STATISTICS FOR

TECHNOLOGY
KATRINA ANN B. ESPINOLA
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course covers methods of data
gathering, organization, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data with
the use of descriptive and selected
inferential statistics that are useful tools
in Technological researches

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COURSE DESCRIPTION continuation

It incorporates basic ideas on hypothesis

testing, simple linear regression and simple
correlation.

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FINAL COURSE
OUTPUT

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FINAL COURSE OUTPUT
+ Application of what the students learned on
statistics in their research outputs. Polished
chapter 4 of their study.
+ This is negotiable

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 “
“Facts are stubborn things, but statistics
are pliable.”
― Mark Twain.

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 “
“99 percent of all statistics only tell 49
percent of the story.”
― Ron DeLegge II, Gents with No
Cents.

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INTRODUCTION

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STATISTICS
Statistics is a mathematical science
including methods of collecting, organizing
and analyzing data in such a way that
meaningful conclusions can be drawn from
them.

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COLLECTING
ORGANIZING
ANALYZING

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UNDERSTAND

PROCESS

INTERPRET

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TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
-summarize the -allow you to test a
hypothesis or assess
characteristics of whether your data is
a data set generalizable to the
broader population.

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TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
-collects, organises, -that focuses on drawing
analyzes and presents conclusions about the
data in a meaningful way. population, on the basis of
sample analysis and
observation

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TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
-describe what is -allow scientists to
going on in a take findings from a
sample group and
population or data generalize them to a larger
set population.

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TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS INFERENTIAL
-measures of central
tendency (mean, median
STATISTICS
and mode) -testing of
-spread of data (range, hypothesis, ANOVA
standard deviation)

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Descriptive vs inferential statistics

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KEY STATISTICAL CONCEPTS

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Population
+ CONCEPT All the members of a group about which you
want to draw a conclusion.
+ EXAMPLES All U.S. citizens who are currently
registered to vote, all patients treated at a particular
hospital last year, the entire daily output of a cereal
factory's production line.

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Sample
+ CONCEPT The part of the population selected for
analysis.
+ EXAMPLES The registered voters selected to
participate in a recent survey concerning their intention
to vote in the next election, the patients selected to fill
out a patient-satisfaction questionnaire, 100 boxes of
cereal selected from a factory's production line.

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Parameter
+ CONCEPT A numerical measure that describes a
characteristic of a population.
+ EXAMPLES The percentage of all registered voters
who intend to vote in the next election, the percentage
of all patients who are very satisfied with the care they
received, the average weight of all the cereal boxes
produced on a factory's production line on a particular
day

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Statistic
+ CONCEPT A numerical measure that describes a
characteristic of a sample.
+ EXAMPLES The percentage in a sample of registered
voters who intend to vote in the next election, the
percentage in a sample of patients who are very
satisfied with the care they received, the average
weight of a sample of cereal boxes produced on a
factory's production line on a particular day.

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Variable
+ CONCEPT A characteristic of an item or an individual
that will be analyzed using statistics.
+ EXAMPLES Gender, the household income of the
citizens who voted in the last presidential election, the
publishing category (hardcover, trade paperback,
mass-market paperback, textbook) of a book, the
number of varieties of a brand of cereal.
+ .

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Types of variables:

•Quantitative variables
represents amounts.
•Categorical
variables represents
groupings.

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Types of QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES:

•.

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Types of CATEGORICAL/ QUALITATIVE VARIABLES:

•.

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Levels of measurement
+ To establish relationships between variables,
researchers must observe the variables and record
their observations. This requires that the variables be
measured.
+ The process of measuring a variable requires a set of
categories called a scale of measurement and a
process that classifies each individual into one
category.
.

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Levels of measurements

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levels of measurememt
1. A nominal scale is an unordered
set of categories identified only
by name. Nominal
measurements only permit you to
determine whether two
individuals are the same or
different.
.
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levels of measurememt
2. An ordinal scale is an ordered
set of categories. Ordinal
measurements tell you the
direction of difference between
two individuals.
.
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levels of measurememt
3. An interval scale is an ordered series of
equal-sized categories. Interval
measurements identify the direction
and magnitude of a difference. The
zero point is located arbitrarily on an
interval scale.
.

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Levels of measurement
4. A ratio scale is an interval scale where a
value of zero indicates none of the
variable. Ratio measurements identify
the direction and magnitude of
differences and allow ratio
comparisons of measurements.
.

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Notation
+ The individual measurements or scores
obtained for a research participant will
be identified by the letter X (or X and Y if
there are multiple scores for each
individual).
.

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Notation
+ The number of scores in a data set will
be identified by N for a population or n
for a sample.

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Notation
+ Summing a set of values is a common
operation in statistics and has its own
notation. The Greek letter sigma, Σ, will
be used to stand for "the sum of." For
example, ΣX identifies the sum of the
scores.
.

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Order of operations
1. All calculations within parentheses are
done first.
2. Squaring or raising to other exponents
is done second.

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Order of operations
3. Multiplying, and dividing are done third,
and should be completed in order from left
to right.
4. Summation with the Σ notation is done
next.
5. Any additional adding and subtracting is
done last and should be completed in
order from left to right.
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 The Five Basic Words of Statistics

Variable

Population

Sample
Statistic
Parameter

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Thanks for listening!

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