U R E

N A T
of S
S T IC
A TI
S T
 History of Statistics
Egypt in the form of recording
The history of statistics can be
the number of sheep or cattle
traced back at least to the
owned, the amount of grain
biblical time of Asian Egypt,
produced, and the number of
Babylon, and Rome.
people living in the particular
city.

Babylonian government used statistics to measure the number of men under a King’s rule
and the vast territory that he occupied.

Roman empires used statistics by conducting registration to record population for the
purpose of collecting taxes.

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Modern statistics
is said to have
begun with John
Graunt.
lity
f m orta
o
bills

4
Karl Friedrich Gauss
brilliant German mathematician who used
statistical methods in making prediction about
the position of planets in our solar system.

5
Adolphe Quetelet
✗ Belgian astronomer developed the idea of the
“Average man” from his studies of the Belgian
census. He was also known as the “Father of
Modern statistics”.

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Karl Pearson
an English made important links
between probability and statistics.

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Importance and
Application of
Statistics in
Different Fields

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Business
Education
Psychology
Politics and
Government
Medicine
Agriculture
 en t
ta i nm
En ter
Economics
Mathematics
Everyday
Life
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
✗ Define descriptive inferential statistics and other
terminologies;
✗ Identify whether a study is descriptive or inferential;
✗ Differentiate population and sample, parameter and
statistic;
✗ Identify if a given data is quantitative or qualitative;
✗ Identify whether a variable is discrete, continuous,
dependent and independent.

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 2 areas under statistics
Descriptive Statistics
-statistics that are used to describe some aspect
of the data, such as the typical score or the
variability of scores.
-Is a statistical procedure concerned with
describing the characteristics and properties of
a group of persons, places, or things.
-Generally, it involves gathering, organizing,
presenting and describing data.
Inferential Statistics
- statistical procedures that are used to
draw inferences, information and
conclusions about the properties or
characteristics of the large group of
people, places, or things under study
based on the information obtained from
a small portion of that large group.
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 STATISTICS

✗ Descriptive ✗ Inferential

estimation
collection Hypothesis
organization testing
Determining
summarization relationships
presentation Predictions
Generalizing

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Assessment time!
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 Exercise 1

Tell whether the following situations will make use of descriptive

statistics or inferential statistics.
_______________1. A teacher computes the average grade of her
students and then determines the top ten students.
_______________2. A manager of a business firm predicts future
sales of the company based on the present sales.
_______________3. A psychologist investigates if there is a
significant relationship between mental age and chronological age.
_______________4. A sports journalist determines the most popular
basketball player for this year.
_______________5. A market vendor investigates the most popular
brand of vinegar.

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Terminologies in
Statistics
Population –refers to a
large collection of
objects, persons,
places, or things. It
is usually denoted or
represented by N.
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Maps

BAT2B

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Sample – a subgroup,
subset, or
representative of a
population. Is a small
portion or part of a
population.

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Parameter –any numerical or
nominal characteristic of a
population. It is a value
or measurement obtained
from a population. It is
usually referred to as the
true or actual value.
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Statistic – is an estimate of a
parameter. It is any value or
measurement obtained from a
sample.

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Data
- are facts, or a set of
information or observations
under study. More
specifically, data are gathered
by the researcher from a
population or from a sample.
Data may be classified into
two categories, qualitative
and quantitative.
✗ Qualitative data are data
which can assume values
that manifest the concept of
attributes. These are
sometimes called
categorical data. Data
falling in this category
cannot be subjected to
meaningful arithmetic
operations. They cannot be
added, subtracted, or
divided.
✗ Quantitative data are
data which are
numerical in nature.
These are data obtained
from counting or
measuring. In addition,
meaningful arithmetic
operations can be done
with this type of data.
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Variable
✗ is a characteristic, property, or
attribute of a population or sample
which makes the members different
from each other.
Discrete Variable –
is one that can
assume a finite
number of values. In
other words, it can
assume specific
values only. The
values of a discrete
variable are obtained
through the process
of counting.

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 Continuous
Variable – is one
that can assume Dependent
infinite values Variable – is a
within a specified
variable which is
interval. The
values of a affected or
continuous influenced by
variable are another variable.
obtained through
measuring.

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Independent Variable
– is one which affects
or influences the
dependent variable.

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Constant
✗ is a property or characteristics of a
population or sample, which makes the
member of the group similar to each
other.

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Thanks!
Any questions?
assessment
If none it’s

time!!!...

36
 Exercise 2

A. Classify the following as quantitative or qualitative data.

_______________1. Color of the eye
_______________2. Number of type writers in the room
_______________3. Civil status
_______________4. Address
_______________5. Age of teachers

B. Identify each of the following as continuous or discrete.

_______________6. Weight of a body
_______________7. Number of possible outcomes rolling a die
_______________8. Number of hairs in your head
_______________9. Number of passenger in a plane
_______________10. Life span of a person

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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
 Define descriptive inferential statistics and other
terminologies;
 Identify whether a study is descriptive or inferential;
 Differentiate population and sample, parameter and
statistic;
 Identify if a given data is quantitative or qualitative;
 Identify whether a variable is discrete, continuous,
dependent and independent.

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39
 Scales of
Measurement
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
✗ Identify the four (4) Scales of Measurement;
✗ Differentiate the four (4) Scales of Measurement;
✗ Determine the scale of measurement for the given data;
✗ Develop patience, enthusiasm and independence; and
✗ Relate the scale of measurement in their life.

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Statistics deals mostly with measurements. We
define measurement as the assignment of
symbols or numerals to objects or events
according to some rules. Since different
rules are used for the assignment of
symbols, then this would yield different
scales of measurement.

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1. Nominal Scale
this is the most primitive level of measurements. The
nominal level of measurement is used when we want
to distinguish one object from another for
identification purposes. In this level, we can only say
that one object is different from another, but the
amount of difference between them cannot be
determined. We cannot tell that one is better or worse
than the other. e.i. Gender, nationality, and civil status

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2. Ordinal Scale
data are arranged in some specified order or rank. When
objects are measured in this level, we can say that one is
better or greater than the other, but we cannot tell how
much more or how much less of the characteristic one
object has than the other. e. i. ranking in beauty contest,
siblings in the family, honor students in a class

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3. Interval Scale
we can say not only that one object is greater or less
than another, but we can also specify the amount of
difference. e. i. scores in examination

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4. Ratio Scale
•it is like the interval level. The only difference is that the
ratio level always starts from an absolute or true zero
point. In addition, in the ratio level, there is always the
presence of units of measure. If the data are measured in
this level, we can say that one object is so many times as
large or as small as the other. e.i. weight

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Assessment time!
47
 Exercise 3

Identify the scale of measurement for each of

the following:
________1. Religion
________2. temperatures inside a refrigerators
________3. ages of students in classroom
________4. political party
________5. size of t-shirt

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Summation
Notation
In our study of statistics, we shall be using
mathematical symbols. These symbols
are useful especially in writing
formulas. The most common symbol or
notation used in statistics is the
summation notation or simply
summation.

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To write the sum of n values or
measurement in simpler way, the
summation notation, represented
by the Greek capital letter sigma is
used.

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