Statistics

STATISTICS
The science that deals with the systematic method of
collecting, classifying, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting qualitative and numerical data to better
support rational decision- making processes.
 USES AND IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS

1. Sports
2. Education
3. Medicine
4. Government policies
5. Social problems and issues
6. Business and economics
 Frequency & Percent
STATISTICS Distributions
Descriptive
Statistics Statistical
Descriptions
Theory of
Probability
Estimation Theory
Inferential
Statistics
Hypothesis Testing
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL

It is concerned with
The drawing of
gathering, classifying
conclusion or inferences
and presenting of data
about a population based
and the collection of
on representative sample
values to describe
systematically taken from
group characteristics of
the given data.
the same population.
Frequency Distribution Table
(fdt)
A tabular presentation of qualitative or quantitative data
grouped into categorical or non-overlapping numerical
intervals called classes, together with the number of
observations in each class.
 Steps in constructing fdt
1. Determine the range for the set of observations.
Range – highest value- Lowest value
2. Determine the number of classes by using Sturge’s formula.
k=
where: k= approximate number of classes
n= number of observations
3. Compute the class size.
C = R. The computed value of C should be rounded-off (rounded up)
for convenience.
 Steps in constructing fdt

4. Determine the lowest class limit.

5. Tally each score to the category of class interval it
belongs to. Sum the frequency and check if its total is
equal to the total number of observations.
example
Given the midterm exam scores of 50 students, construct
the FDT.

9, 14, 18, 24, 29, 23, 18, 13, 9, 5, 10, 16, 20, 25, 26, 21,
16, 10, 6, 29, 29, 18, 8, 13, 18, 28, 18, 13, 17, 12, 17, 28,
17, 12, 7,10, 16, 26, 11, 16, 27, 16, 11, 6, 12, 17, 27, 17,
12, 22
solution
1. Range = 29-5 = 24
2. k=
k=1+ 5.64 = 6.64
6.64 7
3. C= = 3.4
3.4 4
4. 1st lower limit = 5
Below is the FDT of the given example.
Class interval (CI) Tally Frequency (F)

5-8 IIII 5
9 -12 IIII-IIII-I 11
13-16 IIII-IIII 9
17-20 IIII-IIII-I 11
21 -24 IIII 4
25-28 IIII-II 7
29-32 III 3
Total (N) 50
Other information related to FDT.

(a) True Class Boundaries (TCB)

- “real” limits of each CI
Lower TCB = LL – unit measure
Example : LTCB = 5- (1) = 4.5

Upper TCB = UL + unit measure

Example: UTCB = 8+ (1) = 8.5
(B) Class Mark (CM) - Midpoint of each CI
CM = (LL+UL)
Example :
CM= (5+8) =6.5

(c) Relative frequency(RF) – ratio of the frequency to the

number of observations in each CI.
RF= or x 100% example: RF=
(d) cumulative frequency(cF)
<CF - obtained by summing up the frequencies
starting with the frequency of the lowest valued CI
(less than).

> CF - obtained by summing up the frequencies

starting with the frequency of the highest valued CI
(greater than).
FDT of the given example.
(CI) (F) TCB CM RF% <CF >CF
5-8 5 4.5-8.5 6.5 10 5 50
9-12 11 8.5-12.5 10.5 22 16 45
13-16 9 12.5-16.5 14.5 18 25 34
17-20 11 16.5-20.5 18.5 22 36 25
21 -24 4 20.5-24.5 22.5 8 40 14
25-28 7 24.5-28.5 26.5 14 47 10
29-32 3 28.5-32.5 30.5 6 50 3
Total (N) 50 100
 Types of data
Grouped
Data presented/Organized into groups like
categories or classification.

Ungrouped

A set or array of things or observation

that has not undergone any classification.
 Measures of
Central Tendency
 Measures of
CENTRAL TENDENCY
A measure of central tendency is a summary statistic that
represents the center point or typical value of a dataset. These
measures indicate where most values in a distribution fall and are
also referred to as the central location of a distribution.

mean median mode

Mean
• Also known as arithmetic mean or average.
• affected by outliers/extremes
• most reliable if there are no outliers
• The most commonly used measure of the central
tendency.
• Simply the sum of the observation divided by the
number of observations.
Measures of Central Tendency
Median
• positional measure
• the middle value of a sorted list of numbers.
• not affected by outliers
• most reliable when there are outliers

Measures of Central Tendency

Mode
• the value that occurs most often
• only average that can be used in categorical
data
• not unique sometimes
• does not exist sometimes

Measures of Central Tendency

 Calculating the
Measures of Central
Tendency for
UNGROUPED DATA
Mean of Un g ro up e d D a ta

𝒙=
∑ 𝒙
𝒏
where = mean
= summation of all data
= total number of cases in the sample

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean of Un g ro up e d D a ta

STEPS :
1. Get the sum of all the given data;
2. Divide the sum by the number of
data(n).

Measures of Central Tendency

EXAMPLE 1

In a biology class 8 students received test

grades of 83,90, 92, 84, 65, 76, 88, and 90.
Find the mean of these test scores.
SOLUTION-EXAMPLE 1

Therefore, the mean score of the 8 students in a biology class

is 83.50
EXAMPLE 2

A salesperson records the following daily expenditure

during a 10-day trip. Compute for the average
expenditure of the salesperson during the 10-day trip.

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Expenses $185.34 $216.74 $234.55 $1,345.75 $211.86 $147.65 $320.45 $205.60 $184.16 $188.12
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 2

Hence, the average expenditure of the salesperson during the 10-

day trip is $324.02.
EXAMPLE 3

A group of teachers at a given school

conducted a review on the number of
absences their students incurred during the
first two quarters of the 2013-2014 academic
year. A random student sample showed the
following figures:5 7 5 3 5 5 4 7 9 6.
Determine the Data Set mean.
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 3

Thus, the mean is 5.6.

IT’S YOUR TURN NOW!

The following indicates the test scores of 10

students in Problem Solving.

22, 67, 27, 62, 32,

57, 37, 52, 42, 47,
Median of Ungrouped Data

The median of an ungrouped data is a rank

list of a number.

Measures of Central Tendency

Median o f Un g ro up e d D a ta
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending/descending
order.
Step 2: Locate the middle value.
If the data are even, get the mean/average of
the two middle data.
Measures of Central Tendency
EXAMPLE 1

Find the median of the following raw data.

a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21,12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
SOLUTION-EXAMPLE 1.a
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21,12
step 1: Arrange the data
1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21
Step 2: Locate the middle value. Since the number of cases is an
odd number, we will use to find the position of the middle value .

The 4th data is the middle value which is 9.

,Therefore, the median of the given set of data is 9.
SOLUTION-EXAMPLE 1.b
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
Step 1. 23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108
Step 2: Since the given number of data is even, to find the median
we will get the average of the two middle values.
b. 1) - 3rd and 4th data 3rd = 77 4th = 89
b. 2)
Thus, the median of the given data is 83.
EXAMPLE 2

The number of books borrowed from the

library from Monday-Friday last week 64, 78,
57, 39, and 82 respectively. Find the median.
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 2

a. 39 57 64 78 82
b.

Since the median is located on the 3rd data which

is equal to 64, Hence 64 is the median of the given
data.
EXAMPLE 3

The ages of the patients at the pediatric ward

of Hospital Z are
10,2,5,6,5,8,9,10,4,12,4,12,9,5. Find the
median.
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 3

a. 2,4,4,5,5,5,6,8,9,9,10,10,12,12
b. ) - 7th and 8th data 7th = 6 and 8th =
8

Therefore, the median of the given data is 7.

 Mode
(

The most frequent value in the

distribution.
Measures of Central Tendency
Types of Mode
1. No mode – no mode
2. Unimodal – 1 mode
3. Bimodal – 2 modes
4. Trimodal – 3 modes
5. Multimodal – 4 or more modes
Measures of Central Tendency
EXAMPLE 1

Find the mode of data in the following lists.

a. 18,15,21,16,15,14,15,21
b. 2,5,8,9,11,4,7,23
c. 3,3,3,3,3,4,4,5,5,5,8
d. 12,34,12,71, 48,93,71
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 1

18,15,21,16,15,14,15,21
a. Since 15 appeared more often than the other
values. Hence, the mode of the given data is
15.

2,5,8,9,11,4,7,23
b. All the values in the data set occurred only
once. Thus, the given data has no mode.
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 1

3,3,3,3,3,4,4,5,5,5,8
c. =3
12,34,12,71, 48,93,71

d. = 12 and 71
EXAMPLE 2

In a certain barangay, the doctor at the health

center recorded the number of patients
served per day in one month. Find the mode
of the data set, If the mode exists, describe
the type of distribution.
80 85 83 84 90 95 76 63 65 78 82
58 77 79 81 86 89 91 96 59 70 74
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 2

Because all values in the data collection have

existed just once. This illustration indicates
that a mode will not occur.
Weighted Mean
The weighted average of observed data is the
result of dividing the sum of the products of
each observed value, the number of times it
occurs, and the other factor by the total
number of observations.

Measures of Central Tendency

Weighted Mean
Weighted Mean

Where: w – weight
x – observed value

Measures of Central Tendency

EXAMPLE 1

The table below shows John’s first semester course

grade. Use the weighted mean to calculate John’s
GWA for the first semester.
Course
Course Grade(x) wx
Unit(w)
English 1.0 3 3
History 2 3 6
Chemistry 1.2 4 4.8
Algebra 1.4 3 4.2
Total   13 18
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 1

=
Weighted Mean

Thus, John’s GWA for the first semester is 1.38.

EXAMPLE 2
The second semester ratings of Mary 's course are listed in the
table below. Find the GWA of Mary for the second Semester.
Course Grade(x) Course wx
Unit(w)
Biology 1.2 5 6
Statistics 2.3 3 6.9
Business 2 3 6
Psychology 1.5 5 7.5
Literature 1.9 5 9.5
Total   21 35.9
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 2

Weighted Mean =

Therefore, Mary's GWA for the Second Semester is

1.71.
 Determining the
Measures of Central
Tendency for
GROUPED DATA
Mean of grouped Data
When the number of items in a set of data is too large,
it is best to compute for the measures of central tendency
using the frequency distribution. The manner of
computing for the mean of the grouped data is given by
the formula:

Where: f = frequency of the class interval

x = midpoint of the class interval
n = total number of observations
Mean of grouped Data

Steps in applying the formula:

1. Get the midpoint of each class interval(x).
2. Multiply each midpoint by the corresponding
frequency to obtain fx.
3. Find the sum of these products, fx.
4. Divide the sum by n.
EXAMPLE 1
Find the mean given data below.
Class Interval f X = (U+L)/2 fx
45-49 2 47 94
50-54 2 52 104
55-59 2 57 114
60-64 1 62 62
65-69 2 67 134
70-74 9 72 648
75-79 7 77 539
80-84 7 82 574
85-89 3 87 261
90-94 4 92 368
95-99 1 97 97
TOTAL n= 40   =2 995
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 1

This means that 74.88 is the mean of the given data set.
EXAMPLE 2
Given the data below. Compute for the mean.
CLASS
INTERVALS f x fx

91-95 14 93 1302
86-90 12 88 1056
81-85 18 83 1494
76-80 35 78 2730
71-75 23 73 1679
66-70 10 68 680
61-65 8 63 504
  120   =9 445
EXAMPLE 2

78.71

Therefore the mean of the given data is 78.71.

 Median of g ro u pe d Dat a

( )
𝒏
−< 𝒄𝒇
~ 𝟐
𝑥= 𝑳𝑪𝑩 𝑴𝒅𝒏 +𝒊
𝒇 𝑴𝒅𝒏
where = median
= Lower Boundary Class containing the median class
less than cumulative frequency preceding the median class
= frequency of the class interval containing the median class
= class size
total number of frequency
Steps for Median of grouped Data
1. Compute less than cumulative frequency (<cf).
2. Determine one half of the total number of cases
3.Find the class interval wherein the median class falls.
4. Get the cf of the class immediately preceding the median class.
5. Compute Lower Class Boundary () by subtracting 0.5 on the
Lower limit containing the median class.
6. Determine the frequency of the median class.
7. Substitute the obtained values to the formula.
EXAMPLE 1
Compute for the median.
Class Interval f x <cf
45-49 2 47 2
50-54 2 52 4
55-59 2 57 6
60-64 1 62 7
65-69 2 67 9
70-74 9 72 18 Class Interval
75-79 7 77 25 Containing the
80-84 7 82 32 Median

85-89 3 87 35
90-94 4 92 39
95-99 1 97 40
TOTAL n= 40  
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 1
= 75 – 0.5 = 74.5
<cf = 18 i= 5
= = 20 =7

= 75.93
EXAMPLE 2
Compute the median of the given data:
Class
frequency <cf LcB
Interval
18-26 8 8 17.5
27-35 13 21 26.5
Class Interval
36-44 21 42 35.5 Containing the
Median
45-53 6 48 44.5
54-62 12 60 53.5
  n = 60  
SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 2
= 36 – 0.5 = 35.5
< cf = 21 i=9
= = 30 = 21

= 39.36
Mode of g roupe d Da t a
^
𝑥 =𝑳𝑪𝑩 𝑴𝒐 +𝒊
where = mode
(
𝒇 𝑴𝒐 − 𝒇 𝟏
𝟐 𝒇 𝑴𝒐 − 𝒇 𝟏 − 𝒇 𝟐 )
= Lower Boundary Class containing the modal class
frequency of the class interval containing the modal class
= frequency of the class before the modal class
= frequency of the class after the modal class
= class size

Measures of Central Tendency

Steps for Mode of grouped Data
1. Locate the Modal Class.
2. Compute Lower Class Boundary () by subtracting 0.5 on
the Lower limit containing the modal class
3. Locate the frequency of the modal class ()
4. Determine the frequency of the class interval before the
modal class (), after the modal class ().
5. Substitute the obtained values to the formula.

Measures of Central Tendency

EXAMPLE 1
Compute the mode of the given data.
Class
frequency LCB
Interval
18-26 8 17.5
27-35 13 26.5
Class Interval
36-44 21 35.5 Containing the
Mode
45-53 6 44.5
54-62 12 53.5
  n = 60  

Measures of Central Tendency

GIVEN - EXAMPLE 1

= 36-0.5 = 35.5
i = 9
= 21
= 13
=6

Measures of Central Tendency

SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 1

Thus, the mode of the given set of data is 38.63.

Measures of Central Tendency

EXAMPLE 2
For the past 40 days, the temperature in the City of Baguio was recorded
and tabulated in a frequency distribution.

Temperature Number of Days

15-17 2
18-20 8
21-23 10
24-26 7
27-29 3
30-32 7
33-35 3

Measures of Central Tendency

GIVEN - EXAMPLE 2

= 21-0.5 = 20.5
i = 3
= 10
= 8
= 7

Measures of Central Tendency

SOLUTION- EXAMPLE 2
=

Thus, the mode of the given set of data is 21.70.

Measures of Central Tendency