AE9 - Statistical Analysis

with Software
Application

Introduction to Statistical Concepts

 Statistics

• is the science of collecting, organizing,

summarizing, and analyzing
information to draw conclusions or
answer questions.
 Data

• Factual information used as a

basis for reasoning, discussion, or
calculation.
 Field of Statistics

A. Mathematical Statistics – The study

and development statistical theory
and methods in the abstract.

B. Applied Statistics – The application

of statistical methods to solve real
problems involving randomly
generated data and development of
new statistical methodology motivated
by real problems.
 Definitions:
• Universe is the set of all entities under study. Population is the
set of all possible values of the variable. An individual is a
person or object that is a member of the population being
studied.

• A statistic is a numerical summary of a sample.

• Sample is the subset of the population.

• Descriptive statistics consist of organizing and summarizing

data. Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical
summaries, tables, and graphs.

• Inferential statistics uses methods that take a result from a

sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability
of the result.

• A parameter is a numerical summary of a population.

 Process of Statistics

1. Identify the research objective. A

researcher must determine the question(s)
he or she wants answered. The question(s)
must clearly identify the population that is to
be studied.

2. Collect the information needed to answer

the questions. Conducting research on an
entire population is often difficult and
expensive, so we typically look at a sample.
 Process of Statistics

1. Identify the research objective. A

researcher must determine the question(s)
he or she wants answered. The question(s)
must clearly identify the population that is to
be studied.

2. Collect the information needed to answer

the questions. Conducting research on an
entire population is often difficult and
expensive, so we typically look at a sample.
 Examples:
A research objective is presented. For each research objective,
identify the population and sample in the study.

1. The Philippine Mental Health Associations contacts 1,028

teenagers who are 13 to 17 years of age and live in Antipolo City
and asked whether or not they had been prescribed medications
for any mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety.

Population:
Sample:

2. A farmer wanted to learn about the weight of his soybean crop.

He randomly sampled 100 plants and weighted the soybeans on
each plant.

Population:
Sample:
 Process of Statistics
3. Organize and summarize the information.
Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to
obtain an overview of the data and can help
determine the type of statistical methods the
researcher should use.

4. Draw conclusion from the information. In

this step the information collected from the
sample is generalized to the population.
Inferential statistics uses methods that takes
results obtained from a sample, extends them
to the population, and measures the reliability
of the result.
 Examples:
For the following statements, decide whether it belongs to the field
of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
1. A badminton player wants to know his average score for the
past 10 games.

2. A car manufacturer wishes to estimate the average lifetime of

batteries by testing a sample of 50 batteries.

3. Janine wants to determine the variability of her six exam

scores in Algebra.

4. A shipping company wishes to estimate the number of

passengers traveling via their ships next year using their data
on the number of passengers in the past three years.

5. A politician wants to determine the total number of votes his

rival obtained in the past election based on his copies of the
tally sheet of electoral returns .
 Distinction Between Qualitative and
Quantitative Variables

Variables are the characteristics of the

individuals within the population

Variables can be classified into two groups:

1. Qualitative variables is variable that yields

categorical responses. It is a word or a code
that represents a class or category.

2. Quantitative variables takes on numerical

values representing an amount or quantity.
 Examples:
Determine whether the following variables are
qualitative or quantitative.

1. Haircolor

2. Temperature

3. Number of hamburger sold

4. Number of children

5. Zip code
 Distinction Between Discrete and
Continuous
Variables are the characteristics of the individuals
within the population

Quantitative variables may be further classified

into:
1. A discrete variable is a quantitative variable
that either a finite number of possible values or
a countable number of possible values.

2. A continuous variable is a quantitative

variable that has an infinite number of possible
values that are not countable.
 Examples:
Determine whether the following quantitative variables are
discrete or continuous.

1. The number of heads obtained after flipping a coin five

times.

2. The number of cars that arrive at a McDonald’s drive-

through between 12:00 P.M and 1:00 P.M.

3. The distance of a 2005 Toyota Prius can travel in city

conditions with a full tank of gas.

4. Number of words correctly spelled.

5. Time of a runner to finish one lap.

 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal Level - This is the first level of measurement
and it is characterized by data that consist of names,
labels or categories only.

2. Ordinal Level - This involves data that may be arranged

in some order, but differences between data values either
cannot be determined or meaningless.

3. Interval Level - This is a measurement level not only

classifies and orders the measurements, but it also
specifies that the distances between each interval on the
scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to
high interval.

4. Ratio Level - A ratio scale represents the highest, most

precise, level of measurement. It has the properties of
the interval level of measurement and the ratios of the
values of the variable have meaning.
 Examples:
Categorize each of the following as nominal, ordinal, interval
or ratio measurement.

1. Ranking of college athletic teams.

2. Employee number.

3. Number of vehicles registered.

4. Brands of soft drinks.

5. Number of car passers along C5 on a given day.