Professional Documents
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CHA
PTER
1:
INTRODUCTION TO
Statistics
1.1 WHAT IS STATISTICS?
The word statistics is derived from classical Latin root, status which means
state.
As potential users of statistics, we need to master both the “science” and the
“art” of using statistical methodology correctly.
Specific definition:
Statistics is a collection of procedures and principles for
gathering data and analyzing information to help people
make decisions when faced with uncertainty.
Nowadays statistics is used in almost all fields of human effort such as:
Example applications
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistic of 1
Statistics
SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
Sports
A statistician may keep records of the number of hits a baseball player gets in
a season.
Financial
Financial advisor uses some statistical information to make reliable predictions
in investment.
Public Health
An administrator would be concerned with the number of residents who
contract a new strain of flu virus during a certain year.
Others
Any Idea?…..
2. Applied Statistics
o Involves the applications of those theorems, formulas, rules and laws to
solve real world problems.
o Applied Statistics can be divided into two main areas, depending on how data
are used. The two main areas are:
ASPECTS OF STATISTICS
Theoretical/Mathematical Applied
Statistics Statistics
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
Example
Determine which of the following statements is descriptive in nature and which is
inferential.
a. Of all U.S kindergarten teachers, 32% say that “knowing the alphabet” is an
essential skill.
b. Of the 800 U.S kindergarten teachers polled, 32% say that “knowing the
alphabet” is an essential skill.
Population
Sample
Inference
Statistic
Parameter
Population Sample
Average/Mean - µ Average/Mean -
Standard deviation - s Standard deviation - s
e.g. The “average” age at time of e.g. The “average” height, found by
admission for all students who using the set of 25 heights.
have ever attended our college.
Variable
A characteristic of interest about each individual element of a population or
sample.
e.g. : A student’s age at entrance into college, the color of student’s hair.
Data value
The value of variable associated with one element of a population or
sample. This value may be a number, a word, or a symbol.
e.g. : Farah entered college at age “23”, her hair is “brown”.
Data
The set of values collected from the variable from each of the elements that
belong to sample.
e.g. : The set of 25 heights collected from 25 students.
Example
A statistics student is interested in finding out something about the average ringgit
value of cars owned by the faculty members of our university. Each of the seven
terms just described can be identified in this situation.
i) Population : the collection of all cars owned by all faculty members at our
university.
ii) Sample : any subset of that population. For example, the cars owned by
members the statistics department.
iv) Data value : one data value is the ringgit value of a particular car. Ali’s
car, for example, is value at RM 45 000.
vi) Parameter : (which we are seeking information is) the “average” value of all
cars in the population.
vii) Statistic : (will be found is) the “average” value of the cars in the sample.
e.g. Number of courses for which e.g. Weight of books and supplies
you are currently registered. you are carrying as you attend class
today.
EXERCISE 1
1. Of the adult U.S. population, 36% has an allergy. A sample of 1200 randomly selected
adults resulted in 33.2% reporting an allergy.
a. Describe the population.
b. What is sample?
c. Describe the variable.
d. Identify the statistic and give its value.
e. Identify the parameter and give its value.
2. The faculty members at Universiti Utara Malaysia were surveyed on the question
“How satisfied were you with this semester schedule?” Their responses were to be
categorized as “very satisfied,” “somewhat satisfied,” “neither satisfied nor
dissatisfied,” “somewhat dissatisfied,” or “very dissatisfied.”
a. Name the variable of interest.
b. Identify the type of variable.
3. A study was conducted by Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. to measure the adverse side
effects of Allegra, a drug used for treatment of seasonal allergies. A sample of 679
allergy sufferers in the United States was given 60 mg of the drug twice a day. The
patients were to report whether they experienced relief from their allergies as well as
any adverse side effects (viral infection, nausea, drowsiness, etc)
a. What is the population being studied?
b. What is the sample?
c. What are the characteristics of interest about each element in the population?
d. Are the data being collected qualitative or quantitative?
Types of Data
Necessary data obtained through survey Data obtained from published material
conducted by researcher by governmental, industrial or
individual sources
Primary Data Collection Techniques
Published records from governmental,
Data are collected by researcher and obtained from
industrial or individual sources.
respondent
Historical data.
Various resources.
1. Face to face interview
Experiment is not required.
Two ways communication where researcher(s)
asks question directly to respondent(s).
Advantages:
Lower cost.
Advantages:
Save time and energy.
Precise answer.
Appropriate for research that requires huge data
Disadvantages:
collection.
Obsolete information.
Increase the number of answered questions.
Data accuracy is not confirmed.
Disadvantages:
Expensive.
Interviewer might influence respondent’s
responses.
Respondent refuse to answer sensitive or personal
question.
2. Telephone interview
Advantages:
Quick.
Less costly.
Wider respondent coverage.
Disadvantages:
Limited interview duration.
Demonstration cannot be performing.
Telephone is not answered.
3. Postal questionnaire
A set of questions to obtain related information of
conducted study.
Questionnaires are posted
Chapter 1: Introduction to every respondent.
to Statistic 8
Advantages:
Wider respondent coverage.
questions.
Interviewer influences can be avoided.
Lower cost.
Any Idea?.......
Another technique to collect primary data is observation.
List the advantages and disadvantages of this technique.
Levels of Measurement
EXERCISE 2
1) Classify each as nominal-level, ordinal-level, interval-level or ratio-level.
a. must be alphabetic.
b. can be either numeric or non-numeric.
c. must be numeric.
d. must rank order the data.
4) The scale of measurement that is simply a label for the purpose of identify-
ing the attribute of an element is the
a. ratio scale.
b. nominal scale.
c. ordinal scale.
d. interval scale.
5) Some hotels ask their guests to rate the hotel’s services as excellent, very
good, good, and poor. This is an example of the
a. ordinal scale.
b. ratio scale.
c. nominal scale.
d. interval scale.
10) The summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical, are
referred to as
a. inferential statistics.
b. descriptive statistics.
c. statistical inference.
d. report generation.
EXERCISE 3
4. At Sintok Community College 150 students are randomly selected and asked
the distance of their house to campus. From this group, a mean of 5.2 km is
computed.
25
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 1
1. You asked five of your classmates about their height. On the basis of this
information, you stated that the average height of all students in your university
or college is 65 inches. This is an example of:
a. descriptive statistics
b. statistical inference
c. parameter
d. population
2. A company has developed a new computer sound card, but the average lifetime
is unknown. In order to estimate this average, 200 sound cards are randomly
selected from a large production line and tested and the average lifetime is
found to be 5 years. The 200 sound cards represent the:
a. parameter
b. statistic
c. sample
d. population
9. A politician who is running for the office of governor of a state with 4 million
registered voters commissions a survey. In the survey, 54% of the 5,000
registered voters interviewed say they plan to vote for her. The population of
interest is the:
a. 4 million registered voters in the state
b. 5,000 registered voters interviewed
c. 2,700 voters interviewed who plan to vote for her.
d. 2,300 voters interviewed who plan not to vote for her
10. A company has developed a new battery, but the average lifetime is unknown.
In order to estimate this average, a sample of 500 batteries is tested and the
average lifetime of this sample is found to be 225 hours. The 225 hours is the
value of a:
a. parameter
b. statistic
c. sample
d. population
11. The process of using sample statistics to draw conclusions about true population
parameters is called
a. inferential statistics
b. the scientific method
c. sampling method
d. descriptive statistics
13. Researchers suspect that the average number of credits earned per semester by
college students is rising. A researcher at Michigan State University (MSU)
wished to estimate the number of credits earned by students during the fall
semester of 2003 at MSU. To do so, he randomly selects 500 student
transcripts and records the number of credits each student earned in the fall term
2003. He found that the average number of semester credits completed was
14.85 credits per student. The population of interest to the researcher is
a. all MSU students
b. all college students in Michigan
c. all MSU students enrolled in the fall semester of 2003
d. all college students in Michigan enrolled in the fall semester of 2003
14. The collection and summarization of the graduate degrees and research areas of
interest of the faculty in the University of Michigan of a particular academic
institution is an example of
a. inferential statistics
b. descriptive statistics
c. a parameter
d. a statistic
17. A study is under way in a national forest to determine the adult height of pine
trees. Specifically, the study is attempting to determine what factors aid a tree
in reaching heights greater than 50 feet tall. It is estimated that the forest
contains 32,000 pine trees. The study involves collecting heights from 500
randomly selected adult pine trees and analyzing the results. The sample in the
study is
a. the 500 randomly selected adult pine trees
b. the 32,000 adult pine trees in the forest
c. all the adult pine trees taller than 50 feet
d. all pine trees, of any age in the forest
20. For each of the following examples, identify the data type as nominal, ordinal,
or ratio.
a. The letter grades received by students in a computer science class
________________
b. The number of students in a statistics course
________________
c. The starting salaries of newly Ph.D. graduates from a statistics program
________________
d. The size of fries (small, medium, large) ordered by a sample of Burger King
customers. _____________________
e. The college you are enrolled in (Arts and science, Business, Education, etc.)
_________________