Glaciers 1. What causes ice ages? a. variations in the earth's orbit b._ variations in sun's heat output . variations in sunlight reflected by the earth d. no definite cause has been conclusively proven 2. Ice near the surface of a glacier exhibits behavior. brittle b. ductile >. we veep mu a. brittle b. ductile 4. Which of the following was never an outlet of the Great Lakes during the retreat of the glaciers? a. the Gulf via the Mississippi b. tothe Atlantic via the Potomac or Susquehanna . from Lake Erie to the Ohio River d. across Ontario to the St. Lawrence 5, The end of a glacier is located: a, where it meets an obstacle b. where the average annual temperature equals 32 degrees F. c._ where snowfall plus inflow equals melting plus evaporation 1d. where one year's snow just melts before the next year's snow begins 6. Most of the world’s glacial ice isin: a. mountain glaciers, b. the Antarctic ce Cap c._ the Greenland Ice Cap 7. The Wisconsin, Ilinoisan, Kansan and Nebraskan ice advances: a. account for all known Pleistocene ice advances b. account for almost all Pleistocene ice advances ‘c. are only the last of many more Pleistocene ice advances 8. The “firn ine" on a glacier marks: aa. the dividing line between the zones of accumulation and ablation b. the elevation above which snow never melts the elevation where the average annual temperature is below freezing d._ the timber line, or elevation above which trees do not grow 9. Why do continental glaciers have a dome-like profile? a. More snow falls in the interior of the glacier. b. Ice melts faster at the edges than the middle. Ice has lower density than rock, so the crust rises under the glacier. d._ the ice flows outward under its own weight. 10. Glaciers can only exist where the average temperature is below freezing. a true b. false11, When a glacier retreats, a rock trapped within the ice ‘a. continues to move toward the foot of the glacier b. retreats more slowly than the glacier front Cc. retreats as fast as the glacier front d._ retreats faster than the glacial front 12. Icebergs are formed by: a. freezing of sea water b. river ice which is carried out to sea c. pieces of glacial ice breaking off the glacier d._ water freezing on the sea floor and floating to the surface 13. During the Pleistocene, large lakes covered parts of the Western U.S. These lakes are known as: a. crater lakes b. playas c.pluvial lakes d._ flood plains 14. The Pleistocene ice advances: a. are known to have ended b. are the only ones known in geologic history c. both of the above 4d. neither of the above 15. The result of a glacier flowing into the sea: a. icebergs b. ice shelves c. both ofthe above d. neither of the above 16. A glacier flows down a deep, slightly winding valley. After the glacier melts, the valley will be a of these except: a. straighter b. deeper ©. wider d. more winding 17. Hanging valleys: a. form when a glacier in a major valley cuts deeper than the tributary glacier b. are common locations for waterfalls ¢. are among the few cases of tributary valleys that do not meet the main valley at the level of the valley floor d. allofthe above 18. How is it possible for a stream to have flowed on top of an esker? a. the original stream banks are now eroded away b. there used to be a stream channel on top which has been filled in the "banks" of the stream were glacial ice d._itreally isn't possible19. 20. 21. 22, 23, 24. 25. 26. 27. Which of these is till? a. fine flacial lake clay b. well-sorted outwash sand c. a polished rock outcrop dd. unsorted sand, gravel and clay in a moraine Depending on pressure, glacial ce exhibits two forms of behavior: a. brittle and ductile »._ solid and granular . plastic and liquid d. snow and hail Glacial striations on an outcrop trend NE-SW. The direction of ice movement was: a. NEtoSW b. NWtoSE c. SWtoNE d. could be either NE or SW Kettle ponds formed when a. glaciers scoured deep holes b. meltwater scoured potholes c. blocks of ice melted and left depressions where the ice had been d. large boulders rolled off the glacier and made craters . Eskers probably form ‘a. when the ice is advancing b. when the ice is retreating When a continental glacier retreats a. the entire ice front retreats smoothly b. the ice never advances again c. none of the above ‘The Pleistocene glaciers moved only southward a. true be false You'd use these to map the former margins of a glacier a. Eskers b. Drumlins Moraines d. Kames If you knew a glacier moved either east or west and wanted to find out which, you'd look for a. Drumlins b. Roches Moutonees c. Either or both of these d. None of these28, Which of these would indicate the former presence of a glacial lake? a. Varved clay b. Out wash sands till d. Loess 29, Not a feature of mountain glaciation a. horn b. arete cirque 4. drumtin 30. Which of these is true? a. only continental glaciers leave moraines. b. Only mountain glaciers produce striations. ©. Only continental glaciers produce cirques. 4. None of the above 31. As you go from lower to higher latitudes, the altitude of the snow line should: a. increase b stay the same decrease vary randomly fe. none of these 32. The zone of accumulation is characterized by: a. ablation b. the thickest development of glacial ice . wastage d. moraines e. none of these 33. Asudden movement of a glacier caused by a sudden addition of snow on ice. a surge plastic deformation calving d._ basal slip e. none of these 34, The feature of valleys formed by glaciers which differentiates them from valleys formed by streams is: a. the presence of kettles b. the presence of drumlines . their characteristic V-shape d. their characteristic U-shape . none of these35. 36. 37. 38. 39, a. ‘boulder which has been carried from its place of origin by a glacier and later deposited on bedrock of a different nature is called: a b. c 4. e. afin an erratic akame an esker none of these ‘Amedial moraine is developed: Aneskeris: a e, on the side of a glacier in the bergschrund at the end of the glacier, none of these in the middle of two coalesced glaciers a knife-edged ridge which separates two glacial valleys ‘a smooth, elongated, asymmetric hill of till a depression which was caused by the melting of a block of ice which had been buried in glacial debris a winding, steep-walled deposit of water-lain glacial debris, none of these ‘The following glacial feature cannot be used to determine directions of ice movement: a b. © 4. e. drumlins striation varves boulder trains none of these A glacial valley which has been left stranded above a primary glacial valley is called: a b. © d. e. a b. « a. e perched valley a hanging valley acirque a truncated valley none of these |. Crevasses in glaciers extend down to: about 300 m the base of the glacier the zone of plastic flow variable depths depending on how thick the ice is the outwash layer Ifa glacier has a negative budget: b. c d. e the terminus will retreat its accumulation rate is greater than its wastage rate all flow ceases the glacier's length increases crevasses will no longer form.42. 43. 45. 46. 47. ‘There were Pleistocene mountain glaciers in Oregon at only 5000 feet elevation, but the same elevations in Wyoming at the same latitude were ice-free. Why? ‘a. there was much more precipitation in Oregon b. there really were glaciers in Wyoming but the evidence has not yet been discovered c. there were no low-elevation glaciers in Oregon and the evidence has been misinterpreted d. continental drift has moved Oregon further south e.itwas much warmer in Wyoming The bowl-shaped depression at the upper end of a glacial trough is a(an): a. inselberg b. drumlin © cirque d. till fe. lateral moraine ‘a, freshly fallen snow b. agranulartype office c. avalley train d. another name for the zone of wastage fe. atype of glacial groove Pressure on ice at depth in a glacier causes it to move by: a. rock creep b. surging fracture d. plastic flow e. basal slip ‘A pyramid-shaped peak formed by glacial erosion is a: a. fiord b. cirque medial moraine d._ hanging valley horn Glacial drift is a general term for: a. the erosional landforms of continental glaciers b. allthe deposits of glaciers c. icebergs floating at sea d._ the movement of glaciers by plastic flow and basal slip e. the annual wastage rate of a glacier48. 49, 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 5s. Rocks abraded by glaciers may develop a smooth surface that shines in reflected light. Such a surface is called glacial: a. grooves striations c. polish till e. flour Assmall lake in a cirque is a: a. pluvial lake b. salt lake .proglacial lake 4d. glacial trough e. tam ‘The most recent ice age occurred during the: ‘a. Archean Eon b. Cambrian Period Pleistocene Epoch d. Tertiary Period e. Mesozoic Era When ice flows over a rocky knob, it creates a landform: ‘a. With a smooth upstream side and an irregular downstream side b. With a smooth downstream side and an irregular upstream side ¢. With evenly rounded sides d. With irregular sides all over How weath thought to affect ice ages: a. It lowers mountains and allows wind to circulate more freely b. It releases calcium that combines with carbon dioxide It removes sulfur that otherwise might warm the atmosphere d. It creates methane, which cools the atmosphere ‘The earth's natural Greenhouse Effect is mostly due to, a. Carbon dioxide b. Methane Sulfur dioxide d. Water vapor When ice-dammed lakes drain, they usually drain a. byevaporation b. by seepage into the ground . by gradually lowering their outlets d. by abrupt failure of the ice dam The number of ice advances during the Pleistocene was most likely: a. one b. four © 20:25 d. over 10056. The best record for the Pleistocene ice advances is contained a. In deposits on land b. Inthe Antarctic ice cap © Onthesea floor d._ In glacial lake deposits 57. Marine evidence for ice advances and retreats includes a. Alternations of warm and cold water microfossils b. Coarse debris dropped by icebergs ©. Variations in oxygen isotopes d. Allof these 58. Evidence for the "snowball earth" climate variations is best seen in glacial deposits abruptly ‘a. warm-water limestones b. sand dune deposits ©. coal d. volcanic ash layers {Questions below refer to this diagram of a continental glacier. '59. Melt water flowing through the crevasses at A will most a. Eskers b. Drumtins c. Moraines d. Cirques 60. The material deposited at B forms: a. Eskers b. Drumlins ©. Moraines d. Cirques61. The material deposited by streams at Cis termed: a. Till b. Outwash cc. Varves drift 62. The streams at C are most likely a. Braided b. Meandering cc. Old-Age d. Rejuvenated 63. The glacier’s dome-like profile is due to: a. Ablation b. Wind erosion . The ice spreading out under its own weight d. Greater snowfall in the interior irr iieg: pote iD. a0" Ph, 4 Ds ee The questions below refer to this diagram of a continental glacier in oN hetreat. cms 64, The features at A are: a. Lake deposits b. Moraines cc. Drumlins d. Cirques 65. The features at A indicate a. Former positions of glacial lakes b. Former margins of the glacier c. Positions of former meltwater streams d, Deposits streamlined by ice flow66. The features at B are ridges of sand and gravel. These are ‘a. Moraines b, Drumlins © Cirques d. Eskers 67. The features at B are ridges of sand and gravel. They indicate a. Former positions of glacial lakes b. Former margins of the glacier ‘c. Positions of former meltwater streams d. Deposits streamlined by ice flow 68. The features at C are streamlined hills of tll, sand and gravel. These are: a. Moraines b. Drumlins c. Cirques d. Eskers 69. The features at C are streamlined hills of till, sand and gravel. They indicate ‘a. Positions of former meltwater streams b. Former margins of the glacier Former positions of glacial lakes 4d. Ice-Flow Directions 70. At D is a large isolated remnant of ice. When it melts it will probably form a: a. Kettle b. Drumlin © Moraine d. Esker 71. The ice-dammed lake at E is probably depositing: a. Till b. Outwash © Varved deposits d. Gravel 72. When the ice-dammed lake at E drains, it will probably do so: a. Gradually b. By seepage into the ground ©. Catastrophically and abruptly d. By evaporationNZ YY ‘The questions below refer to this diagram of a glaciated mountain landscape 73. An arete occurs at (letter): -A- -B- -D- -E- 74. Ahorn occurs at (letter): “AX -B- -C- -D- -£- 75. Acirque occurs at (letter): -A- -B -C- -D- -E- 76. Amoraine occurs at (letter): -A- -B- -C- -D- +2 7. Ahanging valley occurs at (letter): -A- -B- -C- -D+ -£-