Stat W1

INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
MR. REYMOND G. PARAGAS, MAS
WMSU
NATURE OF STATISTICS
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
2
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
In plural sense, it can mean the data itself or any numerical
computations derived from the data set.
 x n x   x 
2 2
x 2
s 
n nn  1
3
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
In singular sense, it is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the
Collection, Organization or Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of data.
Basic Steps in Research

1. Collection
2. Organization/Presentation
3. Analysis
4. Interpretation of data
4
HISTORY OFSTATISTICS
 GERMAN, “STATISTIK” and LATIN “STATUS” Which means state.
 Developed from government record.
 In Egypt, government prepared registration list of all heads of the families.
 In ancient Judea and Rome, used in census of population.
 In middle ages, taxes, military services and custom duties were also recorded.
 In modern times, it is used to draw inferences about the population.

5
Major Areas of Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Deals largely with the summary calculations, graphical and tabular displays and describing
important features of a set of data.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Concerned with making generalizations for a bigger group of observations based on the
information gathered from a small group of observations
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PATIKIM 1
DESCRIPTIVE OR INFERENTIAL
1. The average age of the applicants taking the NAPOLCOM Examination is 24
year old.
2. The enrolment of the third year Criminology this year shows 54% of the
students are males.
3. Teaching Trigonometry through computer method is more effective than

teaching it through lecture method.
4. By 2040 at least 3.5 billion people will run short of water (World Future
Society). 7
Terminologies to Remember
Population is the Sample is a part or a

collection of all portion of the
elements in a population selected
study. for study.
8
INDENTIFYING DATA SETS
Problem Solution
The population consists of the
In a recent survey, 2500 adults in
responses of all adults in the
the Philippines were asked if they
Philippines , and the sample consists
thought there was solid evidence
of the responses of 2500 adults in the
of global warming. 1500 of the
survey. The sample data set consists
adults said yes. Identify the
of 1500 yes’s and 1000 no’s.
population and the sample.
describe the sample data set.
9
Patikim 2
Problem/Situation Solution
The Philippines Department of Energy
conducts weekly survey of
approximately 300 gasoline stations to
determine the average price per liter
of special gasoline. On January 11,
2020, the average price was 45 php
per liter. Identify the population and
sample. describe the sample data set
10
Parameter is any numerical or nominal characteristic of a population.

It is the value obtained from a population.
Statistic is an estimate of the parameter. It is any value or

measurement obtained from a sample.
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PATIKIM 3
Parameter or Statistic?
1. A sample of students is selected, and the average age is 15.7 years.
2. After checking the computer records for every commercial movie made last
year, the longest running time was found to be 187 minutes.
3. Among the mayors who were surveyed, 30 of them were found to be

members of the National Party.
13
Census is the collection of data from every element in a population
Unit is an individual object or person in the population.
N denotes the size of the population.
n denotes the size of the sample.
14
Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample

which makes the members different from each other.
Examples:
Gender, Age, Eye color, Religion
Data (datum) are facts, or sets of information or observations

under study.
Examples:
Gender – Male, Age – 28 years old
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Independent Variable is one which affects or influences the

dependent variable.
Dependent Variable is a variable which is affected or influenced by

another variable.
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17
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 An intervening variable is an attribute or characteristic that “stands between” the

independent and dependent variables and exercises an influence on the
dependent variable apart from the independent variable.
 What outcomes in my study am I trying to explain? (the dependent variables)
 What variables or factors influence the outcomes? (the independent variables)
19
 What variables do I need to also measure so that I can make sure that my
major factors influence outcomes and not other factors? (the control variables
and the mediating variables)
 What variables might influence the outcomes but cannot or will not be measured?
(the confounding variables)
20
Types of Data (Variable)
 Qualitative data are data which can assume values that manifest the concept or
attributes.
 Quantitative data are data which are numerical in nature. These are data obtained
through counting and measuring.
21
PATIKIM 4
Qualitative or Quantitative?
1. Daily temperatures in June .

2. Percentage scores of a class in an exam.
3. Religious affiliation.
4. Player numbers in baseball team.
5. Unit of cell phone.
6. The telephone numbers in a directory.
22
Types of Quantitative Data (Variable)
Discrete data is one that can assume a finite number of values. Values are obtained
through the process of counting.
Continuous data is one that can assume infinite values within a specified
interval. The values are obtained through measuring.
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PATIKIM 5
Discrete or Continuous?
1. A statistic teacher counts 3 students are absent.

2. The weight of new-born babies at a local hospital.
3. A science teacher found out that on
the first, the first paper was submitted in 39.627 minutes after the test started.
24
Kinds of Measurement Scale
25
Kinds of Measurement Scale
26
PATIKIM 6
Determine the measurement scale
1. Religion classification
2. Rank in the family
3. Gender
4. Scores in the Statistics Quiz
5. Monthly telephone bills
6. Racial Origin
7. Family Income
8. Year level 27
Sampling Techniques
To obtain samples that are unbiased, statisticians use methods of sampling.
1. Simple Random Sampling

Random samples are selected by using chance methods. It is a
strategy for selecting study participants in which each and every
person has an equal and independent chance of being selected.
28
Sampling Techniques
2. Systematic Sampling
Samples are obtained by numbering each value in the population and then
selecting the kth value.
3. Stratified Sampling
Samples are selected by dividing the population into groups (strata)
according to some characteristic and then taking samples from each
group.
29
Sampling Techniques
4. Proportionate Sampling
Is a variation of stratified random sampling. Use this technique when our
subgroups vary dramatically in size in our population
5. Cluster Sampling
Samples are selected by dividing the population into groups and then taking
samples of the groups.
30
Sampling Techniques
6. Multistage Sampling
Most sophisticated sampling strategy and it is often used in large
epidemiological studies.
31
Sampling Techniques
32
Sampling Techniques
33
Sampling Techniques
34
Nonprobability Sampling
Are used when it is practically impossible to use probability sampling strategies.
 This typically occurs because of time and expense constraints and the
lack of an adequate sampling frame.
 Is also used when the frequency of the behaviour or characteristic of

interest is so low in the population that a more targeted strategy is
needed to find sufficient numbers of participants for the research
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1. Purposive Sampling/Judgment Sampling

Targets a particular group of people.
Selects particular elements from the population that are
representative or may provide information about a certain topic
2. Convenience Sampling
Researcher decides on the respondents of the study on the basis of
convenience.
36
3. Snowball Sampling/Network Sampling

Samples are taken thru referrals Convenience Sampling
4. Quota Sampling
Like stratified sampling but without randomization.
37
Thank you. 
38

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INTRODUCTION TO

Basic Steps in Research

 Developed from government record.

 In Egypt, government prepared registration list of all heads of the families.

 In ancient Judea and Rome, used in census of population.

 In modern times, it is used to draw inferences about the population.

3. Teaching Trigonometry through computer method is more effective than

Population is the Sample is a part or a

Parameter is any numerical or nominal characteristic of a population.

Statistic is an estimate of the parameter. It is any value or

3. Among the mayors who were surveyed, 30 of them were found to be

Census is the collection of data from every element in a population

Unit is an individual object or person in the population.

N denotes the size of the population.

n denotes the size of the sample.

Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample

Data (datum) are facts, or sets of information or observations

Independent Variable is one which affects or influences the

Dependent Variable is a variable which is affected or influenced by

 An intervening variable is an attribute or characteristic that “stands between” the

 What outcomes in my study am I trying to explain? (the dependent variables)

 What variables or factors influence the outcomes? (the independent variables)

Types of Data (Variable)

1. Daily temperatures in June .

Types of Quantitative Data (Variable)

1. A statistic teacher counts 3 students are absent.

Kinds of Measurement Scale

Kinds of Measurement Scale

To obtain samples that are unbiased, statisticians use methods of sampling.

1. Simple Random Sampling

Are used when it is practically impossible to use probability sampling strategies.

 Is also used when the frequency of the behaviour or characteristic of

1. Purposive Sampling/Judgment Sampling

3. Snowball Sampling/Network Sampling

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