Cengel FTFS 6e ISM CH 11

11-1
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Fundamentals of Thermal Fluid Sciences
6th Edition
Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Afshin J. Ghajar
McGraw-Hill, 2022
Chapter 11
FLUID STATICS
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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11-2
Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane and Curved Surfaces
11-1C Define the resultant hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface, and the center of pressure.
Solution We are to define resultant force and center of pressure.

Analysis The resultant hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface is the resultant of the pressure forces acting
on the surface. The point of application of this resultant force is called the center of pressure.
Discussion The center of pressure is generally not at the center of the body, due to hydrostatic pressure variation.
11-2C You may have noticed that dams are much thicker at the bottom. Explain why dams are built that way.
Solution We are to explain why dams are bigger at the bottom than at the top.
Analysis Dams are built much thicker at the bottom because the pressure force increases with depth, and the
bottom part of dams are subjected to largest forces.
Discussion Dam construction requires an enormous amount of concrete, so tapering the dam in this way saves a lot of
concrete, and therefore a lot of money.
11-3C Someone claims that she can determine the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on a plane surface submerged
in water regardless of its shape and orientation if she knows the vertical distance of the centroid of the surface from the free
surface and the area of the surface. Is this a valid claim? Explain.
Solution We are to examine a claim about hydrostatic force.

Analysis Yes, because the magnitude of the resultant force acting on a plane surface of a completely submerged body
in a homogeneous fluid is equal to the product of the pressure PC at the centroid of the surface and the area A of the surface.
The pressure at the centroid of the surface is C
P =P + ρ gh
0 h
C where C is the vertical distance of the centroid from the free
surface of the liquid.
Discussion We have assumed that we also know the pressure at the liquid surface.
11-4C A submerged horizontal flat plate is suspended in water by a string attached at the centroid of its upper surface.
Now the plate is rotated 45° about an axis that passes through its centroid. Discuss the change in the hydrostatic force acting
on the top surface of this plate as a result of this rotation. Assume the plate remains submerged at all times.
Solution We are to consider the effect of plate rotation on the hydrostatic force on the plate surface.
Analysis There will be no change on the hydrostatic force acting on the top surface of this submerged horizontal flat
plate as a result of this rotation since the magnitude of the resultant force acting on a plane surface of a completely
submerged body in a homogeneous fluid is equal to the product of the pressure PC at the centroid of the surface and the area
A of the surface.
Discussion If the rotation were not around the centroid, there would be a change in the force.
11-3
11-5C Consider a submerged curved surface. Explain how you would determine the horizontal component of the
hydrostatic force acting on this surface.
Solution We are to explain how to determine the horizontal component of hydrostatic force on a curved surface.
Analysis The horizontal component of the hydrostatic force acting on a curved surface is equal (in both magnitude
and the line of action) to the hydrostatic force acting on the vertical projection of the curved surface.
Discussion We could also integrate pressure along the surface, but the method discussed here is much simpler and
yields the same answer.
11-6C Consider a submerged curved surface. Explain how you would determine the vertical component of the hydrostatic
force acting on this surface.
Solution We are to explain how to determine the vertical component of hydrostatic force on a curved surface.
Analysis The vertical component of the hydrostatic force acting on a curved surface is equal to thehydrostatic force
acting on the horizontal projection of the curved surface, plus (minus, if acting in the opposite direction) the weight of
the fluid block.
Discussion We could also integrate pressure along the surface, but the method discussed here is much simpler and
yields the same answer.
11-7C Consider a circular surface subjected to hydrostatic forces by a constant density liquid. If the magnitudes of the
horizontal and vertical components of the resultant hydrostatic force are determined, explain how you would find the line of
action of this force.
Solution We are to explain how to determine the line of action on a circular surface.
Analysis The resultant hydrostatic force acting on a circular surface always passes through the center of the circle
since the pressure forces are normal to the surface, and all lines normal to the surface of a circle pass through the center of
the circle. Thus the pressure forces form a concurrent force system at the center, which can be reduced to a single equivalent
force at that point. If the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant hydrostatic force are known,
the tangent of the angle the resultant hydrostatic force makes with the horizontal is
tan α=F / F
V H .
Discussion This fact makes analysis of circular-shaped surfaces simple. There is no corresponding simplification for
shapes other than circular, unfortunately.
11-4
11-8E Consider a 200-ft-high, 1200-ft-wide dam filled to capacity. Determine (a) the hydrostatic force on the dam and (b)
the force per unit area of the dam near the top and near the bottom.
Solution A dam is filled to capacity. The total hydrostatic force on the dam, and the pressures at the top and the
bottom are to be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the dam, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Properties We take the density of water to be 62.4 lbm/ft3 throughout.
Analysis The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid
(midpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be
2h/3
FR h=200 ft
Then the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the dam becomes h/3
Resultant force per unit area is pressure, and its value at the top and the bottom of the dam becomes
2
Ptop= ρ ghtop=0 lbf/ft
Discussion The values above are gage pressures, of course. The gage pressure at the bottom of the dam is about
86.6 psig, or 101.4 psia, which is almost seven times greater than standard atmospheric pressure.
11-5
11-9 A cylindrical tank is fully filled with water (Fig. P11–9). In order to increase the flow from the tank, an additional
pressure is applied to the water surface by a compressor. For P0 = 0, P0 = 5 bar, and P0 = 10 bar, calculate the hydrostatic
force on the surface A exerted by water.
Solution A cylindrical tank is fully filled by water. The hydrostatic force on the surface A is to be determined for
three different pressures on the water surface.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the cylinder, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 throughout.
Analysis
Air, P0
Water level
Water
60 cm A
P0 = 0 bar
2
π 0.6
F R =9810×0 . 3× =832. 1 N ≃0 . 832 kN
4
I xc π 0. 6 4 /64
y cp = y cg + =0 . 3+ =0. 3239 m
y cg A 0. 3×π 0 .62 /4
P0=5 bar
Additional imaginary water column
P air 5×10 5 Pa
h= = =50. 97 m
γ water 9810
11-6
Therefore we can imagine the water level as if it were 50.97 m higher than its original level. In this case,
y cg =hcg =0 .3+50.97=51 .27 m
π 0. 62
F R=9810×50. 97× =141,376 N ≃141 kN
4
I xc π 0 . 64 /64
y cp = y cg + =51 .27+ =51. 271 m
y cg A 51.27×π 0 . 62 /4
P0=10 bar
Additional imaginary water column
P air 10×105 Pa
h= = =101. 94 m
γ water 9810
2
π 0. 6
F R =9810×101. 94× =282 ,752 N≃283 kN
4
11-10 Consider an 8-m-long, 8-m-wide, and 2-m-high aboveground swimming pool that is filled with water to the rim.
(a) Determine the hydrostatic force on each wall and the distance of the line of action of this force from the ground. (b) If
the height of the walls of the pool is doubled and the pool is filled, will the hydrostatic force on each wall double or
quadruple? Why?
Solution An above the ground swimming pool is filled with water. The hydrostatic force on each wall and the
distance of the line of action from the ground are to be determined, and the effect of doubling the wall height on the
hydrostatic force is to be assessed.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the wall of the pool, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Pavg=PC =ρ ghC =ρg(h /2 )
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(2/2 m )

( 1N
1 kg⋅m/s2 ) FR
2h/3
h=2m
2
¿ 9810 N/m
Then the resultant hydrostatic force on each wall becomes h/3
F R=Pavg A=(9810 N/m 2 )(8 m×2 m )=156,960 N=157 kN

The line of action of the force passes through the pressure center, which is 2h/3 from the free surface and h/3 from the
bottom of the pool. Therefore, the distance of the line of action from the ground is
h 2
y P = = =0. 667 m
3 3
(from the bottom)
If the height of the walls of the pool is doubled, the hydrostatic force quadruples since
2
F R =ρ ghC A=ρg(h /2 )(h×w )=ρ gwh /2
and thus the hydrostatic force is proportional to the square of the wall height, h2.
Discussion This is one reason why above-ground swimming pools are not very deep, whereas in-ground swimming
pools can be quite deep.
11-7
11-11 Consider a heavy car submerged in water in a lake with a flat bottom. The driver’s side door of the car is 1.1 m
high and 0.9 m wide, and the top edge of the door is 10 m below the water surface. Determine the net force acting on the
door (normal to its surface) and the location of the pressure center if (a) the car is well-sealed and it contains air at
atmospheric pressure and (b) the car is filled with water.
Solution A car is submerged in water. The hydrostatic force on the door and its line of action are to be determined for
the cases of the car containing atmospheric air and the car is filled with water.
Assumptions 1 The bottom surface of the lake is horizontal. 2 The door can be approximated as a vertical rectangular
plate. 3 The pressure in the car remains at atmospheric value since there is no water leaking in, and thus no compression of
the air inside. Therefore, we can ignore the atmospheric pressure in calculations since it acts on both sides of the door.
Properties We take the density of lake water to be 1000 kg/m3 throughout.
Analysis (a) When the car is well-sealed and thus the pressure inside the car is the atmospheric pressure, the average
pressure on the outer surface of the door is the pressure at the centroid (midpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be
Pave=P C =ρ ghC = ρg(s +b/2 )
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(10+1. 1/2 m )

(11000kN kg⋅m/s )
2
s = 10 m
¿ 103. 5 kN/m 2
Then the resultant hydrostatic force on the door becomes

2
F R=Pave A=(103 .5 kN/m )(0 .9 m×1 .1 m)=102 .5 kN
The pressure center is directly under the midpoint of the plate, and its
distance from the surface of the lake is determined to be
b b2 1.1 1 .12
y P =s+ + =10+ + =10 . 56 m Door, 1.1 m0.9 m
2 12( s+b/2) 2 12(10+1 .1/2 )
(b) When the car is filled with water, the net force normal to the surface of the door is zero since the pressure on both sides
of the door will be the same.
Discussion Note that it is impossible for a person to open the door of the car when it is filled with atmospheric air. But it
takes little effort to open the door when car is filled with water, because then the pressure on each side of the door is the
same.
11-8
11-12 A room in the lower level of a cruise ship has a 40-cm-diameter circular window. If the midpoint of the window is
2 m below the water surface, determine the hydro static force acting on the window, and the pressure center. Take the
specific gravity of seawater to be 1.025.
Solution A room in the lower level of a cruise ship is considered. The hydrostatic force acting on the window and the
pressure center are to be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the window, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Properties The specific gravity of sea water is given to be 1.025, and thus its density is 1025 kg/m3.
Pave=P C =ρ ghC =(1025 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(2 m)

( 1N
1 kg⋅m/s2)=20 ,111 N/m 2
2m
Then the resultant hydrostatic force on each wall becomes
F R =Pave A=Pave [ πD 2 /4 ]
¿(20 ,111 N/m 2 )[ π(0.4 m)2 /4 ] FR
¿2527 N D=0.4 m
The line of action of the force passes through the pressure center, whose
vertical distance from the free surface is determined from
I xx , C πR 4 /4 R2 (0 .2 m )2
yP = yC+ = yC+ = y + =2 m+ =2 . 005 m
yC A y C πR 2 C 4 y C 4 (2 m )
Discussion For small surfaces deep in a liquid, the pressure center nearly coincides with the centroid of the
surface.Here, in fact, to three significant digits in the final answer, the center of pressure and centroid are coincident. We
give the answer to four significant digits to show that the center of pressure and the centroid are not coincident.
11-9
11-13 The water side of the wall of a 70-m-long dam is a quarter circle with a radius of 7 m. Determine the hydro static
force on the dam and its line of action when the dam is filled to the rim.
Solution The cross-section of a dam is a quarter-circle. The hydrostatic force on the dam and its line of action are to
be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the dam, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Analysis We consider the free body diagram of the liquid block enclosed by the circular surface of the dam and its
vertical and horizontal projections. The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well as the
weight of the liquid block are:
Horizontal force on vertical surface:
F H =F x =Pavg A=ρ ghC A=ρg( R/2) A
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(7/2 m )(7 m×70 m)

(11 kg⋅m/s
N
)2
Fy= 0
¿ 1. 682×107 N
Vertical force on horizontal surface is zero since it coincides with the free R=7m
surface of water. The weight of fluid block per m lengthis FH
FV =W= ρgV =ρg[ w×πR 2 / 4 ]
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )[(70 m )π (7 m)2 /4 ]

(11 kg⋅m/s
N
)
2
W
7
¿ 2. 643×10 N
Then the magnitude and direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the surface of the dam become
F R =√ F 2H +F2V =√(1. 682×10 7 N)2 +(2. 643×107 N)2 =3 .13×10 7 N
FV 2 . 643×107 N
tan θ= = =1. 571 ⃗θ=57 . 5°
F H 1 .682×107 N
Therefore, the line of action of the hydrostatic force passes through the center of the curvature of the dam, making 57.5 
downwards from the horizontal.
Discussion If the shape were not circular, it would be more difficult to determine the line of action.
11-10
11-14 A water trough of semicircular cross section of radius 0.6 m consists of two symmetric parts hinged to each other
at the bottom, as shown in Fig. P11–14. The two parts are held together by a cable and turnbuckle placed every 3 m along
the length of the trough. Calculate the tension in each cable when the trough is filled to the rim.
Solution Two parts of a water trough of semi-circular cross-section are held together by cables placed along the
length of the trough. The tension T in each cable when the trough is full is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the trough wall, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience. 2 The weight of the trough is negligible.
Analysis To expose the cable tension, we consider half of the trough whose cross-section is quarter-circle. The
hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well as the weight of the liquid block are:
F H =F x =Pave A= ρ ghC A=ρg( R /2) A
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(0.6 /2 m)(0. 6 m × 3 m)

(11 kg⋅m/s
N
2)
¿ 5297 N
The vertical force on the horizontal surface is zero, since it T
coincides with the free surface of water. The weight of fluid
block per 3-m lengthis
R = 0.6 m
FV =W= ρgV =ρg[ w×πR 2 / 4 ] FH
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )[(3 m )π (0 . 6 m)2 /4 ]
(11 kg⋅m/s
N
)
2 FR
¿8321 N
A W
Then the magnitude and direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the
surface of the 3-m long section of the trough become
F R =√ F 2H +F2V =√(5297 N)2 +(8321 N)2 =9864 N
F 8321 N
tan θ= V = =1 . 571 → θ=57 .52 °
F H 5297 N
Therefore, the line of action passes through the center of the curvature of the trough, making 57.52  downwards from the
horizontal. Taking the moment about point A where the two parts are hinged and setting it equal to zero gives
∑ M A =0 → F R R sin(90−57.52 )°=TR
Solving for T and substituting, the tension in the cable is determined to be
T =F R sin(90−57. 52)°=( 9864 N )sin(90−57 . 52)°=5297 N
Discussion This problem can also be solved without finding FR by finding the lines of action of the horizontal
hydrostatic force and the weight.
11-11
11-12
11-15 Determine the resultant force acting on the 0.7-m-high and 0.7-m-wide triangular gate shown in Fig. P11–15 and
its line of action.
Solution The resulting force acting on a triangular gate and its line of action are to be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Analysis
0.3 m 0.7 m
water
0.9 m
0.7 m
We first determine the angle;

0.9
Sin( β )= =0 . 9 , β=64 . 16o
1
2
3 [( )] 1
F R=γhcg A=9810× 0 .3+ 0. 7 ×Sin (64 .16 )× 0 . 7×0 .7=1658 N
2
In order to locate FR on the gate xcp, and ycp must be found.
I xyc
x cp=x cg +
y cg A
11-13
For simplicity, we can consider x axis to be passing through center of gravity of the gate, so that x cg = 0.
0 .7×( 0 .7−2×0 )×0. 72
I xyc = =3 .334×10−3 m4
72
2
y cg =0 .3+ 0. 7=0 .766 m
3
2 2
A=0.5×0.7 =0.245 m
3 . 334×10−3
x cp=0+ =1 .776×10−2 m=1. 77 cm
0. 766×0.245
3
0 .7×0 .7
I xc= =6 .67×10−3 m4
36
−3
6 . 67×10
y cp =0 .766+ =0. 801 m
0 . 766×0. 245
11-14
11-16 A 6-m-high, 5-m-wide rectangular plate blocks the end of a 5-m-deep freshwater channel, as shown in
Fig. P11–16. The plate is hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge through a point A and is restrained from
opening by a fixed ridge at point B. Determine the force exerted on the plate by the ridge.
Solution A rectangular plate hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge blocks a fresh water channel. The
plate is restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at a point B. The force exerted to the plate by the ridge is to be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the plate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience.
Analysis The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the A
centroid (midpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be
Pave=P C =ρ ghC = ρg(h/2) s=1m
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(5/2 m )
1 kN
1000 kg⋅m/s (
2
=24 .53 kN/m 2
)
Then the resultant hydrostatic force on each wall becomes
2 FR
F R =Pave A=(24. 53 kN/m )(5 m×5 m)=613 . 1 kN h=5m
The line of action of the force passes through the pressure center, which is
2h/3 from the free surface, Fridge
2 h 2×(5 m ) B
yP = = =3 . 333 m
3 3
Taking the moment about point A and setting it equal to zero gives
∑ M A =0 → F R( s+ y P )=F ridge AB
Solving for Fridge and substituting, the reaction force is determined to be

s + yP (1+3. 333 ) m
F ridge= F R= (613. 1 kN )=443 kN
AB 6m
Discussion The difference between FR and Fridge is the force acting on the hinge at point A.
11-15
11-16
11-17 Reconsider Prob. 11–16. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of water depth on the force exerted
on the plate by the ridge. Let the water depth vary from 0 to 5 m in increments of 0.5 m. Tabulate and plot your results.
Solution The previous problem is reconsidered. The effect of water depth on the force exerted on the plate by the
ridge as the water depth varies from 0 to 5 m in increments of 0.5 m is to be investigated.
Analysis The EES Equations window is printed below, followed by the tabulated and plotted results.
g=9.81 "m/s2"
rho=1000 "kg/m3"
s=1"m"
w=5 "m"
A=w*h
P_ave=rho*g*h/2000 "kPa"
F_R=P_ave*A "kN"
y_p=2*h/3
F_ridge=(s+y_p)*F_R/(s+h)
Dept Pave, FR yp Fridge

h, m kPa kN m kN
0.0 0 0.0 0.00 0
0.5 2.453 6.1 0.33 5
1.0 4.905 24.5 0.67 20
1.5 7.358 55.2 1.00 44
2.0 9.81 98.1 1.33 76
2.5 12.26 153.3 1.67 117
3.0 14.72 220.7 2.00 166
3.5 17.17 300.4 2.33 223
4.0 19.62 392.4 2.67 288
4.5 22.07 496.6 3.00 361
5.0 24.53 613.1 3.33 443
Discussion The force on the ridge does not increase linearly, as we may have suspected.
11-17
11-18E The flow of water from a reservoir is controlled by a 5-ft-wide L-shaped gate hinged at point A, as shown in
Fig. P11–18E. If it is desired that the gate open when the water height is 12 ft, determine the mass of the required weight W.
Solution The flow of water from a reservoir is controlled by an L-shaped gate hinged at a point A. The required
weight W for the gate to open at a specified water height is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience. 2 The weight of the gate is negligible.
8 ft
W
A B
s = 3 ft
Then the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the dam becomes

FR
h=12 ft
2h/3 from the free surface,
2 h 2×(12 ft )
yP = = =8 ft
3 3
∑ M A =0 → F R( s+ y P )=W AB
Solving for W and substituting, the required weight is determined to be
s+ y P ( 3+ 8) ft
W= F = (22 , 464 lbf )=30,900 lbf
AB R 8 ft
The corresponding mass is thus 30,900 lbm.

Discussion Note that the required weight is inversely proportional to the distance of the weight from the hinge.
11-18
11-19E Repeat Prob. 11–18E for a water height of 6 ft.
Solution The flow of water from a reservoir is controlled by an L-shaped gate hinged at a point A. The required
weight W for the gate to open at a specified water height is to be determined.
convenience. 2 The weight of the gate is negligible.
8 ft
Analysis The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the
centroid (midpoint) of the surface, and is determined to be
W
Pavg =ρ ghC =ρg(h /2 )
A B
3 2
¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft )(32 .2 ft/s )(6 /2 ft )
(
1 lbf
32. 2 lbm⋅ft/s 2 ) s = 7 ft
¿ 187 .2 lbf/ft2
Then the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the dam becomes

FR
3 h=6 ft
F R=Pavg A=(187.2 lbf/ft )(6 ft×5 ft)=5616 lbf
2h/3 from the free surface,
2 h 2×(6 ft )
yP = = =4 ft
3 3
∑ M A =0 → F R( s+ y P )=W AB
Solving for W and substituting, the required weight is determined to be
s+ y P (7+ 4 ) ft
W= F R= ( 5616 lbf )=7722 lbf≃7720 lbf
AB 8 ft
Discussion Note that the required weight is inversely proportional to the distance of the weight from the hinge.
11-19
11-20 For a gate width of 2 m into the paper (Fig. P11–20), determine the force required to hold the gate ABC at its
location.
Solution The force required to hold a gate at its location is to be determined.

convenience.
Properties Specific gravities are given in the figure.
Analysis Since there are two different fluid layers it would be useful to convert one of them to another one to make
the problem easier. The pressure at the interface is
Now, the question is how much fluid from the second one can make the same pressure.
11-20
Therefore the system can be simplified as shown:
Original level
450
SG=1.23 A
35 cm
Hinge 10 cm
80 cm
F1
SG=1.23
F2
C
B
F
40 cm
F1 =γhcg A=1. 23×9810× ( 0. 8+.2 010 +0 . 25)×(0 . 9×2)=15204 N

I xc 2×0.9 3 /12
y cp = y cg + =0.55+ =0.1227 m
y cg A 0.55×(0 .9×2)
F2 =γ hA=1.23×9810× ( 0.80+0.35 )× ( 0. 4×2 )=11101 N
Take moment about hinge will give
0. 4
F×0 . 4−15204×( 1. 15−0 . 1227 )−11101× =0
2
F = 17.8 kN
11-21
11-21E A long, solid cylinder of radius 2 ft hinged at point A is used as an automatic gate, as shown in Fig. P11–21E.
When the water level reaches 12 ft, the cylindrical gate opens by turning about the hinge at point A. Determine (a) the
hydrostatic force acting on the cylinder and its line of action when the gate opens and (b) the weight of the cylinder
per ft length of the cylinder.
Solution The height of a water reservoir is controlled by a cylindrical gate hinged to the reservoir. The hydrostatic
force on the cylinder and the weight of the cylinder per ft length are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The hinge is frictionless. 2 Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the gate, and thus it can be ignored
in calculations for convenience.
s = 10 ft
R=2 ft
b=R FH
=2 ft
W FV
Analysis (a) We consider the free body diagram of the liquid block enclosed by the circular surface of the cylinder
and its vertical and horizontal projections. The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well
as the weight of the liquid block per ft length of the cylinder are:
F H =F x =Pave A= ρ ghC A=ρg( s+R /2) A
¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft3 )(32 .2 ft/s 2 )(10+2/2 ft )(2 ft × 1 ft )

(132lbf. 2 lbm⋅ft/s )
2
¿ 1373 lbf
Vertical force on horizontal surface (upward):
11-22
FV =F y=P avg A=ρ ghC A= ρ ghbottom A

3 2
¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft )(32 .2 ft/s )(12 ft )(2 ft × 1 ft )
(132lbf.2 lbm⋅ft/s )
2
¿ 1498 lbf
Weight of fluid block per ft length (downward):
W=mg=ρgV =ρg( R 2−πR2 /4 )(1 ft )= ρ gR 2 (1−π /4 )(1 ft )

3 2 2
¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft )(32 .2 ft/s )(2 ft) (1- π /4 )(1 ft )
(
1 lbf
32 . 2 lbm⋅ft/s 2 )
¿ 54 lbf
Therefore, the net upward vertical force is

FV =F y−W =1498−54=1444 lbf
Then the magnitude and direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the cylindrical surface become
Therefore, the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on the cylinder is 1993lbf per ft length of the cylinder, and its line
of action passes through the center of the cylinder making an angle 46.4 upwards from the horizontal.
(b) When the water level is 12-ft high, the gate opens and the reaction force at the bottom of the cylinder becomes zero.
Then the forces other than those at the hinge acting on the cylinder are its weight, acting through the center, and the
hydrostatic force exerted by water. Taking a moment about the point A where the hinge is and equating it to zero gives
Discussion The weight of the cylinder per ft length is determined to be 1444lbf, which corresponds to a mass of
1444lbm.
11-23
11-22 The two sides of a V-shaped water trough are hinged to each other at the bottom where they meet, as shown in
Fig. P11–22, making an angle of 45° with the ground from both sides. Each side is 0.75 m wide, and the two parts are held
together by a cable and turnbuckle placed every 6 m along the length of the trough. Calculate the tension in each cable
when the trough is filled to the rim.
Solution Two parts of a water trough of triangular cross-section are held together by cables placed along the length of
the trough. The tension Tin each cable when the trough is filled to the rim is to be determined.
T
Analysis To expose the cable tension, we consider half of the trough b
whose cross-section is triangular. The water height h at the midsection of
the trough and width of the free surface are
0.75 m
FH
The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as W
well as the weight of the liquid block are determined as follows:
45
Horizontal force on vertical surface: A
The vertical force on the horizontal surface is zero since it coincides with the free surface of
water. The weight of fluid block per 6-m lengthis
FV =W= ρgV =ρg[ w×bh/2 ]
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )[(6 m)(0 .530 m )(0. 530 m) /2]
(11 Nkg⋅m/s )
2
¿8267 N
11-24
The distance of the centroid of a triangle from a side is 1/3 of the height of the triangle for that side. Taking the moment
about point A where the two parts are hinged and setting it equal to zero gives
Solving for T and substituting, and noting that h = b, the tension in the cable is determined to be
Discussion The analysis is simplified because of the symmetry of the trough.
11-23 Repeat Prob. 11–22 for the case of a partially filled trough with a water height of 0.35 m directly above the hinge.
Solution Two parts of a water trough of triangular cross-section are held together by cables placed along the length of
the trough. The tension Tin each cable when the trough is filled to the rim is to be determined.
Analysis To expose the cable tension, we consider half of the trough whose cross-section is triangular. The water
height is given to be h = 0.35 m at the midsection of the trough, which is equivalent to the width of the free surface b since
tan 45 = b/h = 1.The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well as the weight of the
liquid block are determined as follows:
F H =F x =Pavg A=ρ ghC A=ρg(h/2 ) A T
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )[(0.35/2 m)(0 .35 m×3 m)

( 1N
1 kg⋅m/s2 ) b
¿1803 N 0.35 m
FH
The vertical force on the horizontal surface is zero since it coincides with W
the free surface of water. The weight of fluid block per 3-m lengthis
FV =W= ρgV =ρg[ w×bh/2 ] 45
A
3 2
¿(1000 kg/m )(9 .81 m/s )[(3 m )(0 .35 m )( 0. 35 m) /2]
( 1N
1 kg⋅m/s 2 )
¿ 1803 N
The distance of the centroid of a triangle from a side is 1/3 of the height of the triangle for that side. Taking the moment
about point A where the two parts are hinged and setting it equal to zero gives
Solving for T and substituting, and noting that h = b,the tension in the cable is determined to be
F H +W (1803+ 1803)N
T= = =1202 N≃1200 N
3 3
Discussion The tension force here is a factor of about 4.6 smaller than that of the previous problem, even though the
trough is more than half full.
11-25
11-24 A 4-m-long quarter-circular gate of radius 3 m and of negligible weight is hinged about its upper edge A, as shown
in Fig. P11–24. The gate controls the flow of water over the ledge at B, where the gate is pressed by a spring. Determine the
minimum spring force required to keep the gate closed when the water level rises to A at the upper edge of the gate.
Solution A quarter-circular gate hinged about its upper edge controls the flow of water over the ledge at B where the
gate is pressed by a spring. The minimum spring force required to keep the gate closed when the water level rises to A at the
upper edge of the gate is to be determined.
in calculations for convenience. 3 The weight of the gate is negligible.
Analysis We consider the free body diagram of the liquid block A
enclosed by the circular surface of the gate and its vertical and horizontal
projections. The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal
plane surfaces as well as the weight of the liquid block are determined as W
follows: Fx
R=3m
Horizontal force on vertical surface: Fs
F H =F x =Pave A= ρ ghC A=ρg( R /2) A
( )
B
3 2 1 kN
¿(1000 kg/m )(9 .81 m/s )(3/2 m )(4 m × 3 m)
1000 kg⋅m/s2 Fy
¿176 .6 kN
The weight of fluid block per 4-m length (downwards):

FV =F y−W =353.2−277 .4=75 .8 kN
11-26
Then the magnitude and direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the surface of the 4-m long quarter-circular section of
the gate become
F R =√ F 2H +F2V =√(176 . 6 kN )2 +(75 . 8 kN )2=192 . 2 kN
FV 75 . 8 kN
tan θ= = =0 . 429 → θ=23 . 2°
F H 176 . 6 kN
Therefore, the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on the gate is 192.2 kN, and its line of action passes through the
center of the quarter-circular gate making an angle 23.2 upwards from the horizontal.
The minimum spring force needed is determined by taking a moment about the point A where the hinge is, and
setting it equal to zero,
∑ M A =0 → F R R sin(90−θ )−F spring R=0

Solving for Fspring and substituting, the spring force is determined to be
Discussion Several variations of this design are possible. Can you think of some of them?
11-27
11-25 Repeat Prob. 11–24 for a radius of 2 m for the gate.
Solution A quarter-circular gate hinged about its upper edge controls the flow of water over the ledge at B where the
gate is pressed by a spring. The minimum spring force required to keep the gate closed when the water level rises to A at the
upper edge of the gate is to be determined.
in calculations for convenience. 3 The weight of the gate is negligible.
Analysis We consider the free body diagram of the liquid block enclosed by the circular surface of the gate and its
vertical and horizontal projections. The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical and horizontal plane surfaces as well as the
weight of the liquid block are determined as follows:
F =F =P A= ρ gh A=ρg( R /2 ) A A
H x ave C
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(2/2 m )( 4 m × 2 m )

(11000kN kg⋅m/s )2
Fx
W
¿ 78. 48 kN R=2m
Fs
F y=P ave A=ρ ghC A=ρ gh bottom A B
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(2 m )(4 m ×2 m) ( 11000kN kg⋅m/s )

2 Fy
¿156 .96 kN
The weight of fluid block per 4-m length (downwards):
W= ρgV =ρg[ w×πR 2 /4 ]
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )[(4 m )π (2 m)2 /4 ]
(11000kN kg⋅m/s )
2
¿123. 28 kN
FV =F y−W =156.96−123.28=33.68 kN
Then the magnitude and direction of the hydrostatic force acting on the surface of the 4-m long quarter-circular section of
the gate become
F R =√ F 2H +F2V =√ (78 . 48 kN )2 +(33 . 68 kN )2=85. 40 kN
FV 33 . 68 kN
tan θ= = =0 . 4292 → θ=23 . 2°
F H 78 . 48 kN
Therefore, the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on the gate is 85.40kN, and its line of action passes through the
center of the quarter-circular gate making an angle 23.2 upwards from the horizontal.
The minimum spring force needed is determined by taking a moment about the point A where the hinge is, and
setting it equal to zero,
∑ M A =0 → F R R sin(90−θ )−F spring R=0
Solving for Fspring and substituting, the spring force is determined to be
Fspring =F R sin(90−θ )=(85.40 kN )sin (90°−23.2°)=78.5 kN
Discussion If the previous problem is solved using an equation solver, it is simple to repeat with different values.
11-28
Buoyancy
11-26C What is buoyant force? What causes it? What is the magnitude of the buoyant force acting on a submerged body
whose volume is V ? What are the direction and the line of action of the buoyant force?
Solution We are to define and discuss the buoyant force.

Analysis The upward force a fluid exerts on an immersed body is called the buoyant force. The buoyant force is
caused by the increase of pressure in a fluid with depth. The magnitude of the buoyant force acting on a submerged body
whose volume is V is expressed as BF =ρ gV
f . The direction of the buoyant force is upwards, and its line of
actionpasses through the centroid of the displaced volume.
Discussion If the buoyant force is greater than the body’s weight, it floats.
11-27C Discuss the stability of (a) a submerged and (b) a floating body whose center of gravity is above the center of
buoyancy.
Solution We are to discuss the stability of a submerged and a floating body.

Analysis A submergedbody whose center of gravity G is above the center of buoyancy B, which is the centroid of
the displaced volume, is unstable. But a floating body may still be stable when G is above B since the centroid of the
displaced volume shifts to the side to a point B’ during a rotational disturbancewhile the center of gravity G of the
body remains unchanged. If the point B’ is sufficiently far, these two forces create a restoring moment, and return the
body to the original position.
Discussion Stability analysis like this is critical in the design of ship hulls, so that they are least likely to capsize.
11-28C Consider two 5-cm-diameter spherical balls—one made of aluminum, the other of iron—submerged in water. Will
the buoyant forces acting on these two balls be the same or different? Explain.
Solution We are to compare the buoyant force on two spheres.

Analysis The magnitude of the buoyant force acting on a submerged body whose volume is V is expressed as
F B =ρ f gV , which is independent of the density of the body ( ρf is the fluid density). Therefore, the buoyant forces
acting on the 5-cm diameter aluminum and iron balls submerged in water is the same.
Discussion Buoyant force depends only on the volume of the object, not its density.
11-29C Consider a 3-kg copper cube and a 3-kg copper ball submerged in a liquid. Will the buoyant forces acting on these
two bodies be the same or different? Explain.
Solution We are to compare the buoyant forces on a cube and a sphere.

F B =ρ f gV , which is independent of the shape of the body. Therefore, the buoyant forces acting on the cube and
sphere made of copper submerged in water are the same since they have the same volume.
Discussion The two objects have the same volume because they have the same mass and density.
11-29
11-30C Consider two identical spherical balls submerged in water at different depths. Will the buoyant forces acting on
these two balls be the same or different? Explain.
Solution We are to compare the buoyant force on two spheres.

F B =ρ f gV , which is independent of depth. Therefore, the buoyant forces acting on two identical spherical balls
submerged in water at different depths is the same.
Discussion Buoyant force depends only on the volume of the object, not its density.
11-31 A 200-kg granite rock (ρ = 2700 kg/m3) is dropped into a lake. A man dives in and tries to lift the rock. Determine
how much force the man needs to apply to lift it from the bottom of the lake. Do you think he can do it?
Solution A man dives into a lake and tries to lift a large rock. The force that the man needs to apply to lift it from the
bottom of the lake is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The rock is c completely submerged in water. 2 The buoyancy force in air is negligible.
Properties The density of granite rock is given to be 2700 kg/m3. We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis The weight and volume of the rock are
W=mg=(200 kg )(9 .81 m/s )

2
( 11 kg⋅m/s
N
2 )=1962 N Water
FB
m 200 kg
V= = =0. 07407 m3
ρ 2700 kg/m 3
The buoyancy force acting on the rock is W Fnet =W - FB

F B=ρ water gV =(1000 kg/m3 )(9 . 81 m/s 2 )(0 . 07407 m 3 )
( 1N
1 kg⋅m/s2 )
=727 N
The weight of a body submerged in water is equal to the weigh of the body in air
minus the buoyancy force,
W in water =W in air −F B =1962−727=1235 N
Discussion This force corresponds to a mass of
W in water 1235 N
m=
g
=
( 1N
9 .81 m/s 1 kg⋅m/s2
2 )
=126 kg
Therefore, a person who can lift 126 kg on earth can lift this rock in water.
11-30
11-32 The hull of a boat has a volume of 180 m3, and the total mass of the boat when empty is 8560 kg. Determine how
much load this boat can carry without sinking (a) in a lake and (b) in seawater with a specific gravity of 1.03.
Solution The volume of the hull of a boat is given. The amounts of load the boat can carry in a lake and in the sea are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The dynamic effects of the waves are disregarded. 2 The buoyancy force in air is negligible.
Properties The density of sea water is given to be 1.03´1000 = 1030 kg/m3. We take the density of water to
be 1000 kg/m .
3
Analysis The weight of the unloaded boat is
 1 kN 
W boat  mg  (8560 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )   84.0 kN
 1000 kg  m/s 2 
 
The buoyancy force becomes a maximum when the entire hull of the
boat is submerged in water, and is determined to be
3 2
F B ,lake=ρ lake gV =(1000 kg/m )(9.81 m/s )(180 m )
3
( 1 kN
1000 kg⋅m/s2 )
=1766 kN
F B ,sea=ρsea gV=(1030 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(180 m3 ) ( 1 kN

1000 kg⋅m/s2 )
=1819 kN
Wload
FB
Wboat
The total weight of a floating boat (load + boat itself) is equal to the buoyancy force.
Therefore, the weight of the maximum load is
W load, lake =F B ,lake−W boat =1766−84=1682 kN
W load, sea =F B ,sea −W boat =1819−84=1735 kN
The corresponding masses of load are
mload,lake=
g
= (
W load,lake 1682 kN 1000 kg⋅m/s2
9 . 81 m/s2 1 kN
=171,500 kg )
mload,sea=
g
= (
W load,lsea 1735 kN 1000 kg⋅m/s2
9.81 m/s2 1 kN
=176,900 kg )
Discussion Note that this boat can carry nearly 5400 kg more load in the sea than it can in fresh water. Fully-loaded
boats in sea water should expect to sink into water deeper when they enter fresh water, such as a river where the port may
be.
11-31
11-33 The density of a liquid is to be determined by an old 1-cm-diameter cylindrical hydrometer whose division marks
are completely wiped out. The hydrometer is first dropped in water, and the water level is marked. The hydrometer is then
dropped into the other liquid, and it is observed that the mark for water has risen 0.3 cm above the liquid–air interface
(Fig. P11–33). If the height of the original water mark is 12.3 cm, determine the density of the liquid.
Solution The density of a liquid is to be determined by a hydrometer by establishing division marks in water and in
the liquid, and measuring the distance between these marks.
Properties We take the density of pure water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis A hydrometer floating in water is in static equilibrium, and the buoyant force FB exerted by the liquid must
always be equal to the weight W of the hydrometer, FB = W.
F B=ρgV sub= ρ ghA c mark for water
0.3 cm
whereh is the height of the submerged portion of the hydrometer
and Ac is the cross-sectional area which is constant.
W= ρw ghw A c
In pure water: 12 cm W
W= ρliquid ghliquid A c Liquid

In the liquid:
Setting the relations above equal to each other (since both equal the
weight of the hydrometer) gives
FB
ρw gh w Ac =ρliquid ghliquid A c
Solving for the liquid density and substituting,

h water 12 cm
ρliquid = ρwater = (1000 kg/m3 )=1026 kg/m 3
hliquid ( 12−0 . 3) cm
Discussion Note that for a given cylindrical hydrometer, the product of the fluid density and the height of the
submerged portion of the hydrometer is constant in any fluid.
11-32
11-33
11-34 It is said that Archimedes discovered his principle during a bath while thinking about how he could determine if
King Hiero’s crown was actually made of pure gold. While in the bathtub, he conceived the idea that he could determine the
average density of an irregularly shaped object by weighing it in air and also in water. If the crown weighed 3.55 kgf (=
34.8 N) in air and 3.25 kgf (= 31.9 N) in water, determine if the crown is made of pure gold. The density of gold is 19,300
kg/m3. Discuss how you can solve this problem without weighing the crown in water but by using an ordinary bucket with
no calibration for volume. You may weigh anything in air.
Solution An irregularly shaped crown is weighed in air and then in water with a spring scale. It is to be determined if
the crown is made of pure gold.
Assumptions 1 The buoyancy force in air is negligible. 2 The crown is completely submerged in water.
Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3. The density of gold is given to be 19,300 kg/m3.
Analysis The mass of the crown is
m= =
g 9.81 m/s 2 1 N (
W air 34 .8 N 1 kg⋅m/s2
)
=3. 55kg
Water
FB Air
Crown,
m, V
The difference between the weights in air and in water is due to the
buoyancy force in water, and thus
F B=W air −W water =34 . 8−31 . 9=2. 9 N
Wwater = 3.25 kgf Wwir = 3.55
Noting that F B =ρ water gV , the volume of the crown is determined to kgf
be
FB 2.9 N
V= = =2. 96×10−4 m 3
ρ water g (1000 kg/m 3 )( 9. 81 m/s 2 )
Then the density of the crown becomes

m 3. 55 kg
ρ= = =12 , 000 kg/m3
V 2. 96×10 m−4 3
which is considerably less than the density of gold. Therefore, the crown is NOT made of pure gold.
Discussion This problem can also be solved without doing any under-water weighing as follows: We would weigh a
bucket half-filled with water, and drop the crown into it. After marking the new water level, we would take the crown out,
and add water to the bucket until the water level rises to the mark. We would weigh the bucket again. Dividing the weight
difference by the density of water and g will give the volume of the crown. Knowing both the weight and the volume of the
crown, the density can easily be determined.
11-34
11-35 It is estimated that 90 percent of an iceberg’s volume is below the surface, while only 10 percent is visible above
the surface. For seawater with a density of 1025 kg/m3, estimate the density of the iceberg
Solution If only 10% of an iceberg is above the water surface, the density of the iceberg is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The buoyancy force in air is negligible. 2 Density changes in the water are negligible with depth.
Properties The specific gravity of seawater is 1025 kg/m3.
Analysis The weight of a body floating in a fluid is equal to the buoyant force acting on it (a consequence of vertical
force balance from static equilibrium). Therefore, in this case the average density of the body must be equal to the density of
the seawater since
W = FB 
In the present problem, the submerged volume is 90% of the total volume. Thus,
Thus, to three significant digits, .

Discussion Since the densities of the iceberg and the seawater are so close, the vast majority of the iceberg is
submerged, hence the age-old expression “just the tip of the iceberg”.
11-35
11-36 One of the common procedures in fitness programs is to determine the fat-to-muscle ratio of the body. This is
based on the principle that the muscle tissue is denser than the fat tissue, and, thus, the higher the average density of the
body, the higher is the fraction of muscle tissue. The average density of the body can be determined by weighing the person
in air and also while submerged in water in a tank. Treating all tissues and bones (other than fat) as muscle with an
equivalent density of ρmuscle, obtain a relation for the volume fraction of body fat xfat.
Solution The average density of a person is determined by weighing the person in air and then in water. A relation is
to be obtained for the volume fraction of body fat in terms of densities.
Assumptions 1 The buoyancy force in air is negligible. 2 The body is considered to consist of fat and muscle only. 3 The
body is completely submerged in water, and the air volume in the lungs is negligible.
Analysis The difference between the weights of the person in air and in water is due to the buoyancy force in water.
Therefore,
F B =W air −W water → ρ water gV =W air −W water
Water Air
Knowing the weights and the density of water, the relation above gives the
volume of the person. Then the average density of the person can be determined
from
m W /g
ρave = = air Person,
V V
m,V
Under assumption #2, the total mass of a person is equal to the sum of the masses
of the fat and muscle tissues, and the total volume of a person is equal to the sum
of the volumes of the fat and muscle tissues. The volume fraction of body fat is
the ratio of the fat volume to the total volume of the person. Therefore,
V =V fat +V muscle where V fat =x fat V and V muscle =x muscle V =(1- x fat )V Wwater Wair
m=m fat +mmuscle
Noting that mass is density times volume, the last relation can be written as
ρave V =ρ fat V fat + ρmuscle V muscle
ρave V =ρ fat x fat V + ρ muscle (1−x fat )V
Canceling the V and solving for xfat gives the desired relation,
Discussion Weighing a person in water in order to determine its volume is not practical. A more practical way is to use
a large container, and measuring the change in volume when the person is completely submerged in it.
11-36
11-37 A cone floats in the glycerin (SG = 1.26), as shown in the figure. Find the mass of the cone.
Solution The mass of a cone that floats in the glycerin is to be determined.

Properties The specific gravity of glycerin is 1.26.
h=30 cm
SG=1.26 60 cm
Analysis The buoyancy force must balance the weight of the cone, that is
π
W cone =m c g=W b =γ gly ∀cone , submerged =SG γ w ( R2 H −r 2 h )
3
Since , , where
The buoyancy force is
W b =SG γ w
π 2
3 ( R2
R H − h =SG γ w
9 )
πR 2 H
3
1−
1 h
9H ( )
Therefore the cone’s mass is then
mcone =
Wb
=
(
SG ρw πR 2 H 1−
h
9H ) = 1. 26×1000×π×0. 2 ×0 . 90 (1−1/27) =45 . 74 kg≃45 .7 kg
2
g 3 3
11-37
11-38 The weight of a body is usually measured by disregarding buoyancy force applied by the air. Consider a 20-cm-
diameter spherical body of density 7800 kg/m3. What is the percentage error associated with neglecting air buoyancy?
Solution The percentage error associated with the neglecting of air buoyancy in the weight of a body is to be
determined.
Properties The density of body is 7800 kg/m3 and that for air is 1.2 kg/m3.
Analysis If we neglect the buoyancy force, the weight will be
If we consider Fb,
3
' π 0. 2
W =W −F b=320. 518−1 . 2×9 .81× =320 . 468 N
6
The percentage error is then
W ' −W 320 . 468−320 . 518
e= ×100= ×100=−0 . 0156 %
W' 320 . 468
It is therefore concluded that the air buoyancy effect can be neglected.
Review Problems
11-39 An air-conditioning system requires a 34-m-long section of 12-cm-diameter ductwork to be laid underwater.
Determine the upward force the water will exert on the duct. Take the densities of air and water to be 1.3 kg/m 3 and
1000 kg/m3, respectively.
Solution One section of the duct of an air-conditioning system is laid underwater. The upward force the water
exerts on the duct is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The diameter given is the outer diameter of the duct (or, the thickness of the duct material is negligible).
2 The weight of the duct and the air in is negligible.
Properties The density of air is given to be  = 1.30 kg/m3. We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis Noting that the weight of the duct and the air in it is
negligible, the net upward force acting on the duct is the buoyancy force
exerted by water. The volume of the underground section of the duct is D =12 cm
2 2 3
V = AL=( πD /4)L=[ π (0.12 m ) /4](34 m )=0.3845 m
L = 34 m
Then the buoyancy force becomes FB
F B=ρgV =(1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0. 3845 m3 )

( 1 kN
1 000 kg⋅m/s2 )
=3 .77 kN
Discussion The upward force exerted by water on the duct is 3.77 kN, which is equivalent to the weight of a mass of
354 kg. Therefore, this force must be treated seriously.
11-38
11-40 The 0.5-m-radius semicircular gate shown in the figure is hinged through the top edge AB. Find the required force
to be applied at the center of gravity to keep the gate closed.
Solution A semi-circular gate is hinged. The required force at the center of gravity to keep the gate closed is to be
determined.
Properties The specific gravities of oil and glycerin are given in the figure.
Pair=80 kPa (abs)
4.74 m
Oil, SG=0.91
A B
F R
CG
Glycerin
SG=1.26
Analysis Force applied by glycerin

2
4×0.5 π×0. 5
F Rg=γh cg A=1.26×9810× × =1030 N
3×π 2
11-39
The gage pressure of air entrapped on the top of the oil surface
p=80−100=−20 kPa ( gage)
This negative pressure would result in an imaginary reduction in the oil level by
20000
h= =2. 24 m
0 . 91×9810
therefore the imaginary oil level would be H=4.74−2.24=2.50 m from glycerin surface. The force applied by oil is then
( )
2
4×0 . 5 π×0 . 5
F Ro=γh cg A=0 . 91×9810× 2. 5+ × =9508 N
3×π 2
Locations of FRgand FRo:
1
A= π 0 .5 2=0 . 39267 m2
2
I xc =0. 1098 R 4 =0 .1098×0.54 =0.0068625 m4
I xc 0 .0068625
y cp −g = y cg− g + =0 . 2122+ =0 . 2945 m
y cg−g A 0 . 2122×0 . 39267
4×0 .5
y cg−g = =0. 2122 m
3×π
4×0 .5
y cg−o =2 . 5+ =2. 712 m
3×π
I xc 0 . 0068625
y cp−o = y cg−o + =2 .712+ =2 . 784 m
y cg−o A 2 .712×0. 39267
Moment about hinge would give
F× y cg− g+F Rg × y cp−g −F Ro ( y cp −o−2. 5 )=0
F×0.2122+1030×0.2945−9508 ( 2. 784−2.5 )=0
F=11296 N≃11.3 kN
11-40
11-41 An elastic air balloon having a diameter of 30 cm is attached to the base of a container partially filled with water at
+4°C, as shown in Fig. P11–41. If the pressure of the air above the water is gradually increased from 100 kPa to 1.6 MPa,
will the force on the cable change? If so, what is the percent change in the force? Assume the pressure on the free surface
and the diameter of the balloon are related by P = CDn, where C is a constant and n = −2. The weight of the balloon and the
air in it is negligible.
Solution An elastic air balloon submerged in water is attached to the base of the tank. The change in the tension force
of the cable is to be determined when the tank pressure is increased and the balloon diameter is decreased in accordance
with the relation P = CD-2.
Assumptions 1 Atmospheric pressure acts on all surfaces, and thus it can be P1=100 kPa
ignored in calculations for convenience. 2 Water is an incompressible fluid. 3
The weight of the balloon and the air in it is negligible.
Properties We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.
D1=30 cm
Analysis The tension force on the cable holding the balloon is determined
from a force balance on the balloon to be
F cable=F B −W balloon ≃F B
Water
The buoyancy force acting on the balloon initially is
πD31
F B , 1= ρw gV balloon , 1= ρw g
6
=(1000 kg/m 3 )(9 . 81 m/s2 )
π (0 .30 m )3 1 N
6 (
1 kg⋅m/s2 )
=138 .7 N
The variation of pressure with diameter is given as P=CD− 2 , which is equivalent to D= √C /P . Then the final diameter
of the ball becomes
D2
D1
=
√ C / P2 =
√ C / P1 √ P1
P2
→ D2 =D1
√ P1
P2
=(0 .30 m)
√ 0 . 1 MPa
1 .6 MPa
=0 . 075 m
11-41
The buoyancy force acting on the balloon in this case is

3
( )
πD π (0 . 075 m)3 1 N
F B , 2= ρw gV balloon ,2= ρw g 2 =(1000 kg/m3 )(9 . 81 m/s2 ) =2 .2 N
6 6 1 kg⋅m/s
2
Then the percent change in the cable for becomes

F cable ,1 −F cable, 2 F B ,1 −F B , 2 138 .7−2 .2
Change %= ∗100= ∗100= ∗100=98 . 4%
Fcable , 1 FB,1 138 .7
.
Therefore, increasing the tank pressure in this case results in 98.4% reduction in cable tension.
Discussion We can obtain a relation for the change in cable tension as follows:
F B , 1−F B , 2 ρw gV balloon,1−ρw gV balloon,2
Change %= ∗100= ∗100
FB,1 ρw gV balloon,1
( ) ( ) ( ( ))
V balloon,2 D32 P1 3/2
¿ 100 1− =100 1− 3 =100 1−
V balloon,1 D1 P2
11-42 Reconsider Prob. 11–41. Using appropriate software, investigate the effect of air pressure above water on the
cable force. Let this pressure vary from 0.5 MPa to 15 MPa. Plot the cable force versus the air pressure.
Solution The previous problem is reconsidered. The effect of the air pressure above the water on the cable force as
the pressure varies from 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa is to be investigated.
Analysis The EES Equations window is printed below, followed by the tabulated and plotted results.
P1=0.1"MPa"
Change=100*(1-(P1/P2)^1.5)
Tank pressure %Change in cable 100

P2, MPa tension
0.5 91.06 99
1.467 98.22 98
2.433 99.17
97
3.4 99.5
4.367 99.65 96
Change [%]
5.333 99.74 95
6.3 99.8
7.267 99.84 94
8.233 99.87 93
9.2 99.89
92
10.17 99.9
11.13 99.91 91
12.1 99.92 90
13.07 99.93 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
14.03 99.94 P2 [kPa]
15 99.95
Discussion The change in cable tension is at first very rapid, but levels off as the balloon shrinks to nearly zero diameter
at high pressure.
11-42
11-43 A 3-m-high, 5-m-wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top edge at A and is restrained by a fixed ridge at B.
Determine the hydrostatic force exerted on the gate by the 5-m-high water and the location of the pressure center.
Solution A rectangular gate hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge is restrained by a fixed ridge at point
B. The force exerted to the plate by the ridge is to be determined.
convenience.
(midpoint) of the surface, and multiplying it by the plate area gives the resultant
hydrostatic force on the gate, 2m
F R=Pave A=ρ gh C A
A
3 2
¿(1000 kg/m )(9 .81 m/s )(3 .5 m)[ 3×5 m ]
1 kN 2
(
1000 kg⋅m/s 2 ) yp
¿515 kN
3m
The vertical distance of the pressure center from the free surface of water is
b b2 3 32 FR
y P =s + + =2+ + =3 .71 m
2 12( s+ b/2) 2 12(2+3/2 )
Discussion You can calculate the force at point B required to hold back the gate by setting the net moment around hinge
pointA to zero.
11-43
11-44 Repeat Prob. 11–43 for a total water height of 2 m.
Solution A rectangular gate hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge is restrained by a fixed ridge at point B.
The force exerted to the plate by the ridge is to be determined.
convenience.
(midpoint) of the surface, and multiplying it by the wetted plate area gives the
resultant hydrostatic force on the gate,
A
F R=Pave A=ρ gh C A
3 2
¿(1000 kg/m )(9 .81 m/s )(1 m)[2×5 m ]
2
( 11000kN kg⋅m/s )
2
3m
¿ 98 . 1 kN yP
FR
The vertical distance of the pressure center from the free surface of water is h=2m
2 h 2(2 m )
yP = = =1 . 33 m
3 3
Discussion Compared to the previous problem (with higher water depth), the force is much smaller, as expected. Also,
the center of pressure on the gate is much lower (closer to the ground) for the case with the lower water depth.
11-44
11-45E A semicircular 40-ft-diameter tunnel is to be built under a 150-ft-deep, 800-ft-long lake, as shown in Fig. P11–45E.
Determine the total hydrostatic force acting on the roof of the tunnel.
Solution A semicircular tunnel is to be built under a lake. The total hydrostatic force acting on the roof of the tunnel
is to be determined.
Assumptions Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides
of the tunnel, and thus it can be ignored in calculations Fy
for convenience.
Properties We take the density of water to be
62.4 lbm/ft3 throughout.
Analysis We consider the free body diagram of Fx Fx
the liquid block enclosed by the circular surface of the
W R = 20 ft
tunnel and its vertical (on both sides) and horizontal
projections. The hydrostatic forces acting on the vertical
and horizontal plane surfaces as well as the weight of the
liquid block are determined as follows:
Horizontal force on vertical surface (each side):

F H =F x =Pave A= ρ ghC A=ρg( s+R /2) A
¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft3 )(32 .2 ft/s 2 )(130+20 /2 ft )(20 ft ×800 ft )

( 1 lbf
32 . 2 lbm⋅ft/s 2 )
8
¿ 1. 398×10 lbf (on each side of the tunnel )
Vertical force on horizontal surface (downward):
F y=P ave A=ρ ghC A=ρ gh top A
( 132.lbf2 lbm⋅ft/s )
¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft3 )(32 .2 ft/s 2 )(130 ft )( 40 ft ×800 ft ) 2
¿ 2. 596×108 lbf
Weight of fluid block on each side within the control volume (downward):
W=mg=ρgV =ρg( R 2−πR2 /4 )(2000 ft)

3 2 2
¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft )(32 .2 ft/s )(20 ft ) (1- π /4 )(800 ft )
( 1 lbf
32.2 lbm⋅ft/s2 )
¿ 4 . 285×106 lbf ( on each side)
11-45
11-46
Therefore, the net downward vertical force is

8 8 8
FV =F y +2W=2.596×10 +2×0.04285×10 =2. 64×10 lbf
This is also the net force acting on the tunnel since the horizontal forces acting on the right and left side of the tunnel cancel
each other since they are equal and opposite.
Discussion The weight of the two water bocks on the sides represents only about 3.3% of the total vertical force on the
tunnel. Therefore, to obtain a reasonable first approximation for deep tunnels, these volumes can be neglected, yielding
FV = 2.596 108 lbf. A more conservative approximation would be to estimate the force on the bottom of the lake if the
tunnel were not there. This yields FV = 2.995  108 lbf. The actual force is between these two estimates, as expected.
11-47
11-46 A 30-ton, 4-m-diameter hemispherical dome on a level surface is filled with water, as shown in Fig. P11–46.
Someone claims that he can lift this dome by making use of Pascal’s law by attaching a long tube to the top and filling it
with water. Determine the required height of water in the tube to lift the dome. Disregard the weight of the tube and the
water in it.
Solution A hemispherical dome on a level surface filled with water is to be lifted by attaching a long tube to the top
and filling it with water. The required height of water in the tube to lift the dome is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of the dome, and thus it can be ignored in calculations for
convenience. 2 The weight of the tube and the water in it is negligible.
Analysis We take the dome and the water in it as the system. When the dome is about to rise, the reaction force
between the dome and the ground becomes zero. Then the free body diagram of this system involves the weights of the
dome and the water, balanced by the hydrostatic pressure force from below. Setting these forces equal to each other gives
∑ F y =0 : F V =W dome +W water
ρg( h+R) πR2 =mdome g +mwater g
Solving for h gives h

3
mdome +mwater mdome +ρ [4 πR /6 ]
h= 2
−R= −R
ρπ R ρπ R2
R=2m
Substituting,
3 3
(30,000 kg )+4 π(1000 kg/m )(2 m) /6
h= −(2 m)=1. 72 m
(1000 kg/m 3 )π (2 m)2
Therefore, this dome can be lifted by attaching a tube which is about 1.72 m long. FV
Discussion Note that the water pressure in the dome can be changed greatly W
by a small amount of water in the vertical tube. Two significant digits in the
answer is sufficient for this problem.
11-48
11-47 The water in a 25-m-deep reservoir is kept inside by a 90-m-wide wall whose cross section is an equilateral
triangle, as shown in Fig. P11–47. Determine (a) the total force (hydrostatic + atmospheric) acting on the inner surface of
the wall and its line of action and (b) the magnitude of the horizontal component of this force. Take Patm = 100 kPa.
Solution The water in a reservoir is restrained by a triangular wall. The total force (hydrostatic + atmospheric) acting
on the inner surface of the wall and the horizontal component of this force are to be determined.
convenience. 2 Friction at the hinge is negligible.
Properties We take the density of water to be
1000 kg/m3 throughout.
Analysis The length of the wall surface underwater is
25 m
b= =28. 87 m yp
sin 60°
FR
The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the h = 25 m
centroid (midpoint) of the surface, and multiplying it by
the plate area gives the resultant hydrostatic force on the
surface,
F R=Pavg A=(P atm +ρ gh C ) A
¿[ 100 ,000 N/m 2 +(1000 kg/m 3)( 9. 81 m/s 2)(12 .5 m)](90×28 . 87 m2 )

(11 Nkg⋅m/s ) 2
¿ 3 .19×10 8 N
Noting that
P0 100 , 000 N/m 2

= (
1 kg⋅m/s2
ρgsin 60° (1000 kg/m 3 )(9. 81 m/s2 )sin 60 ° 1 N
=11.77 m)
The distance of the pressure center from the free surface of water along the wall surface is
2
b b2 28 . 87 m (28 . 87 m )
y p =s+ + =0+ + =17 . 1 m
( ) ( )
2 b P0 2 28 . 87 m
12 s + + 12 0+ +11. 77 m
2 ρg sin θ 2
The magnitude of the horizontal component of the hydrostatic force is simply FR sin ,
8 8
F H =F R sin θ=(3.19×10 N)sin60°=2 .76 ×10 N
Discussion Atmospheric pressure is usually ignored in the analysis for convenience since it acts on both sides of the
walls.
11-49
11-50
11-48 A raft is made using a number of logs 25 cm in diameter and 2 m long, as shown in the figure. It is desired that a
maximum 90 percent volume of each log will be submerged when carrying two boys weighing 400 N each. Determine the
minimum number of logs that must be used. The specific gravity of the wood is 0.75.
Solution The minimum number of logs in water that can carry a specific weight is to be determined.
Assumptions Water is an incompressible substance.
Properties The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
D=25 cm
Analysis Let N be the number of logs that will be used. The buoyancy force must balance the total weight of two boys and
the weight of the raft itself. Therefore we write
W total =2×W boy +Nγ log V log
π
=2×400+ N×0. 75×9810× 0 . 252×2
4
¿ 800+722 .32×N
where
 =g = (1000 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2) = 9810 kg/m2s2
The buoyancy force acting on the raft is
π
Fb =Nγ water V log, submerged =N×9810×0 . 90× 0 . 252 ×2=866 . 78×N
4
W total =F b
800+722 .32×N =866 . 78
N=5 . 54
At least 6 logs have to be used.
11-51
11-49 The 280-kg, 6-m-wide rectangular gate shown in Fig. P11–49 is hinged at B and leans against the floor at A,
making an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The gate is to be opened from its lower edge by applying a normal force at its
center. Determine the minimum force F required to open the water gate.
Solution A rectangular gate that leans against the floor with an angle of 45° with the horizontal is to be opened from
its lower edge by applying a normal forceat its center. The minimum force F required to open the water gate is to be
determined.
Analysis The length of the gate and the distance of the upper edge of the gate (point B) from the free surface in the
plane of the gate are
3m 0 .5 m
b= =4 . 243 m and s= =0. 7071 m
sin 45 ° sin 45 °
FR
h 3m 0.5 m
hC = +0 .5= +0 .5 m=2 m
2 2
The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid B

(midpoint) of the surface, and multiplying it by the plate area gives 3m
the resultant hydrostatic on the surface,
45 F
F R=Pave A=ρ gh C A A
3 2 2 1 kN
¿(1000 kg/m )(9 .81 m/s )(2 m )[6×4 .243 m ]
(
1000 kg⋅m/s2 )
¿ 499 .5 kN
The distance of the pressure center from the free surface of water along the plane of
the gate is
b b2 4 .243 4 . 2432
y P =s+ + =0 .7071+ + =3 . 359 m
2 12( s+b/2) 2 12(0 .7071+4 .243 /2 )
The distance of the pressure center from the hinge at point B is

LP= y P−s=3.359−0 .7071=2. 652 m
11-52
11-53
Taking the moment about point B and setting it equal to zero gives
∑ M B =0 → F R L P=Fb/2
Solving for F and substituting, the required force to overcome the pressure is
2 F R LP 2(499 .5 kN)(2 .652 m )
F= = =624 . 4 kN
b 4 . 243 m
In addition to this, there is the weight of the gate itself, which must be added. In the 45o direction,
F gate =W cos( 45 °)=mgcos(45 °)=(280 kg)(9. 81 m/s 2 )

( 1 kN
1000 kg⋅m/s2)cos( 45° )=1.942 kN
Thus, the total force required in the 45o direction is the sum of these two values,
Ftotal =624 .4+1.942=626 .3 kN≃626 kN in the 45 ° direction
Discussion The applied force is inversely proportional to the distance of the point of application from the hinge, and the
required force can be reduced by applying the force at a lower point on the gate. The weight of the gate is nearly negligible
compared to the pressure force in this example; in reality, a heavier gate would probably be required.
11-54
11-50 Repeat Prob. 11–49 for a water height of 0.8 m above the hinge at B.
Solution A rectangular gate that leans against the floor with an angle of 45° with the horizontal is to be opened from
its lower edge by applying a normal forceat its center. The minimum force F required to open the water gate is to be
determined.
Analysis The length of the gate and the distance of the upper edge of the gate
(point B) from the free surface in the plane of the gate are
3m 0 .8 m
b= =4 . 243 m and s= =1 .131 m
sin 45 ° sin 45 °
FR
h 3m 0.8 m
hC = +0 .5= +0 .8 m=2 . 3 m
2 2
B
The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid
(midpoint) of the surface, and multiplying it by the plate area gives 3m
the resultant hydrostatic on the surface, F
45
F R=Pave A=ρ gh C A A
¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(2. 3 m)[ 6×4 . 243 m 2 ]

(11000kN kg⋅m/s )
2
¿574 . 4 kN
The distance of the pressure center from the free surface of water along the plane of the gate is
b b2 4 . 243 4 .2432
y P =s+ + =1. 131+ + =3. 714 m
2 12( s+b/2) 2 12(1 .131+4 . 243/2)
The distance of the pressure center from the hinge at point B is

LP= y P−s=3.714−1.131=2. 583 m
Taking the moment about point B and setting it equal to zero gives
∑ M B =0 → F R L P=Fb/2
Solving for F and substituting, the required force to overcome the pressure is
2 F L 2(574 . 4 kN)(2. 583 m)
F= R P = =699 . 4 kN
b 4 . 243 m
In addition to this, there is the weight of the gate itself, which must be added. In the 45o direction,
F gate =W cos( 45°)=mgcos(45 °)=(280 kg)(9.81 m/s 2) ( 1 kN

1000 kg⋅m/s2)cos( 45° )=1.942 kN
Thus, the total force required in the 45o direction is the sum of these two values,
Ftotal =699. 4+1.942=701.3 kN≃701 kN in the 45 ° direction
Discussion The applied force is inversely proportional to the distance of the point of application from the hinge, and the
required force can be reduced by applying the force at a lower point on the gate. The weight of the gate is nearly negligible
compared to the pressure force in this example; in reality, a heavier gate would probably be required.
11-55
11-56
11-51 Determine the vertical force applied by water on the container.
Solution The vertical force applied by water in a container is to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible fluid.
Properties The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis The vertical force on a curved surface is equal to the d=15 cm
weight of the liquid volume carried by the surface.
The volume of a frustum is given by
πh 2
Vf= ( R + Rr+ r 2 )
3
60 cm
Where h=0.5 m, R=0.2 m, and r=0.075 m. 50 cm
The volume of imaginary water can be found is, therefore
2 2 2
πD πD πd
V= ×0. 5−V f + ×( 0 . 6−0 .5 )− ×( 0. 6−0 .5 ) D=40 cm
4 4 4
π×0. 5
Vf= ( 0. 22+0. 2×0. 075+0 . 0752 )=3 . 174×10−2 m3
3
2 2 2
π (0 . 4 ) π (0 .4 ) π (0 . 15)
V= ×0 .5−3 . 174×10−3 + × ( 0 . 1 )− ×( 0.1 ) =4 . 189×10−2 m3
4 4 4
0.1 m
FV
11-57
Hence, we would find the vertical force to be

−2
FV =γV =9810×4 .189×10 =411 N
where  =g = (1000 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2) = 9810 kg/m2s2
Design and Essay Problems
11-52 to 11-53
Solution Students’ essays and designs should be unique and will differ from each other.
11-52
Solution We are to discuss the design of shoes that enable people to walk on water.
Discussion Students’ discussions should be unique and will differ from each other.
11-53 The volume of a rock is to be determined without using any volume measurement devices. Explain how you would
do this with a waterproof spring scale.
Solution We are to discuss how to measure the volume of a rock without using any volume measurement devices.
Analysis The volume of a rock can be determined without using any volume measurement devices as follows: We
weigh the rock in the air and then in the water. The difference between the two weights is due to the buoyancy force, which
F =ρ gV
is equal to B water bod y . Solving this relation for Vbody gives the volume of the rock.
Discussion Since this is an open-ended design problem, students may come up with different, but equally valid
techniques.


Cengel FTFS 6e ISM CH 11

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Cengel FTFS 6e ISM CH 11

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11-1

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Fluid Statics: Hydrostatic Forces on Plane and Curved Surfaces

Solution We are to define resultant force and center of pressure.

Solution We are to examine a claim about hydrostatic force.

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(2/2 m )

F R=Pavg A=(9810 N/m 2 )(8 m×2 m )=156,960 N=157 kN

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(10+1. 1/2 m )

Then the resultant hydrostatic force on the door becomes

Pave=P C =ρ ghC =(1025 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(2 m)

F H =F x =Pavg A=ρ ghC A=ρg( R/2) A

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(7/2 m )(7 m×70 m)

FV =W= ρgV =ρg[ w×πR 2 / 4 ]

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )[(70 m )π (7 m)2 /4 ]

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(0.6 /2 m)(0. 6 m × 3 m)

We first determine the angle;

Solving for Fridge and substituting, the reaction force is determined to be

Dept Pave, FR yp Fridge

Then the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the dam becomes

The corresponding mass is thus 30,900 lbm.

11-19E Repeat Prob. 11–18E for a water height of 6 ft.

Then the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the dam becomes

Solution The force required to hold a gate at its location is to be determined.

Therefore the system can be simplified as shown:

F1 =γhcg A=1. 23×9810× ( 0. 8+.2 010 +0 . 25)×(0 . 9×2)=15204 N

¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft3 )(32 .2 ft/s 2 )(10+2/2 ft )(2 ft × 1 ft )

Vertical force on horizontal surface (upward):

FV =F y=P avg A=ρ ghC A= ρ ghbottom A

Weight of fluid block per ft length (downward):

W=mg=ρgV =ρg( R 2−πR2 /4 )(1 ft )= ρ gR 2 (1−π /4 )(1 ft )

Therefore, the net upward vertical force is

Discussion The analysis is simplified because of the symmetry of the trough.

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )[(0.35/2 m)(0 .35 m×3 m)

The weight of fluid block per 4-m length (downwards):

Therefore, the net upward vertical force is

∑ M A =0 → F R R sin(90−θ )−F spring R=0

11-25 Repeat Prob. 11–24 for a radius of 2 m for the gate.

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9 .81 m/s2 )(2/2 m )( 4 m × 2 m )

¿(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(2 m )(4 m ×2 m) ( 11000kN kg⋅m/s )

Solution We are to define and discuss the buoyant force.

Solution We are to discuss the stability of a submerged and a floating body.

Solution We are to compare the buoyant force on two spheres.

Solution We are to compare the buoyant forces on a cube and a sphere.

Solution We are to compare the buoyant force on two spheres.

W=mg=(200 kg )(9 .81 m/s )

The buoyancy force acting on the rock is W Fnet =W - FB

Analysis The weight of the unloaded boat is

F B ,sea=ρsea gV=(1030 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(180 m3 ) ( 1 kN

The corresponding masses of load are

W= ρliquid ghliquid A c Liquid

Solving for the liquid density and substituting,

Then the density of the crown becomes

Thus, to three significant digits, .

Solution The mass of a cone that floats in the glycerin is to be determined.

F B=ρgV =(1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0. 3845 m3 )

Pair=80 kPa (abs)

Analysis Force applied by glycerin

The buoyancy force acting on the balloon in this case is

Then the percent change in the cable for becomes

Tank pressure %Change in cable 100

11-44 Repeat Prob. 11–43 for a total water height of 2 m.

Horizontal force on vertical surface (each side):

¿(62 . 4 lbm/ft3 )(32 .2 ft/s 2 )(130+20 /2 ft )(20 ft ×800 ft )