STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Instructor: CRISTINE JOY L. BLASE

POPULATION the tally sheets of electoral returns. Descriptive

 is the total or entire group of individuals or Statistics
observations from which information is desired
by a researcher. Apart from persons, a PROCESS OF STATISTICS
population may consist of mosquitoes, villages,
institution, etc. 1. Identify the research objective
A researcher must determine the question(s) he
or she wants answered. The question(s) must clearly
SAMPLE identify the population that is to be studied. Identify the
 the subset of a population.
research objective.
INDIVIDUAL 2. Collect the information needed to answer the
 a person or object that is a member of the
questions
population being studied.
Conducting research on an entire population is
often difficult and expensive, so we typically look at a
STATISTIC sample. This step is vital to the statistical process, because
 a numerical summary of a sample. if the data are not collected correctly, the conclusions
drawn are meaningless. Do not overlook the importance of
PARAMETER appropriate data collection.
 a numerical summary of a population .
Example:
A research objective is presented. For each research
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
objective, identify the population and sample in the study.
consist of organizing and summarizing data.
Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical
a.) The Philippine Mental Health Associations contacts
summaries, tables, and graphs.
1,028 teenagers who are 13 to 17 years of age and live in
Antipolo City and asked whether or not they had been
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
prescribed medications for any mental disorders, such as
uses methods that take a result from a sample,
depression or anxiety.
extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of
the result.
Population: Teenagers 13 to 17 years of age who
live in Antipolo City
Example: Consider the Scenario.
Sample: 1,028 teenagers 13 to 17 years of age
You are walking down the street and notice that a person
who live in Antipolo City
walking in front of you drops PHP100. Nobody seems to
notice the PHP100 except you. Since you could keep the
b.) A farmer wanted to learn about the weight of his
money without anyone knowing, would you keep the money
soybean crop. He randomly sampled 100 plants and
or return it to the owner?
weighted the soybeans on each plant.
Take Note!
Population: Entire soybean crop
If the entire population is studied, then inferential statistics
is not necessary, because descriptive statistics will provide
Sample: 100 selected soybean crop
all the information that we need regarding the population.
3. Organize and Summarize the information
Example:
Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to
For the following statements, decide whether it belongs to
obtain an overview of the data and can help determine the
the field of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
type of statistical methods the researcher should use.
1. A badminton player wants to know his average score for
4. Draw conclusion form the information
the past 10 games. Descriptive Statistics
In this step the information collected from the
sample is generalized to the population. Inferential
2. A car manufacturer wishes to estimate the average
statistics uses methods that takes results obtained from a
lifetime of batteries by testing a sample of 50 batteries.
sample, extends them to the population, and measures the
Inferential Statistics
reliability of the result.
3. Janine wants to determine the variability of her six exam
scores in Algebra. Descriptive Statistics

4. A shipping company wishes to estimate the number of

passengers traveling via their ships next year using their
data on the number of passengers in the past three years.
Inferential Statistics
5. A politician wants to determine the total number of votes
his rival obtained in the past election based on his copies of DISTINCTION BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Instructor: CRISTINE JOY L. BLASE
VARIABLE
 are the characteristics of the individuals
within the population. For example, recently
my mother and I planted a tomato plant in our
backyard. We collected information about the
tomatoes harvested from the plant. The
variable that interested us was the weight of a
tomato. My mom noted that the tomatoes had
different weights even though they came from
the same plant. She discovered that variables
such as weight may vary. If variables did not
vary, they would be constants, and statistical
inference would not be necessary.
Variables can be classified into 2 groups:
1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLES (CATEGORICAL)
variable that yields categorical responses. It is
a word or a code that represents a class or
category.
2. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES (NUMERIC)
takes on numerical values representing an
amount or quantity.
Example:
Determine whether the following variables are qualitative
or quantitative.
1. Hair color - Qualitative
2. Temperature - Quantitative
3. Stages of breast cancer - Qualitative
4. Number of hamburger sold - Quantitative
5. Number of children - Quantitative
6. Zip code - Qualitative
7. Place of birth - Qualitative
8. Degree of pain - Qualitative
DISTINCTION BETWEEN DISCRETE AND
CONTINUOUS
Quantitative variables may be further classified into:
1. DISCRETE VARIABLE
a quantitative variable that either a finite
number of possible values or a countable number of
possible values. If you count to get the value of a
quantitative variable, it is
discrete.
2. CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
a quantitative variable that has an infinite
number of possible values that are not countable. If you
measure to get the value of a quantitative variable, it is
continuous. (weight, time, distance travelled, height)
Example:
Determine whether the following quantitative variables are
discrete or continuous.
1. The number of heads obtained after flipping a coin five
times. Discrete
2. The number of cars that arrive at a McDonald’s drive-
through between 12:00 P.M and 1:00 P.M. Discrete
3. The distance of a 2005 Toyota Prius can travel in city
conditions with a full tank of gas. Continuous
4. Number of words correctly spelled. Discrete
5. Time of a runner to finish one lap. Continuous
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1.NOMINAL LEVEL
They are sometimes called categorical scales
or categorical data. Such a scale classifies persons or objects
into two or more categories. Whatever the basis for
classification, a person can only be in one category,
and members of a given category have a common set of
characteristics.
Example:
- Method of payment (cash, check, debit card, credit card)
- Type of school (public vs. private)
- Eye Color (Blue, Green, Brown)
2.ORDINAL LEVEL
This involves data that may be arranged in
some order, but differences between data values either
cannot be determined or meaningless. An ordinal scale not
only classifies subjects but also ranks them in terms of the
degree to which they possess a characteristics of interest. In
other words, an ordinal scale puts the subjects in order
from highest to lowest, from most to least. Although ordinal
scales indicate that some subjects are higher, or lower than
others, they do not indicate how much higher or how much
better.
Example:
- Food Preferences
- Stage of Disease
- Social Economic Class (First, Middle, Lower)
- Severity of Pain
3.INTERVAL LEVEL
This is a measurement level not only classifies
and orders the measurements, but it also specifies that the
distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent
along the scale from low interval to high interval. A value
of zero does not mean the absence of the quantity.
Arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can
be performed on values of the variable.
Example:
- Temperature on Fahrenheit/Celsius
- Thermometer
- Trait anxiety (e.g., high anxious vs. low anxious)
- IQ (e.g., high IQ vs. average IQ vs. low IQ)
4.RATIO LEVEL
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Instructor: CRISTINE JOY L. BLASE
A ratio scale represents the highest, most
precise, level of measurement. It has the properties of
the interval level of measurement and the ratios of the
values of the variable have meaning. A value of zero
means the absence of the quantity. Arithmetic
operations such as multiplication and division can be
performed on the values of the variable.

Example:
- Height and weight
-Time
-Time until death
-Operations that make sense for variables of different
scales.

Example:
Categorize each of the following as nominal, ordinal,
interval or ratio measurement.

1. Ranking of college athletic teams. Ordinal

2. Employee number. Nominal
3. Number of vehicles registered. Ratio
4. Brands of soft drinks. Nominal
5. Number of car passers along C5 on a given day. Ratio
6. Zip code Nominal
7. Degree of pain Ordinal