STATISTICS THE TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF
STATISTICS
Branch of mathematics that deals
with the collection, analysis, interpretation,
presentation, and organization of data.
The word “STATISTICS” seems to be a
familiar household word nowadays. There
are several reasons why we should study
statistics. Among the important reasons are
the following:
1. We must be able to read and understand
the various statistical studies performed
around us. To understand these studies, we
must be Knowledgeable of the different
concepts, principles. Symbols, and
techniques and procedures used in
statistical analysis.
2. We may conduct a research on growing
phenomena around us. To do this, we must
be able to perform experiments, and gather,
organize, summarize, and analyze
numerical data.
3. We may have to make decisions based
on the data and information of statistical
studies such as what product to purchase
based on consumer studies, how much
budget should be allotted by a company for
advertisement expense, or how much,
salaries and benefits should be paid or
given to employees.
To conduct a research, we must
collect data about variables we intend to
investigate. Data are any pieces of
information useful to the researcher. A
collection of values forms a data set.
Descriptive statistics consists of the
collection, organization, presentation and
analysis of data.
Inferential statistics consists of a higher
degree of analysis, interpretation, and
inferences. The area of inferential statistics
is called hypothesis testing is a decision-
making procedure to find out whether there
is a significant difference between a claim
about a population and another information
obtained about the said population.
UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS OF
STATISTICS
1. Identify the research objective. A
researcher must determine the question(s)
he or she wants answered. The question(s)
must be detailed so that it identifies a group
that is to be studied and the questions that
are to be answered. The group to be
studied is called the population.
UNIVERSE ~ is the set of all entities under
study.
POPULATION - is the set of all possible
values of the variable
AN INDIVIDUAL - is a person or object that
is a member of the population being studied
2. Collect information needed to answer the
questions. Everybody collects and uses
information, much of it in numerical or
statistical forms in day-to- day life. Gaining
access to an entire population is often
difficult and expensive. In conducting
research, we typically look at a subset of the
population called 2 sample.
SAMPLE - is the subset of the universe or
the population.
 EXERICISES from a sample, extends them to the
population, and measures the reliability of
Identify the population and sample in the
the result.
study being presented.
1. The Philippine Mental Health
Associations contacts 1,028 teenagers who EXERCISES
are 13 to 17 years of age live in Antipolo city
For the following statements, decide
and asked whether or not they had been
whether it belongs to the field of descriptive
prescribed medications for any mental
statistics or inferential statistics.
disorder such as depression and anxiety.
1. A badminton player wants to know his
ANSWER:
average score for the past 10 games.
Population: Teenagers 13 to 17 years of
- (Descriptive statistics)
age who live in Antipolo city.
2. A car manufacturer wishes to estimate
Sample: 1,022 teenagers 13 to 17 years of
the average lifetime of sample of batteries
age who live in Antipolo city.
by testing a 50 sample of batteries.
– (Inferential Statistics)
2. A farmer wanted to learn about the
3. Janine wants to determine the variability
weight of his soybean crop. He randomly
of her six exam scores in Algebra.
sampled 100 plants and weighted the
soybeans on each plant. - (Descriptive Statistics)
ANSWER: 4. A shipping company wishes to estimate
the nurnber of passengers traveling via their
POPULATION: Entire soybean crop.
ships next year using their data on the
SAMPLE: 100 plants selected. number of passengers in the past three
years.
- (Inferential Statistics)
3. Organize and Summarize the information
5. A politician wants to determine the total
This step in the process is referred
number of votes his rival obtained in the
to as descriptive statistics. Descriptive
past election based on his copies of the tally
statistics described the information collected
sheet of electoral returns.
through numerical measurements, charts,
graphs, and tables. The main purpose of - (Descriptive Statistics)
descriptive statistics is to provide an
overview of the information collected.
4. Draw conclusion from the information
In this step the information collected
from the sample is generalized to the
population. This process is referred to as
Inferential statistics. Inferential statistics
uses methods that takes results obtained
A variable characteristic of a population or
sample which makes one different from the
other.
Variable can be classified as a qualitative or
quantitative. Qualitative are those that can
be placed into categories according to their
characteristics or attributes. Quantitative are
those that are numerical in nature.
EXECISES
Gender – Qualitative
Temperature – Quantitative
Number of children – Quantitative
Hair color – Qualitative
Civil status – Qualitative
Height – Quantitative
Quantitative Variables may be
further classified as discrete, and
continuous. Discrete variable is a 1. Nominal Level of Measurement classifies
quantitative variable that either has a finite
number of possible values or a countable
number of possible values. A continuous
variable is a quantitative variable that has
an infinite number of possible values that
are not countable,
Exercises: Determine whether the following
variables are discrete or continuous.
1. The number of heads obtained after
flipping a coin five times. Discrete
2. The number of cars that arrive at a
McDonald’s drive-through between 12:00
P.M and 1:00 P.M. Discrete
3. The distance of a 2005 Toyota Prius can
travel in city conditions with a full tank of
gas. Continuous
4. Number of words correctly spelled.
Discrete
5. Tint of runner to finish one Lap.
Continuous
A parameter a value or measure
obtained from a population. If one uses the
mean, median and standard deviation to
differentiate the achievement of a class from
another class, then these measures have
parameter. Statistic is any value or
measurement obtained from a sample.
Statistic is an estimate of parameter.
For example, a given popularity survey of a
certain program, if 10% of it have senior
citizens with an average of 65, then this
average age is statistic.
Variables are counted or measured using
four types of scales namely, nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio.
data in non-overlapping scale. This scale
distinguishes one object from another object
for identifying purposes only. Examples are;
Methods of Payment (cash, check, debit
card, credit card), Type of School (Public vs.
Private), Eye Color (Blue, Green, Brown),
Subject Taught (Mathematics, Geotechnical
Engineering, Structural Engineering)
2. Ordinal Level of Measurement Like
nominal scales, identify, name, classify, or
categorize, objects or events but have an
additional property of a logical or natural
order to the categories or values. However,
we cannot tell how much —_Less or how
much more one rank has over the other.
Examples are; Food Preferences, Military
Ranking, Social Economic Class (First,
Middle, Lower)
Variables are counted or measured using
four types of scales and ratio.

3. Interval Level of Measurement specifies

the precise difference between among
the values or ranks.

Examples are; Temperature on

Fahrenheit/Celsius Thermometer, Trait
Anxiety (High Anxious vs. v Anxious),
IQ (High vs. Lew 12).

4. Ratio Level of Measurement Hos the

same characteristics as the interval
Level; the only difference is that the
level has an absolute zero point.
Examples are: Height, weight, Number

EXERCISES
1. Ranking of college athletic teams. -
ORDINAL
2. Employee number. - NOMINAL
3. Number of vehicles registered -
RATIO
4. Brands off soft drinks. - NOMINAL
5. Number of car passes along C5 on a
given day. - RATIO