and shear stress values have shown fluctuations during the
FSS to RSS transition. The oscillatory pressure has been observed
on the nozzle wall for high pressure ratio. Present results have
shown that magnitude of the nozzle wall pressure variation is high for
the oscillatory phenomenon.
A.Nebbache [11] presented the separation phenomenon in an
asymmetric nozzle, where the test gas is assumed as an ideal gas.
The system of equations governing the flow is solved using the finite
volume method fully implicit type predictor-corrector Mac - Cormack.
The turbulence model used is (k-ω). This work is based on two
configurations: The first configuration consists of (a main nozzle, a
box and a secondary nozzle removable collar); the mesh size used is
(236 × 200). The second box without configuration and field of study
comprises (a main nozzle and noted areas "Jet" and "Wind").
Several meshes (four meshes) were tested to study the
independence of the mesh. The results were compared in both
configurations. He presented the separation phenomenon in an
asymmetric nozzle, where the test gas is assumed as an ideal gas.
The system of equations governing the flow is solved using the finite
volume method fully implicit type predictor-corrector Mac - Cormack.
The turbulence model used is (k-ω). This work is based on two
configurations: The first configuration consists of (a main nozzle, a
box and a secondary nozzle removable collar); the mesh size used is
(236 × 200). The second box without configuration and field of study
comprises (a main nozzle and noted areas "Jet" and "Wind").
Several meshes (four meshes) were tested to study the
independence of the mesh. The results were compared in both
configurations. The same author [12] studied numerically the
separation of a turbulent flow in an axisymmetric nozzle truncated
where the test gas is perfect supposed nitrogen. The system of
equations governing the flow is solved using the finite volume
method with a fully implicit scheme predictor-corrector type of Mac-
Cormack. The field of digital integration of this study consists of three
distinct parts: the nozzle, the jet and the lower field. Three meshes
have been used to study the independence of the mesh.
E.Mahfoudi and All [13] worked on the physical analysis and
numerical simulation of turbulent separated flow in a supersonic
nozzle truncated ideal contour, the turbulence is modeled by a
statistical approach (FRANS) in generalized coordinates with the use
of the model (SST-Menter). The system of equations governing this
flow is solved using the finite volume method structured mesh. The
time integration is performed by the fully implicit numerical scheme
predictor corrector type of MacCormack. M.Y. Bouzid and R. Dizene
[14] Have studied by the two-dimensional numerical simulation of the
behavior of compressible flow was highly turbulent through a nozzle
of converging-diverging supersonic, with the use of four turbulence
models built into the system of Navier Stokes averaged by the
statistical method Favre.
Alak Bandyopadhyay and Alok Majumdar [15] described the
African Journal of Science and Research , 2016,(5)4:61-66 63

verification and validation of a quasi one-dimensional pressure nozzle. Air is considered as the working fluid, flow being inviscid. For
based finite volume algorithm, implemented in Generalized Fluid flow compressible, viscous and perfect supposed, the fundamental
System Simulation Program (GFSSP), for predicting compressible equations of flow can be given by following laws: Conservation of
flow with friction, heat transfer and area change. The numerical masses, the conservation of momentum, and the conservation of
predictions were compared with two classical solutions of energy.
compressible flow, i.e. Fanno and Rayleigh flow. Fanno flow Conservation of Mass
provides an analytical solution of compressible flow in a long slender   ( u j )
pipe where incoming subsonic flow can be choked due to friction. On  0
t x j
the other hand, Raleigh flow provides analytical solution of Conservation of Momentum
frictionless compressible flow with heat transfer where incoming  ( u j )  (ui u j ) p  ij
subsonic flow can be choked at the outlet boundary with heat    0
t x j xi x j
addition to the control volume. Non uniform grid distribution improves
the accuracy of numerical prediction. A benchmark numerical Conservation of Energy
 ( E )  ( Eu j ) q j  ( pu j )  (ui ij )
solution of compressible flow in a converging-diverging nozzle with     0
t x j x j x j x j
friction and heat transfer has been developed to verify GFSSP‟s
numerical predictions. The numerical predictions compare favorably Where
in all cases. ui u j
 ij   (  )
x j xi
Nozzle Shocks
T
A shock wave is nothing but a type of propagating disturbance. In qj  
x j
general shock waves are defined by an abrupt or nearly c p
discontinuous change in the characteristics of the medium. Moreover, Pr 
k
across a shock there must have an extremely rapid rise in pressure,
temperature and density of the flow. In Supersonic flows, expansion MODEL OF TURBULENCE
is achieved through an expansion fan. A shock wave travels through The mathematical models selected for this work are the standard
most media at a higher speed than an ordinary wave. Shocks wave K-ε model and Spalart-Allmaras model which are based on the
forms when speeds of a gas changes by more than the speed of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stoke (RANS) model available in Fluent.
sound. At the region where this occur sound waves travelling against K-ε Model: The standard K-ε model is the most widely used
the flow reach a point where they cannot travel any further upstream transport model. The standard K-ε model is a two-equation model
and the pressure progressively builds in that region, and a high and the two model equations are as follows:
pressure shock wave rapidly forms. Shock waves are not The model equation for the turbulent kinetic energy K is:
conventional sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very ∂∕∂t(ρk) + ∂∕∂xi(ρkui) = ∂∕∂xj [ (μ + μ t∕σk)∂k∕∂xj] + Pk + Pb - ρ𝛆 – YM
sharp change in the gas properties on the order of a few mean free + SK
paths (roughly micrometers at atmospheric conditions) in = Rate of increase of K+ Convective transport
thickness.[16] = diffusive transport + Rate of production-Rate of destruction
Supersonic nozzle flow separation occurs in CD nozzles at The model equation for the turbulent dissipation ε is:
pressure ratios far below their design value that results in shock ∂∕∂t(ρ𝛆) + ∂∕∂xi(ρ𝛆ui) = ∂∕∂xj [ (μ + μ t∕σ𝛆)∂𝛆∕∂xj] + C1𝛆 𝛆∕k (Pk +
formation inside the nozzle. In the one-dimensional analysis it is C3𝛆Pb) – C2𝛆ρ𝛆2∕k + Sϵ
treated that the shock is normal, the flow past the shock stays =Rate of increase of ε+ Convective transport
attached to the wall, and the subsonic flow downstream of the shock = diffusive transport + Rate of production-Rate of destruction
expands isentropically to the level of back pressure at the nozzle exit. The k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model of
But in reality the flow detaches from the wall and forms a separation Menter merges the k-ε model of Wilcox, with a high Reynolds
region, subsequently the flow downstream becomes non-uniform and number k-ε model (transformed into the k-ω formulation). The SST
unstable. [19] model seeks to combine the positive features of both models.
Therefore, the k-ω approach is employed in the sub layer of the
boundary layer. The reason is that the k-ω model needs no damping
function. This leads, for similar accuracy, to significantly higher
numerical stability in comparison to the k-e model. Furthermore, the
k-ω model is also utilised in logarithmic part of the boundary layer,
where it is superior to the K-e approach in adverse pressure flows
and in compressible flows. On the other hand, the K-ε model is
employed in the wake region of the boundary layer because the k-ω
model is strongly sensitive to the free stream value of ω. In this study,
we used the model with two transport equations (k-ω) of Menter SST
with correction (Shear Stress Transport), given its effectiveness and
his popularity in the numerical studies calculation of compressible
Fig(1) Color Schlieren Imaging of Internal Shock Structure in flows. [17] and [13]. The model (k-ω) of Mount consists of a
Super Sonic Planar Rocket Nozzle (Credit- Schlieren) [20] combination of the model (k-ω) of the Wilcox and (k-ε) of the
Launder-Sharma [17].
GOVERNING EQUATIONS Moreover, the Spalart–Allmaras model is a one-equation model
The flow model considered here is supersonic flow through the that solves a modelled transport equation for the kinematic
64 Tapas Kumar Nandi et.al

eddy turbulent viscosity [18]. The turbulent dynamic viscosity is

computed from μt = ρv ∱v1
Table (1) CFD analysis process
No Steps Process
1 Problem Statement Information about the flow
and working parameters
2 Mathematical Model Nozzle Geometry
3 Mesh generation Nodes/cells, time instants
4 Space discretization ODE/DAE systems
5 Time discretization Algebraic system Ax=b
6 solver Discrete function values
7 CFD software Implementation, debugging Fig(3)Mesh Profile of 2D nozzle
8 Simulation run Parameters, stopping criteria
9 Post processing Visualization, analysis of FLOW VISUALIZATION & ANALYSIS
data Static pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid. Contours
of static pressure in convergent, throat, divergent and exit section
GEOMETRIC MODELLING are shown. The below Figure reveals the fact that the gas gets
The 2-D layout of the nozzle studied is illustrated in Figure 2. expanded in the nozzle exit. The static pressure in the inlet is
Converging-diverging nozzle has a non-swirling axisymmetric observed to be 10.1e+07 Pa and we move towards the throat there
geometry. High-pressure low velocity gas, which is air, flows through is a decrease and the value at the throat is found out to be 6.05e+06
the convergent section in a subsonic condition and contracts in the Pa. After the throat, there is a sudden increase in the static pressure
throat. Then, the low- pressure high velocity air expands in divergent at the exit which indicates the occurrence of the shock. Then it
section in supersonic conditions. Therefore, discretized method reduces to a value of 1.19e+06 Pa at the exit section due to
should be employed and the geometry in the shape of mesh has expansion of the fluid towards the exit of the nozzle.
been developed.

Fig(4) Contours of Static Pressure (Pa)

The temperature almost remains a constant from the inlet up to
the throat after which it tends to decrease. At the inlet and the throat
the temperature is 4.11e+03 K. After the throat, the temperature
Fig(2) Nozzle 2-D layout decreases till the exit. As we move from the centre vertically upwards
and downward temperature increased. As we have assumed the
MESHING PATTERN combustion property of fluid, the static pressure is directly
Mesh generation is also called as a „grid generation‟ which is proportional to the static temperature.
important part of CFD. For the purpose of convergence calculation, The static temperature decrease corresponding to decrease in
mesh is very important. A detail study of both the domain size and static pressure. There is formation of shock hence static temperature
boundary locations are undertaken to identify the effect of inlet and increase due to decrease Mach number across the shock.
outlet moving boundaries and the size of computational domain. For
inlet and outlet faces, an interval count of 20 is selected and for axis,
an interval count of 60 is selected and for the wall, an interval count
of 5 is chosen corresponding to each edge of wall. Meshing for CFD
is pivotal in achieving realistic renderings and physical simulations.
Realistic rendering and high precision simulations depend on the
quality of meshing for CFD. Grading option is disabled for the sake of
a coarse grid. A total of (350x150) 30000 cells are obtained in the
meshed nozzle. The mesh that used in this study consists of 300
nodes.

Fig(5) Contours of Temperature (K)

African Journal of Science and Research , 2016,(5)4:61-66
The regime of the inlet of the nozzle remains almost steady at the
level of convergent and the regime is subsonic because the value of
the Mach number is strictly less than one. Then it follows by a sharp
increase in the vicinity of throat of the nozzle exactly between the
first points of tangency at the level of converging and the first point of
tangency in the divergent in this zone the regime becomes transonic
Mach number, as there was a small sharp decrease in the center
nozzle, at the inlet to the zone of the divergent. Parallel flow is
observed which is a characteristic of the conical nozzle and its
design purpose (for supersonic speed) is also solved. Velocity
magnitude near the wall is less due to the viscosity and the
turbulence.
Fig(6) Contours of Mach number
The density profile takes two different paths, the first path is from
the inlet of the nozzle up to its throat, and the density in this portion
is almost constant at its maximum value. The second path that
begins just after the throat of the nozzle the density thus undergoes
a small sharp increase then continues its decrease until the exit of
the nozzle because the flow is compressible.
Fig(7)Contours of Mach number
CONCLUSION
After conducting this investigation, it is observed that oblique
shocks are formed during flow through the nozzle and the shock is
completely eliminated when the divergent angle is increased. The
static pressure decrease with increasing divergent angle. This
numerical simulation of flow dynamics through a nozzle, using the
computer code (FLUENT) by the use the type of turbulence model
(k-ω) at high velocity and temperature, which we provides an
approach to the behavior of compressible flow in this nozzle and the
effects of the geometry of the latter and their parameters on the flow
behavior in 2D. Exit Mach number and Mach number ahead of the
shock goes on increasing by decreasing the operating pressure ratio.
Near the wall, the Mach number is decreasing for all the nozzles.
This is due to the viscosity and turbulence in the fluid.
65
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