SAMPLEX RATIONALE

MEDICAL RESEARCH
YL 1 | AY 2021 – 2022 FINALS
1
COVERAGE (Arial, 11, Centered) SOURCES
 Long Exam 1 Part 1
I. Orientation/Overview of Research Designs  Long Exam 1 Part 2
II. Scientific Misconducts: Plagiarism
III. Acquiring ideas in research
IV. Outline of a Research protocol
V. AMA Citation of Journals
VI. Introduction of Evidence-based Medicine

DISCLAIMER: The contents of this samplex are not guaranteed to be on the examinations. This only serves for supplemental learning only.
Please read your notes before using. USE AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION.

QUESTION ANSWER RATIONALE

1. Due to the pandemic, measures have to be taken into account that C
vaccine hesitancy proves to be a challenge this year. A group of
researchers wanted to determine the hesitancy rates in the country.
The inclusion criteria are adults from the general public living in the
Philippines at least 18 years of age and above. They were able to
design a study where the exposure variable is the local residents and
the outcome is whether the subjects are hesitant to receive any
vaccines. The sample population for the study is 10,000 participants.
The study was done online and was conducted for a period of 1
month. The investigators found out that 80% of the participants are of
the age bracket of 20-40 years of age while roughly 70% of the
respondents came from the city of Manila. As a student of medical
research, what is the possible disadvantage of this particular study?

a) The selection of the control group was difficult

b) The relative risk is difficult to determine
2
c)
d)
It is not representative of the whole population
It was not able to determine causal association
e) The study was not randomized in any way

2. As a measure to help end the coronavirus pandemic, a vector B

vaccine was developed by Oxford and it was called the ChAdOx1
nCov19 vaccine. Randomized Controlled Phase III trials have shown
that the efficacy rating is somewhere between 70-80%. It was
approved for use in Europe and approximately 34 million individuals
have taken the vaccine. However, there is a rare syndrome where
222 individuals suffered from a low platelet count, and that this

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syndrome occurred among adults aged 50 years and younger. The

FDA has provided a temporary suspension of the administration of
this vaccine. Scientists are left clueless and are searching for
answers that may have led to this. If you are one of the leading
scientists, what would you consider for this investigation?

a) Formulate a Phase IV clinical trial since Phase III trial was

completed
⑧
b) Matching for the controls might be a challenge.
c) It might take several years to look for the outcome of
interest.
d) It would be difficult to further randomize the subjects with
the controls.
e) Look for systematic reviews relating to the topic of interest

3. It is the year 2022 and roughly 40% of the world’s population has D
been vaccinated against COVID19. The majority of the applicants for
emergency use authorization of the COVID19 vaccine have been
accepted. Vaccine Pf showed to have been at least 95% efficacious
in terms of preventing COVID19 infection while Vaccine Novax
showed at least 96% efficacy on Phase III clinical trials. Efficacy is
also known as Relative Risk Reduction. A study was done to
compare these two vaccines in terms of preventing COVID19
infection. It is a landmark study where it will recruit at least 500,000
subjects around the globe. Scientists wanted to determine whether
they are comparable with at most 1% difference in terms of efficacy.
This study will most likely run for at least six months. Which of the
following statements shall be appropriate for the particular scenario?

a) All of the choices are appropriate

b) A relative risk reduction of only 1% equates that either of
the vaccines are not efficacious preventing COVID19
infection.
c) The study design is most likely a non-inferiority study
0 d) The null hypothesis is that there is significant differences in
terms of efficacy between vaccine Pf and Novax by more
than 1% and that they are not comparable
e) If the study showed less than 1% difference in absolute risk
reduction then the number needed to treat or harm is less
than 10.

4. A clinical trial was done to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental C

medication on the treatment with mild low back pain as compared to
a placebo. There were 2 arms in the study. Group A subjects
received the experimental treatment while Group B received a
placebo. The study was double-blinded and was able to recruit 200
participants who were equally allocated to both groups. There were
analyzed to the groups they initially belonged to. Also, there were no
drop-outs. There were no co-interventions done. The hypothesis is

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that the experimental treatment is superior to the placebo. The goal

was the resolution of back pain in 3 weeks. Upon reading the results,
you noticed that the number needed to treat is equal to 1. You took a
minute to think about what it means. Which among the statements is
appropriate with the case?

a) All of the choices are appropriate

b) The relative risk cannot be computed at this point
c) It turned out that all of the subjects in Group B failed to
meet their end point.
d) The relative risk reduction computed in this scenario is
almost zero percent
e) If this is a superiority study, then it is most likely that we
have to accept the null hypothesis and reject the current
hypothesis.
f) I do not know the answer

5. Given the current pandemic situation, a group of medical students C

decided to embark on a research study to determine the plausibility
of whether the number of hours of sleep per day has an effect on the
current school performance. They then constructed a research
protocol and divided the subjects into two groups. Group A have
good academic performance while Group B had a poor academic
performance. The criteria for academic performance were carefully
planned. The study was conducted in a period of one month. The
result showed that the number of hours of sleep per day did not
affect whether a student did or did not do well with their academic
performance. Which among the choices are appropriate?

a) This type of study is appropriate for a small number of

subjects.
b) Reliance on recall is easily eliminated on this type of design
c) The study is able to easily determine the status of a disease
e
d) The type of study is non-directional
All of the choices are appropriate

6. An investigational drug was subjected to a clinical trial to
determine its efficacy in lowering blood pressure among subjects
with primary hypertension. The study took place in multiple centers
spanning several continents globally. The study was able to recruit
over a million participants. The results have shown that the drug is
efficacious. The drug was then approved for medical use. Which
phase of a clinical trial determines the appropriate dosage of this
investigational drug?
A Phase I trial: tests a NEW drug in a small group of subjects for the
FIRST time to evaluate SAFE DOSAGE, and identify SIDE EFFECTS
Phase II trial: Drug is given to a larger group to see whether it is
effective and further evaluate SAFETY.
Phase III: Large groups to confirm EFFECTIVENESS, monitor SIDE
EFFECTS, do compare with current treatments.

a) Phase I Phase IV trials: POST MARKETING STUDIES to include DRUG RISKs,

b) Phase III BENEFITs and OPTIMAL USE
c) Phase IV Trans 1.01 p.2
d) Phase II
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e) All of the phases determines the appropriate dosage.

7. A systematic review was conducted to determine the duration of E

fever among Covid19 treated patients with a new anti-viral drug
comparing it with the standard treatment. The study was able to
collect 10 randomized controlled trials spanning 12 months. The
investigators took particular attention to the temperature differences
with these 2 medications. At the end of the study, they found out that
the new anti-viral drug was significantly superior in terms of reducing
fever duration. In addition, they also concluded that the new
medication did not reduce mortality. Also, it is more expensive than
the standard treatment. However, they recommended the new
antiviral drug for use provided that institutions and health care
systems can afford it. Which of the following metrics did the
investigators use in monitoring for the temperature differences
among different clinical trials?

a) All of the above are applicable and appropriate

b) odds ratio
c) Risk ratios
d) relative risk
⑧
e) Standardized mean difference

8. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of B

two different treatments in bipolar disorder among adults. The study
compared drug X with standard treatment. The investigators were
able to gather 20 randomized controlled trials from a selection of 100
clinical trials based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were
able to study 100,000 subjects and came to a conclusion that drug X
was not significantly superior to standard treatment. Furthermore,
they found out that the study has a high degree of heterogeneity with
an inconsistency index of 78%. Which of the following choices are
appropriate?

a) All of the choices are appropriate.

&
b) The methodologies of each of the 20 trials have significant
variations among each other.
c) The study most likely has a high rate of publication bias
d) The investigators should have included all the 100 clinical
trials to improve accuracy of the results.
e) The investigators should also have included other studies
such as cohort and case-control studies to maximize the
number of studies in their meta-analysis

9. The third-year medical students in San Beda University usually E

like to work on systematic reviews and meta-analyses in their
research projects as these studies are one of the highest-ranked

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studies in clinical research. The most difficult part of their protocol is

how to work on their research protocol. The reasons for these are
numerous. One of the parameters where the students have difficulty
with are the sources of bias that they encounter during the protocol
development. Which among the choices are considered appropriate
for systematic reviews?

a)
The inclusion criteria is a possible source of bias, therefore
the needs careful planning
b) Whenever, appropriate students have to include journals
written in different languages
c) A funnel-plot is needed to determine publication bias
d) The students should take into account whether intention-to-
treat analysis was done in each studies they review
&
e) All of the choices are appropriate

10. A first-year medical student was assigned to work on a topic on B

medical research. The topic was given by his group mates and
formulation of the PICOM was done. However, the student was not
able to find a relevant topic for the research. So the student talked
with friends who are also medical students in different medical
schools and found out that one of the friends is working on a topic
similar to their assigned topic. The student inadvertently rephrased
the topic without permission and presented the agenda to group
mates to work on with their research protocol. Which of the following
choices is/are considered appropriate?

a) The student might be liable for direct plagiarism

O
b) This might be a case of plagiarism of ideas
c) To avoid this situation the student needs to refrain from
patchwork
d) The student needs to run the ideas in a plagiarism software
e) All of the choices are appropriate

11. According to a study by L. Korn and N. Davidovitch in 2016 D A study was done by L. Korn and N. Davidovitch in 2016 entitled: “The
entitled “The Profile of Academic Offenders: Features of Students Profile of Academic Offenders: Features of Students Who Admit to
Who admit to Academic Dishonesty, which of the following choices Academic Dishonesty”
is/are considered appropriate.
Objective: To characterize students who report academic dishonesty
a)
All of the choices are considered correct
b)
Academic dishonesty is higher among those with low Conclusion: There is a higher risk or prevalence of academic dishonesty
perceived fitness than with higher perceived fitness. in participants (students) who have more:
c) There were more males in the study as compared to → negative perceptions on academics
females. → negative study experience
→ negative personal perceptions
O
d) There is no significant differences in academic dishonesty
→ more involved in deviant behaviors
whether the the student is experiencing high level of stress
as compared with low levels of stress
Trans 1.04 p.1

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e) There is no significant difference of academic dishonesty in

age whether the student is younger or older than 26 years
of age.

12. According to PM Kumar and NS Priya, to avoid plagiarism, it is A Tips to avoid plagiarism:
important to have adequate time to finish the protocol, have a clear 1. Have adequate amount of time to finish the article
understanding of the concept, avoid writing several papers of similar 2. Have a clear understanding of the concept
types, and always cite the not-so-common language. 3. Write new ideas using own words
4. Use few appropriate and accurate sources
8
a) True 5. Avoid patchwork
6. Always cite not common language (if the words/terms are not
b) False
L
common)
7. Don’t copy/paste articles to your manuscript
8. Cite accurately
9. Always credit the original sources
10. Avoid writing several papers of the same type and submitting to
different journals at any one time
11. Consult a proof reader to finalize the manuscript
12. Use anti-plagiarism tools
13. Follow author’s guidelines
Trans 1.04 p.2
13. Regarding the abstract, the following is the sequence of the B
standard structure of the abstract. It usually begins with the
objectives followed by the study design which includes the
participants and interventions. Next in the list is the conclusion which
is usually followed by the data analysis and the study outcome
measure.

a) True
⑧
b) False

14. As a medical student, you are tasked to work on a research C

protocol. The research protocol is a document that objectively acts
as a guide in order to conduct clinical research. You are now about
to start the methodology section of your protocol. Which of the
following is appropriate regarding the methodology section.

a) If you are to work on your research outside of your

institution, the memorandum of agreement should be
included in it
b) All of the above is appropriate
c)
a It states whether the author has conflicts of interest
d) It includes the research objectives
E. The data collection forms is included with it

15. Before conducting a research study, it is a requirement that the
Ethics Review Board or (IRB) of your institution has approved your
research protocol. In addition, once approved, there is no need for
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B “The medical research protocol should be approved by the Ethics and
Review Board of an institution… The board may initially approve the
protocol and periodically monitor/review the research.”
Trans 1.02.1 p.4
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them to monitor the progress of your research as it is the duty of the

research supervisor.

a) True
b) False
0

16. When citing a journal article in AMA format, the following is/are A → Volume number (no period)
considered appropriate. → Issue number in brackets ()
Trans 1.02.1 Appendix
0
a)
b)
The Volume number is followed brackets
All of the choices are appropriate
c) The title of the research is placed under italics
d) The year of publication ends with a coma
e) The first name of the author ends with a period

17. This is the very first critical step in a research process and forms C Research Question – very first critical step in research process and
the backbone of research. forms the backbone of a good research

a) The research objective

b) The methodology
0
c) The research question
d) The review of literature
e) The introduction

18. A research protocol was planned by one of the trainees. It is a B Ethical

randomized controlled trial about treatment in hypertension. The → foremost requirement
study will recruit 5000 subjects and they will be equally divided into 2 → mandatory to get clearance to conduct the study
groups. The inclusion criteria are that the participants are adults → minimizes the risk of harm
aged 40 to 60 years of age and have a history of primary → guide to avoid inappropriate practices in medical research
hypertension. It will be conducted in multiple hospitals in three
countries. The investigators wanted to determine whether the Feasible
experimental drug works by comparing it with a placebo. At the start → Should be within the rational limits or capability of the
of the study, all participants will have a washout period of researcher
hypertensive medications for 3 days before participating in the → Have appropriate number of subjects
clinical trial. Group A shall receive the experimental drug while Group → Sufficiently funded
B shall receive a placebo. The time frame for the study is 6 months.
The outcome shall be a lowering of blood pressure. Which among Interesting
the following choices will the research protocol have a problem with? → The researcher has a genuine interest in the field
→ To make the topic interesting, consider the ff. interesting to
a) Relevance researcher, to colleagues and allied health, and to end user or
b) Ethics patients
c) Being interesting
d) Novel (Originality) Novel
e) Feasibility → Should not copy questions investigated by other investigators
→ Simple and clear
→ The complex research question conceals the idea and creates
confusion
Trans 1.02.1 p. 1

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19. This is a characteristic of a research question where the PICOM E Check #18 rationale.
must consist of intellectual and of academic value. In addition, the
clinical question has to be based on the current scenario.

a) Feasible
b) Interesting
c) Ethical
d) Novel
0
e) Relevance

20. Your friend is asking you about a clinical question. It is about the C CAUSALITY – COMPARATIVE – aims to research for the effect of 2 or
treatment of bronchial asthma. The clinical question is: “Among more rival treatments
Filipinos aged 18-59, what is the -
effectiveness of using Salmeterol
metered-dose inhaler versus Vilanterol Inhaler, in the management RELATIONSHIP – evaluates relation between variables
of mild to moderate bronchial asthma using an open- labeled,
parallel, superiority, randomized clinical trial. What type of clinical COMPOSITION – involves breakdown of a whole into its components
question is this?
CAUSALITY – COMPARATIVE INTERACTIONS – most complex
a) Relationship question among other research questions /interaction between treatments)
b) Composition
c) Causality-comparative DESCRIPTIVE – COMPARATIVE – a question which the researcher
will ensure that all is the same within groups except the issue in
-

d)
e)
Causality-comparative Interaction
-

Descriptive-comparative
Y question
-

EXISTENCE – designed to uphold existence

DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION – the question rang from

spectrum of uniqueness
Trans 1.02.1 p. 2
21. You are working on your research about weight gain on B
adolescents during the pandemic. Your research consultant told you
that you might experience some feasibility issues along the way.
Your consultant is concerned that you might not have enough
participants in a semester as you need to submit the results
beforehand. Which among the choices is the most appropriate next
step or solution.

a) Expand the time frame

O
b) Expand the inclusion criteria
c) Less follow ups are needed
d) All of the choices are appropriate
e) Learn the skills to diagnose obesity among adolescents

22. The following is/are characteristics of a hypothesis. C Characteristics of a good hypothesis:

→ Provides a good insight to the research question
a) It provides insight to your clinical question → Should be testable and measurable
b) It should be measurable → Should have a logical basis
c)
⑧ All of the choices are correct → Should follow the most likely outcome
d) It assumes to follow a likely outcome Trans 1.02.1 p.3

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~

e) It has a logical standpoint

23. COVID19 cases are rising in the NCR. The probability of cases is B Cohort studies – use for common disease based on risk factors /exposure OF
rare risk
getting higher as the proportion of cases rises among the tested factors
population. According to experts, the rate of transmission has been Case Reports – no control/expiremental descriptive
; study of
rare condition
slowing down due to lockdown measures. You wanted to determine
whether the proportion of cases with the tested population shall rise Case Control Studies – use for rare disease (multiple case reports/ subjects)
or decline in the following weeks. What type of research design
would you most likely work on? Randomized Controlled Trial – strongest of all study designs; subjects
are allocated at random to receive interventions
a) Cross-sectional study
b)
O Cohort study Systematic Review – gathers evidences that fits a pre-specified eligibity
c) Case-control study criteria to answer a specific research question
d) Case report
e) Meta-analysis Meta Analysis – is a subject of systematic review and uses statistical
analyses

Cross-Sectional Study – observation of a defined population at a single

point in time or time interval no causality/comparison
thatdescribes evidences for prevalence Trans 1.1.1-2
24. You are currently working on your clinical research protocol but A
you are somewhat unsure whether the topic is interesting. What will
be your next steps to determine whether your research topic is of
particular interest.

0
a) All of the above
b) Talk to your colleagues in the same field about it and ask
their opinion
c) Discuss the issue with the population in question
d) Try asking your consultant or research mentor for opinion
e) You can modify your question

25. The following is/are characteristics of a good research objective. B

S-specific
M measurable
a) Time Bound
A
b)
⑧ All choices are correct
-

attainable
c) Attainable R -

realistic
d) Measurable
T. time-bound
e) Specific

26. Any alterations in the research protocol after it has been A

approved by the ethics board have to be immediately reported back
to them.

O
a) True
b) False

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* 27. The Evidence-based triad includes the following: A

a) All of the choices

b) Clinical aptitude
c) Patient’s expectations
d) Patient’s values
~

e) Latest and best evidence

28. A group of researchers is working on a study to determine the D Check #23 rationale.
side effects of ivermectin. This medication has been an issue during
the pandemic as there is a lack of robust evidence for its use on
COVID19 infection. What type of research is the best type of study to
determine the side effects of a medication?
rare case
descriptive
a)
b)
Case reports -
Case Control studies
-comparison
2
of
subjects basedres a

c) Cohort studies -based on risk factors

d) Systematic review
gathers evidence
en
-

e) Randomized Clinical Trials

29. A 70-year-old patient came into your clinic complaining of easy D

fatigability. Upon thorough history and physical exam, you diagnosed
your patient with congestive heart failure. He is currently taking his
maintenance medications. The medication includes lisinopril and a
beta-blocker. You wanted the best medication for your patient but
your knowledge about the management of this ailment is more than 2
years from the current evidence. You now found an article that could
keep you up to date with the latest management however, the
population involved belongs to younger adults aged 30-60 years of
age. What would be your next step to optimize management for your
patient

a) The results can help your patient

b) Continue assessing for its validity
c) All of the choices are appropriate
0
d) Look for another journal
e) Continue reading the journal as it can help your patient

30. Your friend is asking you for help with a journal topic. It is about A
the management of a surgical procedure where Procedure A was
compared to the Standard Procedure. The study recruited X number
of participants with a surgical condition. The endpoint is the
resolution of the disease. You found out that those who underwent
Procedure A have a 93% success rate while the standard treatment
has a success rate of 89%. The relative risk is 0.63 (p = 0.06). From
this data, what can you tell your friend about the journal?

0
a) Procedure A is comparable to standard procedure

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b) The standard procedure is non-inferior to procedure A by

17%
c) Procedure A is riskier
d) Procedure A is superior to standard procedure
e) The standard procedure is safer.

31.The validity question: “Did the review address a focused clinical B

problem?” answers which type of type of critical appraisal?

a) Harm
O
b) Systematic review
c) Prognosis
d) Therapy
e) Diagnosis

32. The validity question: “ Was follow-up sufficiently long and A

complete?” answers which types of critical appraisal the
of disease
outcome
Prognosis -

predicting the

the cause the

of disease
identifying
Diagnosis
-

a) Prognosis and harm

b) Therapy and diagnosis
c) Prognosis and diagnosis
d) Diagnosis and prognosis
e) Systematic review and harm

33. Who is the father of modern Evidence-Based Medicine? David Sackett

34.Cite this article in AMA format Almojali AI, Almalki SA,

Alothman AS, Masuadi EM,
Alaqeel MK. The prevalence
and association of stress with
sleep quality among medical
students. J Epidemiol Glob
Health. 2017 Sep;7(3):169-174.
doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2017.04.005.
Epub 2017 May 5. PMID:
28756825; PMCID:
PMC7320447.

35. A study was conducted to determine the treatment effect of a a. Risk in Treatment = 0.30 a. Risk in Treatment = 0.30
new oral hypoglycemic agent (Drug A) for the management of
diabetes type II. It was compared with the standard drug, Metformin. b. Risk in Control = 0.40 Group 1
It is a double-blinded, parallel, randomized controlled trial. The end- = 700 in 1000 met end point
point of the study was to achieve an HbA1c score of 7 and below
within 3 months. The study recruited 1000 participants with diabetes
type 2. A baseline HBa1c test was done. The participants were
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equally randomized to Group 1 (Drug A) (n=1000) and Group 2 c. Absolute Risk Reduction = 300 did not meet end point
(Metformin) (n=1000). They were followed up every month to monitor 0.10 =300/1000 = Risk in Treatment
for their Hba1c levels. Or 0.30
d. Relative Risk = 0.75
There were no drop-outs. At the end of the study, the results showed b. Risk in Control = 0.40
that 700 out of 1000 in Group 1 met the endpoint while 600 out of
1000 in Group 2 (Metformin) met the endpoint. Group 2 (Control)
= 600 / 1000 met end point
Compute for the following: (answer in 2 decimal points) 400 did not meet endpoint
=400/1000
1. Risk in treatment =0.40
2. Risk in control
3. Absolute risk reduction c. Absolute Risk Reduction = 0.10
4. Relative risk
5. Relative risk reduction Absolute Risk Reduction= Risk Control – Risk Treatment
= 0.40 – 0.30
= 0.10

d. Relative Risk = 0.75

Relative Risk= Risk treatment / Risk in Control

= 0.3/0.4
= 0.75

36. A diagnostic study was done to determine the diagnostic A. Precision = 0.25 Imaging A
accuracy of an imaging study (Imaging A) to detect a certain disease. B. Accuracy= 0.30 ONLY 10 tested (+)
It was compared with a gold standard, the CT scan. The study ONLY DETECT 20 (-)
recruited 100 subjects. CT scan was able to detect 50 cases among Gold Standard CT
100 participants. Among those who tested positive for CT scan, only detect 50(+) out of 100
10 tested positive Imaging A. Also, among who tested negative for Detect 50 (-) out of 100
CT scan, only 20 tested negative with imaging A. (answer in 2
decimal points)

A. Compute for the precision of the test (Imaging A). B. compute for
the overall accuracy of Imaging A.

A. Precision:

= (TP) / (TP + FP)

= 10 / 10 + 30
= 10 / 40
= 0.25
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B. Accuracy

= (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)

= (10+20) / (10+20+40+30)
= 30/100
= 0.30

37. Your patient is asking you whether treatment A is more beneficial NNT= 5 NNT = 1/ARR
than treatment B in the management of irritable bowel syndrome.
You found a journal on treatment comparing treatment A with Where NNT is = Number Needed to Treat
treatment B and the study recruited 20,000 participants. You found And ARR is = Absolute Risk Reduction
out that the risk in treatment A is 0.2 while the risk in treatment B is ARR = Risk control – Risk in treatment
0.4. In addition, the relative risk for this clinical trial is 2. You wanted = 0.4 – 0.2
to compute the benefits of the treatment for your patient by = 0.2
determining the number needed to treat. Compute for the number So, NNT = 1 / 0.2
needed to treat. (*Answer in WHOLE NUMBER only). NNT = 5

38. A diagnostic test was done to determine the diagnostic accuracy A. Sensitivity
of test A in diagnosing tuberculosis. =0.50
This was compared with the gold standard, a blood culture. The B. Specificity
study was able to recruit 1000 participants. The result showed that =0.25
200 of the whole population turned out to be positive with the blood C. Positive Likelihood ratio
culture while 800 of them tested negative. =0.67
D. Negative Likelihood ratio
Among those who tested positive with blood culture, 100 of them =2
tested positive with test A. E. Accuracy of Test A
Also, among those who tested with negative blood culture, 200 of =0.30
them tested negative with test A. With the above data, compute for
(answer in nearest 2 decimal points) the following:

A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Positive Likelihood ratio
D. Negative Likelihood ratio
E. Accuracy of Test A A. Sensitivity

Formula = A / (A+C)
Where, A = With Disease and Positive Test
C = With Disease and Negative Test
Formula = D / (B+D)
Where, B = No Disease and Positive Test
D = No Disease and Negative Test

=100/200
=0.50

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B. Specificity

=200/800
=0.25

C. Positive Likelihood ratio

Formula = Sensitivity / (1-Specificity)

= 0.50 / (1- 0.25)
= 0.50 / 0.75
= 0.67

D. Negative Likelihood ratio

Formula = (1-Sensitivity) / Specificity

= (1 – 0.50) / 0.25
= 0.50 / 0.25
=2

E. Accuracy of Test A

Formula = (A+D) / (A+D+B+C)

Where:
A = True Positive
B = False Positive
C = False Negative
D = True Negative

= (100+200) / (100+200+600+100)
= 300 / 1000
= 0.30

39. retention among call center agents who drink at least 1 cup of Risk in Treatment (Rt)
coffee per night shift. The goal was to determine whether those who =0.5
drink coffee have a higher than standard memory retention during
their shifts. Risk in Control (Rc)
=0.1 Rt = 50/100
Rt= 0.5
They were compared with a control group and are matched
according to age, sex, weight, educational attainment, and job Relative Risk (RR)
position. It is to minimize the possible confounders. The study =5.0
recruited 100 call center agents who regularly drink coffee (Group A) Rc= 10/100
in their shifts and the additional 100 matched controls (Group B). Rc= 0.1

The results showed that 50 participants in Group A had higher than

standard memory retention while only 10 in the control group

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FINALS SAMPLEX RATIONALE

demonstrated higher than standard memory retention.

Compute for the relative risk for this study.

RR= Rt/Rc
RR= 0.5/0.1
RR= 5.0

APPENDIX

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