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 Practical
Research 2
Teacher:
Sarah Kimberly Lamadrid
 Welcome!
How are you feeling today?

www.menti.com
 Are you excited for
a fun learning session?
 At the end of the lesson you are
expected to:
● differentiate kinds of variables and their
uses ;
● illustrate the similarities and differences of
variables ; and
OBJECTIV
● design a research used in daily life
E
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-3), (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3),

(CS_RS12-Id-e-1)
What is variable?
Variable – something that changes or that can be changed :
something that varies.

mathematics : a quantity that can have any one of a set of

values or a symbol that represents such a quantity.
Pre-Test
1. Research Question: Does heating a cup of water allow it to
dissolve more sugar? What is the dependent variable (DV)?
______
A. water temperature B. amount of dissolved sugar

C. heating a cup of water D. dissolving sugar

2. The changes that occur in an experiment that are directly

caused by the researchers are called _____

A. Independent Variable B. Dependent Variable

C. Controlled Variable D. Continuous Variable

3. Which of these is NOT continuous data? _____

A. A person's height each year

B. The volume of water in a swimming pool each day

C. Cars finished in a factory each day

D. A person's weight on each birthday

4. Which of these is NOT discrete data? _____

A. Height of a sunflower as measured each day

B. How many students are absent from school each day

C. How many widgets a business sell each day

D. The number of people who drive through a red light each

hour during rush hour
5. By recording the number and type of questions asked by
students you can measure their confusion with new
subjects.' Which of the following is the independent variable in
this situation?

a. Number and type of questions

b. Students
c. Confusion
d. New subjects
 A VARIABLE is a measurable characteristic

B that varies. In science, the things that are

B
C changing in an experiment are called
A
A variables.
 There are six common types of variables. The following are
usually observed in an experiment.

1. Independent
2. Dependent
3. Intervening
4. Moderator
5. Control
6. Extraneous
DEPENDENT VARIABLES show the effect of manipulating
or introducing the independent variables. For example, if
the independent variable is the use or non-use of a new
language teaching procedure, then the dependent variable
might be students' scores on a test of the content taught
using that procedure. In other words, the variation in the
dependent variable depends on the variation in the
independent variable.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES are those that the researcher
has control over. This "control" may involve manipulating
existing variables (e.g., modifying existing methods of
instruction) or introducing new variables (e.g., adopting a
totally new method for some sections of a class) in the
research setting. Whatever the case may be, the
researcher expects that the independent variable(s) will
have some effect on (or relationship with) the dependent
variables.
The independent variable is the condition that you change in an experiment. It
is the variable you control. It is called independent because its value does not
depend on and is not affected by the state of any other variable in the
experiment. Sometimes you may hear this variable called the "controlled
variable" because it is the one that is changed. Do not confuse it with a "control
variable," which is a variable that is purposely held constant so that it can't
affect the outcome of the experiment. An independent variable is a variable
that the experimenter (or nature) manipulates in order to perform the
experiment. A researcher will use this information to help understand the
outcome of their experiment.
 3 THINGS TO REMEMBER

1 Think of an independent variable as a cause that produces an

effect. 

2 Treat the dependent variable as an outcome. 

3 Remember that a dependent variable can’t change an

independent variable. 
INTERVENING VARIABLES refer to abstract processes that are
not directly observable but that link the independent and
dependent variables. In language learning and teaching, they are
usually inside the subjects' heads, including various language
learning processes which the researcher cannot observe. For
example, if the use of a particular teaching technique is the
independent variable and mastery of the objectives is the
dependent variable, then the language learning processes used
by the subjects are the intervening variables.
MODERATOR VARIABLES affect the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables by modifying the
effect of the 5 intervening variable(s). Unlike extraneous
variables, moderator variables are measured and taken
into consideration. Typical moderator variables in TESL
and language acquisition research (when they are not the
major focus of the study) include the sex, age, culture, or
language proficiency of the subjects.
CONTROL VARIABLES. Since it is not possible to consider
every variable in a single study, the variables that are not
measured in a particular study must be held constant,
neutralized/balanced, or eliminated, so they will not have a
biasing effect on the other variables. Variables that have
been controlled in this way are called control variables.
 EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES are those factors in the
research environment which may have an effect on the
dependent variable(s) but which is not controlled. Extraneous
variables are dangerous. They may damage a study's validity,
making it impossible to know whether the effects were caused
by the independent and moderator variables or some
extraneous factor. If they cannot be controlled, extraneous
variables must at least be taken into consideration when
interpreting results.
There are other types of variables which are as follows (Russell
2013; Babbie 2013):

1. Constant – do not undergo any changes during an experiment

2. Attribute – characteristics of people: intelligence, creativity,

anxiety, learning styles, etc.
3. Covariate – included in the research study to create
interactions with the independent and dependent variables

4. Continuous – quantitative in nature and is used in interval

or ratio scale of measurement
5. Dichotomous – has only two possible results: one or zero

6. Latent – cannot be directly observed like personality traits

7. Manifest – can be directly observed to give proofs to latent

variables

8. Exogenous – found outside an identified model

9. Endogenous – found inside; as a part of identified model

 Activity 1:
Identifying
Independent and
Dependent
Variables
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON DISCRETE VARIABLE
The variable which
Meaning
assumes a finite number of
isolated values.
Complete
Range of specified number
Values Values are obtained by
counting.
Non-overlapping
Classification
Assumes Distinct or separate values.
Represented by Isolated
points
Table 1: Comparison Chart Between Discrete and
Continuous Variables
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
The variable which assumes
an infinite number of
different values.
Incomplete
Values are obtained by
measuring.
Overlapping
Any value between the two
values.
Connected points
Data involved in a study are also
considered variables since these are
the ones being manipulated.
There are two types of data or should we say variables.
These are categorical and numerical. Categorical
variables are also known as qualitative variables while
numerical variables are oftentimes called continuous
variables or quantitative variables. Whatever the name is,
don’t get confused. They may differ in what they are made
up of. Categorical variables are made of words while
numerical variables are made of numbers.
There are two types of categorical variables. These are
nominal and ordinal variables.

A nominal variable is one of the 2 types of categorical

variables and is the simplest among all the measurement
variables.

Examples of nominal variables: a. gender b. name

The responses to a nominal variable can be divided into two
or more categories. For example, gender is a nominal
variable that can take responses male/female, which are
the categories the nominal variable is Data/Variables
Categorical Nominal Dichotomous Ordinal Numerical
Interval Ratio 7 divided into. Gender is considered as
dichotomous variable. This variable is a nominal variable
which have only two categories or levels.
A nominal variable is qualitative, which means numbers are
used here only to categorize or identify objects.

For example, the number at the back of a player's jersey is

used to identify the position he/she is playing. They can
also take quantitative values. However, these quantitative
values do not have numeric properties. That is, arithmetic
operations cannot be performed on them.
Ordinal variable is characterized as an extension of nominal
data; no standardized interval scale; establishes a relative
rank; measures qualitative traits; the median and mode
can be analyzed; and has a rank or order.

A very good example of ordinal variable is described by a

Likert scale. A Likert scale is a psychometric scale used by
researchers to prepare questionnaires and get people's
opinions.
The interval variable is a measurement variable that is used to
define values measured along a scale, with each point placed
at an equal distance from one another.

It is one of the 2 types of numerical variables and is an

extension of the ordinal variable. Unlike ordinal variables that
take values with no standardized scale, every point in the
interval scale is equidistant. Arithmetic operations can also be
performed on the numerical values of the interval variable.
Examples of interval variables:

a. temperature measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit,

b. time,

c. generation age range.

It takes numeric values and may be classified as a continuous
variable type. The interval variable is an extension of the
ordinal variable. In other words, we could say interval variables
are built upon ordinary variables. The intervals on the scale are
equal in an interval variable. The scale is equidistant. The
variables are measured using an interval scale, which not only
shows the order but also shows the exact difference in the
value. It has no zero value.
The ratio variable is an extension of the interval
variable and is also the peak of the measurement
variable types. The only difference between the
ratio variable and interval variable is that the ratio
variable already has a zero value.
For example, temperature, when measured in Kelvin is an
example of ratio variables. The presence of a zero-point
accommodates the measurement in Kelvin. Due to the
absolute point characteristics of a ratio variable, it doesn’t
have a negative number like an interval variable. Therefore,
before measuring any object on a ratio scale, researchers
need to first study if it satisfies all the properties of an
interval variable and also the zero point characteristic.
Ratio variable is the peak type of measurement
variable in statistical analysis. It allows for the
addition, interaction, multiplication, and division of
variables.
 Activity 2:
My Sketch
Instructions: Make a diagram showing the different
types of variables. It must contain keywords that
describe each type. You may use any shapes or figure
for representations.
Assignment
Thank you for
attending!