NAME: Ann GENEVIEVE T.

FLORES

SECTION: BSBA-5

I
1. Statistics – is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the collection,
organization or presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
2. Collection- refers to the gathering of information of data.
3. Organization or presentation -involves summarizing data or information in
textual, graphical or tabular forms.
4. Analysis-involves describing the data by using statistical methods and
procedures.
5. Interpretation- refers to the process of making conclusions based on the
analyzed data.
6. Population – refers to a large collection of objects, persons, places or
things. To illustrate this, suppose
a researcher wants to determine the average income of the residents of a
certain barangay and there are
1,500 residents in the barangay. Then all of these residents comprise the
population. A population is usually
denoted by N. Hence, in this case, N = 1,500
7. Sample – is a small or portion or part of a population. It could also be
defined as a subgroup, subset, or
representative of a population. For instance, suppose the above-mentioned
researcher does not have enough
time and money to conduct the study using the whole population and he
wants to use only 200 residents.
These 200 residents comprise the sample. A sample is usually denoted by n,
thus, n = 200.
8. Parameter – is any numerical or nominal characteristics of a population. It
is a value or measurement obtained
 from a population. It is usually referred to as the rule or actual value. If in
the preceding illustration, the
researcher uses the whole population (N=1500), then the average income
obtained is called a parameter.
9. Statistic – an estimate of a parameter. It is any value or measurement
obtained from a sample. If the researcher in the preceding illustration
makes use of the sample (n = 200), then the average income obtained
is called a statistic.
10.Data (singular form is datum) – facts, or a set of information or
observations under study. More specifically,
data are gathered by the researcher from a population or a sample. Data
may be classified into two categories,
qualitative and quantitative.

II What is the history of Statistics?

- Statistics, in the modern sense of the word, began evolving in the 18th
century in response to the novel needs of industrializing sovereign
states.

III. What are the application of Statistics in our everyday lives?

- Statistics are used behind all the medical study. Statistic help doctors
keep track of where the baby should be in his/her mental development.
Physician’s also use statistics to examine the effectiveness of
treatments. Statistics are very important for observation, analysis and
mathematical prediction models.

IV. Differentiate descriptive statistics from inferential statistics.

- Descriptive statistics summarize the characteristics of a data set.
Inferential statistics allow you to test a hypothesis or assess whether
your data is generalizable to the broader population.
V. What are the two categories of data? Define each.
- Qualitative data – data, which can make assume values that manifest
the concept of attributes. These are
sometimes called categorical data. Data falling in this category cannot
be subjected to meaningful arithmetic.
They cannot be added, subtracted or divided.

- Quantitative data – data which are numerical in nature. These are data
obtained from measuring or counting. In addition, meaningful
arithmetic operations can be done with this type of data. Examples: test
scores and height,
VI. What are the classifications of variables? Define each.
- 1. Independent Variables
The independent variable is the one that is computed in research to
view the impact of dependent variables.
- 2. Dependent Variables
The dependent variable is also called a criterion variable which is applied
in non-experimental circumstances.
- 3. Categorical Variables
It is a wide category of variable which is infinite and has no numerical
data. These variables are called as qualitative variables or attribute
variable in terms of statistics software.
- 4. Continuous Variables
The variables which measure some count or quantity and don’t have any
boundaries are termed as continuous variables.

VII. What are the different scales of measurement? Define each.

- Nominal Scale – the most primitive level of measurement. It is used
when we want to distinguish one object
from another for identification purposes. In this level, we can only say
that one object is different from another,
but the amount of difference between them cannot be determined. We
cannot tell that one is better or worse than the other.
- Ordinal Scale – data arranged in some specified order or rank. When
objects are measured in this level, we
can say that one is better or greater than the other. But we cannot tell
how much more or how much less of
the characteristics one object has than the other.

- Interval Scale – if data are measured in this scale, we can say not only
one object is greater or lesser than
another but we can also specify the amount of difference.

- Ratio Scale – the ratio level of measurement is like the interval level, but
with an only difference that ratio
level starts from an absolute or true zero point. In addition, there is
always the presence of units of measure.

VIII - Ways of collecting or gathering data

- 1. The Direct or Interview Method

In this method, the researcher has a direct contact with the interviewee.
The researcher obtains the
information needed by asking questions and inquiries from the
interviewee. This method is usually used in business
research.

- 2. The Indirect or Questionnaire Method

This method makes use of a written questionnaire.

- 3. The Registration Method

This method of collecting data is governed by laws. For example, birth
and death rates are registered in the
National Statistics Office for records and future use. The number of
registered cars can be found at the Land
 Transportations Office (LTO). The list of registered voters in the
Philippines is found at the Commission on Elections
(COMELEC). This method of gathering data is perhaps the most reliable
because this is enforced by law.

- 4. The Experimental Method

The method is usually used to find out cause and effect relationships.
Scientific researchers often use this
method. For example, agriculturists would like to know fertilizer on the
growth of plants. The new kind of fertilizer will
be applied to ten sets of plants, while another set of ten plants will be
given the ordinary. The growth of the plants will
then be compared to determine which fertilizer is better.

- 5. The Observation Method

is described as a method to observe and describe the behavior of a
subject. As the name suggests, it is a way of collecting relevant
information and data by observing.

IX. What are the two sampling techniques? Define each.

- Probability Sampling – is a sampling technique in which the researcher
chooses samples from a larger population using a method based on the
theory of probability.
- Non-Probability Sampling – a sampling technique in which the
researcher selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the
researcher rather than random selection. ... Each member of the
population has a known chance of being selected.