WHAT IS IT FOR? WHERE DOES IT OCCUR? SUBSTRATE END- PRODUCTS RATE LIMITING STEP RATE LIMITING ENZYME GLYCOLYSIS Converts glucose into 3 carbon compounds to provide energy Mec type: emp Cytosol Glucose 2 molecules of pyruvate / lactate Fructose-6-phosphate = fructose 1,6- bisphosphate Phosphofructokinase 1 GLUCONEOGENESIS ‘Synthesizing glucose from non- carb sources to prevent hypoglycemia during fasting Liver (90%) Kidney (10%) Mitochondria and cytosol Intermediates of glycolysis and the TCA Lactate through the Cori Cycle Glycerol and propionyl CoA from triacylglycerols Carbon skeletons of lucogenic amino acids Glucose Fructose 1 ,6-bisphosphate — Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1 ,6-bisphosphatase GLYCOGENESIS ‘Synthesis of glycogen Liver Muscle Cytosol a-D-glucose Glycogen Elongation of glycogen chains (alpha 1,4) Glycogen synthase GLYCOGENOLYSIS Mobilizing stored glycogen Liver Muscle Cytosol Glycogen Glucose in liver Glucose-6-phosphate in muscle Shortening of glycogen chains Glycogen phosphorylaseCITRIC ACID PENTOSE PHOSPHATE = LIPOGENESIS LIPOLYSIS / BETA- CYCLE PATHWAY / HMP. OXIDATION _ SHUNT | | WHAT IST Major pathway formation of ~~ Produces NADPH ‘Synihesis of fay = Removal of acetyl CoA FOR? ate + Produces ritose 5-phosphate acids, speciticaly, fragments from the ends of fatty required for biosynthesis of palmitate acids nudeotides + Also yielding NADH and FADH2. + Provides a mechanism for the in the process metabolic use of 5-carbon sugars + Acetyl CoA can enter the citio + Take Note: Neither produces nor ‘acid cycle consumes ATP NADH and + FADH2 can enter the ETC WHERE Mitochondria: + RBCs and tissues that produce -—Lver, kidnay, brain, Tissues that can use fatty acids DOES IT ‘Mitochondrial matrix lipids (liver, adipose tissue, lung, mammary gland, a8 energy source, primarily ‘occuR? adronals, thyroid testes, lactating and adipose tissue o In muscle and liver mammaries) the cytosol * Falty acid activation occurs in + Inthe cytosol the cytosol © Beoxidation occurs in the ‘mitochondria SUBSTRATE AcetyCoA Glucose-6-phosphate + Acetyl - CoA Palmitate END. 2002 NADPH Paimitoy! CoA B Acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2 PRODUCTS 1GTP Ribose-5-phosphate 1/NADH 1 FADH2 RATE Isoctrate > @- Glucose-6-phosphate — 6- ‘Acetyl CoA + HCO3- + Translocation of fatty acyl CoA from LIMITING ketoglutarate hosphogluconate ‘ATP + Malonyl CoA the cytosol to the mitochondria STEP RATE Isocirate dehydrogenase _Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Acetyl CoA Carnitine-palmitoy transferase LIMITING carboxylase ENZYMEKETOGENESIS WHAT IS IT FOR? Synthesis of ketone bodies, WHERE DOES IT OCCUR? SUBSTRATE END-PRODUCTS RATE LIMITING STEP RATE LIMITING ENZYME alternative fuel for peripheral tissues Liver, mitochondria Acetyl Coa Acetoacetate b-hydroxybutyrate acetone Acetoacetyl-CoA > HMG CoA HMG-CoA synthetase CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS ALL TISSUES Cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum Acetyl-CoA Cholesterol HMG CoA -> mevalonate HMG CoA REDUCTASE UREA CYCLE Conversion of nitrogenous waste to urea LIVER ONLY Mitochondria Cytosol NH3 Aspartate co2 Urea NH3 + CO2 > Carbamoyl phosphate ‘Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1