Measures of

Location
Numerical descriptive measure
s are used to describe the prop
erties of sample or population i
n addition to the information p
rovided by tables and graphs
Measures of Central Tend
ency
• Are numerical descriptive measur
es which indicate or locate the cen
ter of a distribution or data set.
 Mean

Median
Mode
 Mean • The mean of a set of v
alues or measuremen
Ungrouped da
ts is the sum of all the
ta
measurements divide
d by the number of m
Grouped data
easurements in the se
t.
 • For ungrouped or raw data;
the mean has the following
formula.

Sample
Mean
Where, is the mean
is the sum of the me
asurements or values
N is the number of m
easurements
Example 1
Below are the travel times in minutes spent
by Mario in going to school last week.
Day Time Spent in Travelling

Monday 60 min.

Tuesday 45 min.

Wednesday 50 min.

Thursday 53 min.

Friday 47 min.
 Mean

Median
Mode
 MEDIAN
Is the middle value of a given set of
measurements, provided that the v
alues or measurements are arrange
d in an array. An array is an arrange
ment of values in increasing or decr
easing order.
Median for Ungrouped Data
To find the median of ungrouped
data, we first arrange the values o
r measurements in an array (eithe
r increasing or decreasing order)
and then get the middle value.
Example 1
The following are the ages of the
mathematics teachers in San Juan
elementary School: 21, 23, 32, 28,
25, 50, 48. compute the median.
Example 2
In an English test, 8 students obt
ained the following scores: 10, 1
5, 12, 18, 16, 20, 12, 14. Find th
e median.
 Median for Grouped Data

Where
X = Median
l = lower class boundary of the median class
N = total frequency
<cf = less than cumulative frequency above the median class
i = size of the class interval
f = frequency of the median class
Class Interval f <cf
16 – 23 1
24 – 31 3
32 – 39 6
40 – 47 12
48 – 55 10
56 – 63 8
N = 40
 Characteristics of the Median
1.The median is the most appropriate measure of ce
ntral tendency for ordinal data.
2.The median lies between the highest and the lowe
st measurements.
3.There is only one value for the median in a given s
et of measurements.
4.The median is not influenced by extreme values.
5.The median is used when the middle value is desir
ed. It is the value where 50% or half of the distribu
tion lies above it and 50% lies below it.
Assessment!
1. The random savings of third year BAT st
udents reveal the following current balanc
es in their bank account

Students A B C D E F G H
Current 340 180 140 360 180 170 340 290
Balances

Compute the Median and interpret the result.

2. The table below shows the age distri
bution of the contestants in a raffle dra
w sponsored by a popular noon time ga
Age
me show f
25 – 29 12
30 – 34 7
35 – 39 3
40 – 44 6
45 – 49 10
50 – 54 8
55 – 59 4

Compute the Median and interpret the result.

 Mean

Median
Mode
 MODE
Is the value which occurs most freq
uently in a set of measurement or v
alues.
Mode for Ungrouped Data
The mode for ungrouped data is fairly e
asy to find. It is just the value or measu
rement which occurs the most number
of times. In other words, it is the most
popular value.
A distribution may have only one mode
. In this case, the distribution is said to
be UNIMODAL. Data that have two val
ues for the mode are said to be BIMOD
AL. It is also possible that the set of dat
a is MULTIMODAL if there are more tha
n two values for the mode. If all the sco
res in a set of data occur only once, the
n the set of data has no mode
 Example 1
The data on the number of times 10 mothers go to m
arket every week are shown below
Mother A B C D E F G H I J
No. of times
mother goes 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 2
to market

Find the mode.

Example 2
Find the mode of the follo
wing measurements: 20, 1
5, 20, 14, 18, 15, 6
Mode for Grouped Data

Note: this formula for mode holds

only for unimodal distribution
For multimodal distribution, the rough
mode is given by the formula

Mode = 3 (median) – 2 (mean)

Example 1
Find the mode of the data whose frequency dis
tribution is given below
Class Interval f
16 – 23 1
24 – 31 3
32 – 39 6
40 – 47 12
48 – 55 10
56 – 63 8
N = 40
Example 2
For 50 days, Pedro recorded the number of car
s passing by their street from 10:00 o clock AM
to 12:00 o clock AM. The following table shows
the distribution.
No. of cars f
40 – 44 3
45 – 49 10
50 – 54 13
55 – 59 9
60 – 64 8
65 – 69 7
Characteristics of the Mode
Here are the characteristics of the mode:
1. The mode is the most appropriate measure of cent
ral tendency when the data are nominal in scale.
2. The mode is the least reliable among the three me
asures of central tendency because its value is und
efined in some distribution.
3. The mode is used when we want to find the value
which occurs most often.
4. The mode is a quick approximation of the average.
The mode is sometimes referred to as inspection a
verage.
Assessment!
1. The following table shows the frequ
ency of errors committed by 10 typist
per minute.
Typist A B C D E F G H I J
No. of errors 5 3 3 7 2 8 8 7 7 10
per minute

Find the mode and interpret it.

2. Find the mode of the following freq
uency distribution:
Class Interval f
100 – 109 5
110 – 119 10
120 – 129 8
130 – 139 15
140 – 149 12
150 – 159 10
Other Measures of Location
Fractiles

Quartiles Percentiles
Deciles
Quartiles
Are the values which divide the dist
ribution into four equal parts

Deciles
Are values which divides the
distribution into ten equal parts
Percentiles
Are values which divides the
distribution into 100 equal parts