SHS 11

Understanding Data and Ways to

Systematically Collect Data
Sampling and Observation
 Learning Objectives

At the end of learning period, you are expected to:

1. Identify what are the different sampling methods and techniques;

2. Differentiate probability sampling from non-probability sampling;
3. Employ these techniques in your research papers.
 Table of contents

01 02 03
Definition of Probability Sampling Non-Probability
Sampling or Unbiased Sampling Sampling
and Sampling Errors What is
What is Sampling?
Non-Probability
Sampling? What are
What is Probability
its types?
Sampling? What are
its types?
Sampling
 What is Sampling?
● It refers to your method or process of selecting
respondents.
Respondents ● Subjects who are expected to answer
questions mean to yield data for a
research study.
● The chosen ones constitute the
sample through which you will derive
facts and evidence to support the
claims or conclusions propounded
by your research problem.

Population ● The bigger group from where you

choose the sample.

Sampling Frame ● The term used to mean list of the

members of such population from
where you will get the sample.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
OR UNBIASED SAMPLING
 Probability Sampling or Unbiased
Sampling
● A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that
utilizes some form of random selection.
● In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some
process or procedure that assures that the different units in your
population have equal probabilities of being chosen.

Humans have long practiced various forms of random

selection.

Example: Picking a name out of a hat or choosing the

short straw.

These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism

for generating random numbers as the basis for random
selection.
SAMPLING ERRORS
 Sampling Errors
● A sampling error crops up if the selection does not take place in the
way it is planned. Such sampling error is manifested by strong
dissimilarity between the sample and the ones listed in the sampling
frame.
● How numerous the sampling errors depend on the size of the sample.

● The right sample size also depends on whether or not the group is
heterogenous or homogenous.

Note: The smaller the sample is, the bigger the number of
sampling errors. Thus, choose to have a bigger sample of
respondents to avoid sampling errors.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
 Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

● Simple random sampling is the best type of probability sampling

through which you can choose sample from a population.
● Using a pure-chance selection, you assure every member the same
opportunity to be in the sample.
● The only basis of including or excluding a member is by chance or
opportunity, not by occurrence accounted for by cause-effect
relationships.

Simple random sampling happens through any of these two

methods: (Burns 2012)

1) Have a list of all members of the population; write each name on a

card, and choose cards through a pure-chance selection.
2) Have a list of all members; give a number to member and then use
randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from the list.
 Types of Probability Sampling

2. Systematic Sampling

For this kind of probability sampling, chance and system are the ones
to determine who should compose the sample.

For instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set
of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students, take every
15th name on the list until you complete the total number of
respondents to constitute your sample.
 Types of Probability Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling

The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group
is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage. A study needing
group-by-group analysis finds stratified sampling the right probability
to use.

4. Cluster Sampling

This is a probability sampling the makes you isolate a set of persons

instead of individual members to serve as sample members. For
example, if you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1,000 students, you
can randomly select three sections with 40 students to constitute the
sample.
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
 Non-Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling disregards random selection of

subjects. The subjects are chosen based on their availability or the
purpose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole discretion of
the researcher. This is not a scientific way of selecting
respondents. Neither does it offer a valid or objective way of
detecting sampling errors.
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling
1. Quota Sampling

● You resort to quota sampling when you think you know the
characteristics of the target population very well.
● In this case, you tend to choose sample members possessing or
indicating the characteristics of the target population.
● Using a quota or a specific set of persons whom you believe to have
the characteristics of the target population involved in the study is
your way of showing that the sample you have choses closely
represents the target population as regards such characteristics.
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling
2. Voluntary Sampling

Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection

are the ones volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need
for you to do any selection process.

3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the
objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or
interest in your study.
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling

4. Availability Sampling

● The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts

a lot in this non-probability sampling method.
● If during the data-collection time, you encounter people walking on a
school campus, along corridors, and along the park or employees
lining up at an office, and these people show willingness to respond to
your questions, then you automatically consider them as your
respondents.
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling
5. Snowball Sampling

● Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this sampling

method does not give a specific set of samples.
● This is true for a study involving unspecified group of people. Dealing
with varied groups of people such as street children, mendicants, drug
dependents, call center workers, informal settlers, street vendors, and
the like is possible in this kind of non-probability sampling.
● Free to obtain data from any group just like snow freely expanding and
accumulating at a certain place, you tend to increase the number of
people you want to form the sample of your study.
OBSERVATION
 Table of contents

01 02 03
Advantages and
Definition of Types of Disadvantages
Observation Observation of Observation

-
 What is Observation?
● Observation is a technique of gathering data whereby you
personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of your
research.
● It lets you record what people exactly do and say in their everyday life
on Earth.
● Through this data gathering technique, proofs to support your
claims or conclusions about your topic are obtained in a natural
setting.
● Witnessing the subject manages themselves in a certain situation
and interpreting or expressing your thoughts and feelings about
your observation, you tend to deal with the observation results in a
subjective manner. Some say this element of subjectivity makes
observation inferior to other techniques.
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
 Types of Observation
1. Participant Observation

● The observer, who is the researcher, takes part in the activities of the
individual or group being observed.
● Your actual involvement enables you to obtain firsthand knowledge
about the subjects’ behavior and the way they interact with one
another.
● To record your findings through this type of observation, use the
diary method or logbook. The first part of the diary is called
descriptive observation. This initial part of the record describes the
people, places, events, conversation, and other things involved in the
activity or object focused on by the research.
● The second part of the diary is called the narrative account that
gives your interpretations or reflections about everything you
observed.
 Types of Observation
2. Non-participation or Structured Observation

● This type of observation completely detaches you from the target of

your observation.
You just watch and listen to them do their own thing, without you
participating in any of their activities.
Recording of non-participation observations happens through the
use of a checklist. Others call this checklist as an observation
schedule.

Note: These two observation types, participation and non-participation,

can occur in either of the covert or overt observation models. The first
lets you observe the subject secretly; that is, you need to say in a place
where the subjects don’t get sight of or feel your presence, much less,
have the chance to converse with you. The second permits you to divulge
things about your research to the participants.
METHODS OF OBSERVATION
 Methods of Observation
1. Direct Observation

This observation method makes you see or listen to everything that happens in the
area of observation. For instance, things happening in a classroom, court trial,
street trafficking, and the like, come directly to your sense.

2. Indirect Observation

This method is also called behavior archaeology because, here, you observe traces
of past events to get information or a measure of behavior, trait, or quality of your
subject. Central to this method of observation are things you listen to through tape
recordings and those you see in pictures, letters, notices, minutes of meetings,
business correspondence, garbage cans, and so on.
METHODS OF INDIRECT
OBSERVATION
 Methods of Observation
1. Continuous Monitoring or CM

Here, you observe to evaluate the way people deal with one another. As such, this is
the main data gathering technique used in behavioral psychology, where people’s
worries, anxieties, habits, and problems in shopping malls, play areas, family
homes, or classrooms serve as the focus of studies in this field of discipline.

2. Spot Sampling

This was done first by behavioral psychologists in 1920 with a focus on researching
the extent of children’s nervous habits as they would go through their regular
personality development. For a continuous or uninterrupted focus on the subjects,
you record your observations through spot sampling in an oral manner, not in a
written way.
ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
 Advantages
1. It uses simple data collection technique and data recording method.

2. It is inclined to realizing its objectives because it just depends on watching

and listening to the subjects without experiencing worries as to whether or not
the people will say yes or no to your observation activities.

3. It offers fresh and firsthand knowledge that will help you come out with an easy
understanding and deep reflection of the data.

4. It is quite valuable in research studies about organizations that consider you,

the researcher, a part of such entity.
DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
 Disadvantages
1. It requires a long time for planning.

2. Engrossed in participating in the subjects’ activities, you may eclipse

or neglect the primary role of the research.

3. It is prone to your hearing derogatory statements from some people

in the group that will lead to your biased stand toward other group
members.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!