Factors Leading to Low Family Planning in Cagayan

MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
Factors leading to Low Utilization of Family Planning Methods
in Barangay Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of College of

Medical Laboratory Sciences Medical Colleges of the Northern
Philippines Alimannao Hills, Peñablanca, Cagayan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology
by:
Minerva Ann Gomez
Jallybeth Macopia
Jovelyn Battung
Jellie Anne Soriano
[1]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Research Paradigm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scope and Delimitation of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definition of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Family Planning and the Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Family Planning Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Family Planning Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Douching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Natural Family Planning Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calendar / Rhythm Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lactation Amenorrhea Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
Artificial Family Planning Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hormonal Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Injectables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Intrauterine Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surgical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[2]
Vasectomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Locale of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Respondents of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Research Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Data Gathering Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Statistical Treatment of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Research Flow Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …...
IV. Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
V. Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation. . . .
APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .
Request Letter to the Barangay Captain in Minanga

Peñablaca Cagayan
Informed Consent
Survey Questionnaire
[3]
ABSTRACT
Factors leading to Low Utilization of Family Planning Methods
in Barangay Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan
Background.
Family planning methods is way too beneficial among
mothers/ parents. This helps the family achieve their desired
family sized and fulfill the reproductive healths and rights
for all through universal access to quality family information
and services. To implement such programme, the reason for an
unmet use of contraception is needed.
Objectives
This study is conducted to determine the factors leading
to low utilization of family planning methods.
Subjects and Methods
A random sample of 25 mothers were interviewed regarding
their knowledge of family planning using questionnaire.
[4]
Results
When it comes to the services being administered and

catered by the barangay, there are only 3 contraceptive method
which they are administering namely pills, IUD and Condom. On
the factors for low utilization of family planning services,
they rated the following as component of low utilization which
are “accessibility” as the common having 98% and seconded by
“availability” having 88% which means that these factors
implant a very important role in mitigating the low
utilization of family planning services among the constituents
of minanga, penablanca, Cagayan. The results also show that
there is no significant relationship between the demographic
profile variables of the respondents to their level of
awareness to the utilization of family planning services.
Conclusion
In this study, it was observed while majority were using
contraception, significant number of married women and of
child bearing age is ambivalent about using contraception,
reasons not far-fetched from fear of side effect and low
utilization of family planning services, methods and factors.
Therefore, the need to further intensify efforts among
respondents to create awareness on benefits of family planning
and reaching out to the society by the health care providers
in achieving the millennium and development goals should be
redressed.
[5]
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Family planning refers to the use of contraceptive
methods to prevent unintended pregnancy, limit the number of
children, and space childbirth. Contraceptive methods are
classified as modern or traditional methods. In modern methods,
this include female sterilization, male sterilization,
intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), implants, injectables,
pill, male condoms, female condoms, emergency contraception,
and lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), whereas traditional
methods include rhythm (calendar), withdrawal, and folk
methods.
Using contraceptive has many benefits; it ensures couples
achieve the desired family size and reduces infant/perinatal
and maternal mortality. It also reduces the risk of HIV
transmission and STI acquisition and prevents unintended
pregnancies. Moreover, it decreases pregnancy and birth-
[6]
related complications as it provides adequate time for a
mother to recover from the previous pregnancy sufferings.
In the Philippines, there are 2.6 million married women
and 5.1 million unmarried women who wanted to use family
planning, but were not able to do so in 2017, according to the
National Demographic Health Survey. Eliminating this ‘unmet
need’ for family planning is at the heart of UNFPA’s mission.
UNFPA’s supports government partners in implementing
President Rodrigo Duterte’s Executive Order on “Zero Unmet
Need for Modern Family Planning,” and the integration of
family planning in the implementation of the recently enacted
Universal Health Care Law.
The ICPD recognizes that voluntary, good quality family
planning services that include counselling and access to
contraceptives must be available, accessible and affordable to
all including in humanitarian emergencies. Women, couples and
girls should be able to decide for themselves whether, when or
how often to become pregnant. It is a human right, central to
gender equality and women’s empowerment, and it is a key
factor in reducing poverty.
[7]
In line with the Department of Health FOURmula One Plus
strategy and Universal Health Care framework, the National
Family Planning Program is committed to provide responsive
policy direction and ensure access of Filipinos to medically
safe, legal, non-abortifacient, effective, and culturally
acceptable modern family planning (FP) methods.
Furthermore, utilization of modern contraceptive services
is advantageous, since it provides medically complex methods
such as Intra uterine contraceptive devices, hormonal implants
and sterilization. Such professionally staffed, and quality
approved services are important and safe for use by
communities.
Currently there is very limited research exploring the
factors influencing access to contraceptive services in
Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan. Barangay Minanga is located in a
secluded area in Peñablanca. There is very limited resources
on family planning method. Therefore, this research study is
set to explore the factors leading to low utilization of
family planning methods in Barangay Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan.
The findings of this research will be useful for
planning interventions aimed at expanding the knowledge of
every mothers/ parents in family planning.
[8]
Statement of the Problem
To assess the Factors Leading to Low Utilization of Family
planning methods in Barangay. Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan.
Specifically to answer the Questions:
1.What is the demographic profile of the participants in terms
of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Religion,
1.3 Educational Attainment,
1.4 Occupation
1.5 Monthly income.
1.6 No. of children, and
1.7 No. of years using family planning?
2.What is the level of awareness of the participants on family
planning in terms of:
2.1. Natural method and
2.2. Artificial method?
[9]
3. What Family Planning methods are commonly practiced by the
couples?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the
participant's level of awareness and demographic profile?
5. What strategies can be made to enhance the family planning
program.
6. What are the factors leading to low utilization of family
planning methods in Barangay Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan.
Conceptual Framework
In line with the Department of Health FOURmula One Plus
strategy and Universal Health Care framework, the Family
Planning Program is committed to provide responsive policy
direction and ensure universal access of Filipinos to correct
information, medically safe, legal, non-abortifacient,
effective, and culturally acceptable modern family planning
(FP) methods.
Maternal mortality, unplanned pregnancies, and unsafe
abortions are among the effects of poor family planning.
Moreover, modern families are failing to sustain the adequate
needs of their growing number of children, which is also an
[10]
outcome of poor family planning and low use of contraception.
Hence, the National Family Planning Program aims to ensure
every Filipino has a universal access to correct information,
medically safe, legal, non-abortifacient, effective, and
culturally acceptable modern family planning (FP) methods.
Specifically, this program aims to to increase the modern
contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) to 30% from 25% in 2017.
In the Philippines, there are 2.6 million married women and
5.1 million unmarried women who wanted to use family planning,
but were not able to do so in 2017, according to the National
Demographic Health Survey. Eliminating this ‘unmet need’ for
family planning is at the heart of UNFPA’s mission.
UNFPA’s supports government partners in implementing
President Rodrigo Duterte’s Executive Order on “Zero Unmet
Need for Modern Family Planning,” and the integration of
family planning in the implementation of the recently enacted
Universal Health Care Law.
The ICPD recognizes that voluntary, good quality family
planning services that include counselling and access to
contraceptives must be available, accessible and affordable to
all including in humanitarian emergencies. Women, couples and
girls should be able to decide for themselves whether, when or
[11]
how often to become pregnant. It is a human right, central to
gender equality and women’s empowerment, and it is a key
factor in reducing poverty.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
Dependent variable Independent Variable
1.What is the
demographic profile
of the participants
in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Religion,
To assess the
1.3 Educational
Factors Leading to
Attainment,
Low Utilization of
1.4 Occupation
Family planning
1.5 Monthly
methods in Barangay
income.
Minanga Peñablanca
1.6 No. of
Cagayan.
children, and
1.7 No. of years
using family
planning?
2.What is the level
of awareness of the
participants on
family planning in
terms of:
2.1. Natural
method and
2.2. Artificial
method?
[12]
Significance of the study
This study aims determine the factors leading to low
utilization of family planning methods in Barangay
Minanga,Penablanca, Cagayan. The results of the study will be
great benefit to the following :
For the Parents: The results of the study will enlighten them
on the benefits of Family Planning.
For the Municipal Health Office: The findings of this research
study will help the concerned government agency in enhancing
its existing program on Family planning method by coming up
with feasible and targeted strategies.
For the Department of Health: The results of the study will
serve as reference if there is a need for the DOH to
continuously collaborate with the Rural Health Unit of
Baranggay Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan to conduct a supplemental
Family planning method activity.
For the Healthcare Providers: The findings of this study will
help the healthcare providers in adhering to its mandate as
stipulated in Republic Act No. 10354, which is to help the
parents control the number of their children.
[13]
For the Community: The results of this study will give
awareness about Family Planning Methods and to the existing
program by the government which will benefit concerned and
targeted stakeholders.
For the Future Researchers: The proposed study will benefits
and help the future researchers as their guide. The study can
also open in the development of this study.
Scope and Delimitation of the study
The study aims to determine the factors leading to low
utilization of family planning methods in Barangay Minanga
Peñablanca Cagayan.The target respondents are the mothers in
Baranggay Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan. The respondents are
randomly selected mothers having 3 to 10 children who will
attend the maternal child department on the day of data
collection in Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan.
This study will make use of a simple random sampling design
with a researcher-made questionnaire being used in order to
gather the primary data.
[14]
Definition of Terms
Family Planning: is the participant’s way of achieving
family welfare by regulating and spacing of childbirth.
Family Planning Methods, Artificial (AFP): are methods or
techniques by which a couple in the specified barangay can
achieve or avoid pregnancy with the use of drugs, devices, or
other synthetic means.
Birth Limiting: Refers to when men or women have
completed their family size and do not plan to have any more
pregnancies.
Birth Spacing: Refers to when men or women have not yet
completed their family size but desire to postpone their next
birth.
Informed Choice: Decisions based on accurate information:
“The best decisions about family planning are those that
people make for themselves, based on accurate information and
a range of contraceptive options. People who make informed
choices are better able to use family planning safely and
effectively.”
Attitudes - This referred to the respondents’ way of
thinking or outlook with regards to the family planning.
[15]
Knowledge - This referred to either positive or negative
information received by the respondents.
Place of Delivery - This referred to the major place of
the respondent’s delivery whether in their home, clinic,
hospital etc.
Adoption: refers to the positive response of the mothers
to the family planning program thru utilization of the said
family planning methods in the barangay.
Awareness: pertains to knowledge of the participants
regarding the family planning methods from observation, formal,
and informal teachings
Contraceptive:is a device that prevents pregnancy, these
include condom, pills intrauterine device, natural family
planning, injectable, lactation amenorrhea method and tubal
ligation.
Family Planning Methods, Natural (NFP): are methods or
techniques by which a couple can achieve or avoid pregnancy
without the use of drugs or devices.
Reproductive Age: refers to the age cluster of
participants who are capable of bearing children.
[16]
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
This chapter aims to gain a better insight into the
problem to be study, as well as to provide better research
perspective, background and information. This chapter presents
a summary of related literature and studies that serve as a
frame of reference that which will support the problem
investigation.
Family Planning and the Society
Family planning programs have been predominantly directed
towards women perhaps because women bear children and there
are more contraceptives for women than for men. However, it
has been found in many developing countries that the decision
to use or not to use contraceptives, and the choice of a
particular contraceptive method, very often depends on the
approval of the husband. Therefore, the family planning
program must involve men (as well as women) to satisfy a
couple’s sexual and reproductive needs. Men should also be
involved in encouraging their wives to utilize the available
reproductive health care facilities (Dewi, 2009).
[17]
Lack of adequate knowledge in family planning methods and
the poor attitude and practices about negative side of over
population in adolescent girls may result in early pregnancy
and sexual disharmony. The awareness program should be
included in formal education system especially in the school
curricula so that adolescent girls can acquire correct
knowledge from reliable and social accepted sources rather
than from so called magazine, pornography etc. (Guria, M., et.
al, 2009).
The role of the woman's education on her fertility has
been extensively discussed in the literature and it's well
established that more educated women tend to have less
children (Martin and Juarez; Cleland and Rodriacuteguez) as
cited by Hashem (2009).
It is usually maintained that education not only provides
opportunities for personal advancement and awareness of social
mobility but it also provides a new outlook, freedom from
tradition, the willingness to analyze institutions, values and
patterns of behavior and the growth of rationalism (Shukla,
2006). In other words, education is the most dynamic and
influential tool for inducing positive attitude among couples
towards the methods and measures of family planning.
[18]
Family Planning Program
Family Planning is considered as a basic human right.
Every Individual has a right to information about family
planning; all persons have the right to decide freely whether
or not to practice family planning.
The current emphasis on reproductive health (RH) in
population programs began years ago when human rights and
women's health advocates began to question the rationale of
traditional policies that mainly focused on reducing
population growth through the provision of family planning
services (Hardee, 2011).
According to the World Health Organization, family
planning allows individuals and couples to anticipate and
attain their desired number of children and the spacing and
timing of their births. It is achieved through use of
contraceptive methods, sexuality education, prevention and
management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception
counseling, and treatment of involuntary infertility (WHO,
2011).
Family planning programs vary in their characteristics
and elements.Consequently, programs may differ in the ways
[19]
they influence contraceptive use, employment opportunities,
and other aspects of women's lives. These variations must be
taken into account in any explanatory model of the effect of
family planning on women's lives (Hong & Seltzer, 2011).
Family Planning Methods
Family planning is the use of contraceptives to prevent
pregnancy or observe birth control. Ideally, contraception is
the responsibility of both partners engaging in sex. The
practice of contraception may be done by a variety of methods.
Preference is given to the couples unto which method they may
adhere into. Such practices are grouped mainly as that of
natural and artificial family planning method. In natural
method, all methods under it do not utilize any instrument nor
give any synthetic materials just to prevent the occurrence of
pregnancy. Artificial method of family planning on the other
hand utilizes synthetic products, equipments, and some
hormones in order to prevent pregnancy.
Natural Family Planning Methods
Approximately 124,000 women in the United States use
natural methods of family planning (i.e., cervical mucus or
[20]
temperature monitoring) for avoiding pregnancy. Another
434,000 use self-devised calendar formulas (i.e., rhythm) as a
means to avoid pregnancy. Many women rely on natural markers
of fertility to help them achieve pregnancy. The accuracy,
ease of use, acceptability, and effectiveness of natural
biological markers to estimate the time of fertility in the
menstrual cycle is important for these women.
Calendar / Rhythm Method
Calendar Methods are various methods of estimating a
woman's likelihood of fertility, based on a record of the
length of previous menstrual cycles. Various systems are known
as the Knaus–Ogino Method or rhythm method and Standard Days
Method. These systems may be used to achieve pregnancy, by
timing unprotected intercourse for days identified as fertile,
or to avoid pregnancy, by restricting unprotected intercourse
to days identified as infertile (Pilliterri, 2010).
Douching
Douching is a method to wash out the vagina, usually with
a mixture of water, vinegar, and antiseptics after sexual
intercourse, to remove seminal fluid. It has been touted as
having a number of supposed but unproven benefits but is
[21]
equivalently dangerous, as it interferes with both the
vagina's normal self-cleaning and with the natural bacterial
culture of the vagina, and it might spread or introduce
infections (Healthwise, 2009). In the study of Sakru & et. al
(2006), vaginal douching tends pregnant women to genital tract
the incidence of vaginal infections, especially those caused
by Enterococcus spp and GBS. As such infections may render
such women to high risk in terms of perinatal mortality and
morbidity, thus it is already an uncommon practice.
Lactation Amenorrhea Method
This is a method of avoiding pregnancies which is based
on the natural postnatal infertility that occur when a woman
is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding. LAM is 98% - 99.5%
effective during the first six months postpartum (Alberta
Medical Association, 2009). In this method, breastfeeding must
be the infant’s only (or almost only) source of nutrition.
Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, and feeding
solids all reduce the effectiveness of LAM. The infant must
breastfeed at least every four hours during the day and at
least every six hours at night. The mother must not have had a
period after 56 days post-partum (Hatcher, 2007). It was
[22]
suggested that, suckling stimulus may be the key variable
which determines the return of postpartum ovulation (Howie &
McNeilly, 2011). Basal Body Temperature Method. Basal body
temperature is the lowest temperature attained by the body
during rest (usually during sleep). It can also be utilized to
monitor ovulation in females. It is generally measured
immediately after awakening and before any physical activity
has been undertaken, although the temperature measured at that
time is somewhat higher than the true basal body temperature.
The higher levels of estrogen present during the pre-ovulatory
(follicular) phase of the menstrual cycle lower BBTs. The
higher levels of progesterone released by the corpus luteum
after ovulation raise BBTs. The rise in temperatures can most
commonly be seen the day after ovulation, but this varies and
BBTs can only be used to estimate ovulation within a three day
range.
Artificial Family Planning Methods
Artificial family planning methods are subdivided into

groups as to their mode of action and or process of practice.
In general, there are those Hormonal Methods, Mechanical /
Barrier Methods, and Surgical Methods.
[23]
Hormonal Methods
Birth Control Pills. Oral contraceptive pills, commonly
known as the pill or COCs (combination oral contraceptives,
are composed of varying amounts of synthetic estrogen and
progestogen hormones. The estrogen acts to suppress follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH, thereby suppressing
ovulation. The progesterone action complements that of
estrogen by causing a decrease in the permeability of cervical
mucus, thereby limiting sperm motility and access to ova.
Progesterone also interferes with tubal transport and
endometrial proliferation to such degrees that the possibility
of implantation is significantly decreased (Pilliterri, 2010).
A variety of pills are available, but essentially they all
work in the same way. Proper intake of pills have 92 – 99%
efficacy rate (FPWA, 2009). It is easy to use as pills are
just taken orally every day. Special precautions are necessary
remembering to take it daily, it is not suitable for women who
can’t take estrogen, and that there are certain medication and
vomiting or diarrhea can make the pill less effective(FPWA,
2009). Indeed there are numerous side effects which
unfortunately are not made known to the general public. For
example on top of numerous studies showing its carcinogenic
properties since the development of the synthetic estrogens in
1938 by Sir Edward Charles Dodds finally the International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health
Organization (WHO) announced on July 29, 2005 that after a
thorough review of the published scientific literature, it has
concluded that combined estrogenprogestogen oral
contraceptives (and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal
therapy) are carcinogenic to humans - Group I category. This
category is used when there is sufficient evidence of
carcinogenicity in humans (Miguel-Aguirre, 2008; Nidoy, 2010).
Injectables
Injectable contraceptives are hormones given thru
parenteral route such as or Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone
acetate) norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), each contain a
progestin like the natural hormone progesterone in a woman’s
body. It does not contain estrogen, andso can be used
[24]
throughout breastfeeding and by women who cannot use methods

with estrogen (WHO, 2011). Effectiveness depends on getting
injections regularly: This means that 97 of every 100 women
using injectables will not become pregnant. Risk of pregnancy
is greatest when a woman misses an injection, thus, fertility
returns after injections are stopped (WHO, 2011). WHO (2011)
reports that users may experience the following on the First 3
months; Irregular or prolonged bleeding. At one year, there is
a possibility of none / infrequent / irregular monthly
bleeding. NET-EN affects bleeding patterns less than DMPA.
NET-EN users have fewer days of bleeding in the first 6 months
and are less likely to have no monthly bleeding after one year
than DMPA users. Weight gain, headaches, dizziness, abdominal
bloating and discomfort, mood changes, and less sex drive may
also be noted.
Mechanical Methods
Condoms and Diaphragms. Condoms and diaphragms are
barriers that prevent the union of sperm and egg cells. Both
male and female condoms may be made latex or polyurethane. For
males, it needs to fit closely over an erect penis. Condoms
prevent semen from entering the vagina. Condoms should only be
used with water-based lubricant. For male condoms, there is 85
– 98% efficacy rate while female condoms have lower at 79-95%
only (FPWA, 2009). Condoms and diaphragms are not
abortifacient but they have the highest failure rate varying
from 4-30 % depending on the age group surveyed. It condones
promiscuity and since it does not protect 100%, it contributes
to increased incidence of sexually transmitted disease
/infection (Miguel-Aguirre, 2008). Availability of condoms
makes people take wilder sexual risks, thus worsening the
spread of the disease as it offers false reassurance of
protection (Nidoy, 2010).
Intrauterine Device
IUDs are inserted into the uterus by a doctor to prevent
sperm from reaching the egg. Its use may give up to 99%
[25]
efficacy. It is also easy to use as there is no daily

contraception pills to take and worries for missed doses. It
is also cost effective and can last between 5 - 10 years. It
should be noted that this IUDs can change the female menstrual
period patterns and insertion of which should be done by a
trained practitioner only (FPWA, 2009).
Surgical Methods
Bilateral Tubal Ligation. This procedure is also called
tubal sterilization, tubal ligation, voluntary surgical
contraception, tubectomy, bitubal ligation, tying the tubes,
minilap, and “the operation.” It works because the fallopian
tubes are blocked or cut. Eggs released from the ovaries
cannot move down the tubes, and so they do not meet sperm (WHO,
2011). This is a permanent contraception for women who will
not want more children. There are two surgical approaches most
often used. The first approach is by minilaparotomy, which
involves making a small incision in the abdomen. The fallopian
tubes are brought to the incision to be cut or blocked. The
second is by laparoscopy, which involves inserting a long thin
tube with a lens in it into the abdomen through a small
incision. This laparoscope enables the doctor to see and block
or cut the fallopian tubes in the abdomen. It is one of the
most effective methods but carries a small risk of failure:
Less than 1 pregnancy per 100 women over the first year after
having the sterilization procedure (5 per 1,000) (WHO, 2011).
Vasectomy
It Works by closing off each vas deferens, keeping sperm
out of semen. Semen is ejaculated, but it cannot cause
pregnancy. Therefore, although the man can resume sexual
intercourse within 1 week, an additional birth control method
should be used until the two negative sperm reports have been
obtained (Pilliterri, 2010).
[26]
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the methodology that is going to
use in the study which includes the research design, locale of
the study, respondents of the study, sampling procedure,
research instrument, data gathering procedure, and data
analysis.
Research Design
This study will make use of a simple random sampling
design with a researcher-made questionnaire being used in
order to gather the primary data.
The data will be gathered through personal interview by
the use of of a survey questionnaire.
Locale of the Study
The researchers will be conducting the study in Barangay
Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan. Medical Colleges of Northern
Philippines (MCNP) will also be included as one of the locale
of the study wherein the finalization of the manuscript will
take place.
[27]
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study will be the selected mothers
from Barangay Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan having 3-10 number of
children.There is a total of 25 mothers who are selected as
participants in the study.
Research Instrument
In this study, the researchers will be using
questionnaire. The questionnaire is a set of orderly arranged
questions carefully prepared to answer by a group of people
designed to collect the facts and information.
The questionnaire is composed of six parts:
(a) Socio Demographic character
(b) Knowledge about Family Planning Services
(c) About Family Planning Services
(d) Cultural factors
(e) Availability
(f) Factors to low utilization of Family Planning
[28]
A copy of the survey questionnaire is initially sent to
the research adviser for evaluation of questionnaire
construction and corrections.
Data Gathering Procedure
After acquiring all the formal permission that the
researchers must acquire from the institution and the locale
where the data will be collected, the researchers will then
delve into he gathering of the data needed on the demographic
profile of the respondents. For this the researchers are
allotting a one (1 ) month to gather all the data needed.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Percentage is used to identify the distribution or
frequency of the responses of the participants in the study.
Weighted Mean is utilize to measure central tendencies of

the responses in the study.
[29]
RESEARCH FLOW CHART
Obtained approval from the College Department Chair to

conduct this study
Communicated to the Barangay Captain of Minanga,Peñablanca

Cagayan to conduct this activity
Selected respondents and sought their consent
Data Gathering
Data analysis and interpretation of results
Conclusion
Dissemination of research result and utilization
[30]
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter includes the results, discussion, analysis
and interpretation of all the data gathered from the
respondents in connection to their participation and practice
of the different factors and utilization of family planning
methods.
1. Demographic profile of the respondents
Table 1.1
Profile of the respondents in terms of Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 0 0.00
Female 25 100.00
Total 25 100
Table 1.1 shows that 100 percent or 25/25 of the
respondents belongs to the female sector of the society.
This representation simply indicates that family planning
methods usually and is always known by females.
[31]
Table 1.2
Profile of the respondents in terms of Age
Age Frequency Percentage
10 – 15 0 0.00
16 – 25 4 16.00
26 – 35 12 48.00
36 - 45 9 36.00
Total 25 100
Table 1.2 indicates that most of the respondents
belong to the age bracket of 26 – 35 gaining 48 percent
of the total number of respondents, 36 percent belongs to
the 36 – 45 age bracket and 16 percent were established
from the teen to middle age group. This representation
simply includes that most of the respondents that
practice family planning method belongs to the middle age
group of the community.
[32]
Table 1.3
Profile of the respondents in terms of educational
attainment
Educational Frequency Percentage
Attainment
Tertiary/ College 5 20.00
level
Secondary/ Senior 9 36.00
High level
Primary/ 11 44.00
Elementary level
Total 25 100
Table 1.3 shows that 44 percent or almost one half
of the respondents only attained education of elementary
level, 36 percent are secondary level and the remaining
20 percent only came from the tertiary level. This table
proves that mostly of the respondents from the said
barangay which is now considered to be part of a family
and is now practicing the family planning method have
lock of educational experiences.
[33]
Table 1.4
Profile of the respondents in terms of Occupation
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Employed 1 4.00
Peasant 0 0.00
Unemployed 0 0.00
Housewife 24 96.00
Total 25 100
As seen from table 1.4, 96 percent of the
respondents are Housewives which have the frequency of 24
respondents and only 1 from the respondents is employed
having 4 percent of the total population of respondents.
It is hard to believe that most of the respondents of the
community have no occupational obligation that can
provide financial stability for their respective family.
This only proves that barangay minanga have a very low
rate of occupational frequency and stability for the
reason of, it is only farming which is familiar and is
the primary source of income from this community.
[34]
Table 1.5
Profile of the respondents in terms of Religion
Religion Frequency Percentage
Catholic 19 76.00
Protestant 1 4.00
Muslim 0 0.00
Born Again 4 16.00
Others 1 4.00
Total 25 100
Table 1.5 shows that most of the respondents are
Catholic having 76 percent of the total population of the
respondents, 16 percent belongs from Born Again and both
4 percent from protestant and other religions from the
community.
Table 1.6
Profile of the respondents in terms Marital Status
Marital Status Frequency Percentage
[35]
Married 25 100.00
Single 0 0.00
Divorced 0 0.00
Total 25 100
Table 1.6 simply shows that 100 percent of the total
population of respondents are married respectively having
a 25/25 frequency.
2. Knowledge about Family Planning
Table 2.1
Statements/ Items Mean Descriptive
Value
Yes No
1. Have you ever had about 3.13 Highly
family planning Knowledgeable
2. Do you think family planning 3.13 Highly
is good Knowledgeable
3. Are you currently using 3.13 Highly
family planning method Knowledgeable
[36]
4. Do you have any child or 3.13 Highly
children Knowledgeable
Categorical Mean 3.13 Highly
Knowledgeable
Table 2.1 shows the mean and descriptive
interpretation on the knowledge of the respondents about
family planning. It is unanimously rated as highly
knowledgeable in terms of the following statements and/or
items that intends their knowledge and beliefs on the
different grounds of family planning methods. Teenage
pregnancies are rampant nowadays but this representation
only proves that family planning methods is important for
every individuals for them to control their pregnancy
stages and minimize the adequate growth of having many
children in the family without any knowledge on how to
fulfill the duties of each and every parents in the
family.
Table 2.2 - Distribution of respondents based on their
on their rating of most effective family planning method
[37]
Family Planning Frequency Percentage
Methods
Condoms 0 0.00
Injections 2 8.00
Oral 19 76.00
contraceptives
Implant 0 0.00
Intra-Uterine 4 16.00
Device
Total 25 100
The table above showed that more than three-fourth
of the total respondents (76%) rated Oral Contraceptives
or the so called “Pills” as the most effective, followed
by Intra-Uterine Device, which was 16%. In the other hand,
8% of the respondents chosen Injections or Depo as their
family planning method being used.
[38]
Table 2.3
Statements/ Items Mean Descriptive
Value
How do you find the use of 3.12 Highly
family planning services? Beneficial
Categorical Mean 3.12 Highly
Beneficial
Table 2.3 briefly show that family planning method
among the respondents of this study is highly beneficial
based on their respective rating on the subject matter.
3. About Family Planning Services
Table 3.1 – Distribution of Respondents based on their
knowledge, cooperation and performance in the utilization
of family planning services
Variables Yes No
Do you have access to family planning 25(100%) 0(0%)
services?
[39]
Do you have any side effects of the 17(68%) 8(32%)
family planning method that you have
ever used?
This table evaluates the existence and extremity
among the respondents in knowing the possible side
effects of family planning methods and the different
services that they had received in their community
particularly in health centers. 100% responded in the
access of family planning among the and 17% or ¾ of the
total respondents had experienced different side effects
on the family method that they are practicing.
4. Cultural Factors
4.1 – Distribution of Respondents based on their
knowledge in the factors that affect the utilization of
family planning methods
Variables Yes No
Do you know any cultural factors that 4% 96%
affect utilization of family planning
methods?
[40]
- Polygamy - -
- Divorce - -
- Wife Bearing - -
- Others (Teenage Pregnancy) 4% -
Table 4.1 shows that only 1 out of 25 responded that
there is existing cultural factors that affect the
utilization of family planning methods among the
respondents in which it is rated 4% of the total
population and 96% take the “No” as response to the
subject matter.
5. Availability
Table 5.1 – distribution of respondents based on the
availability of family planning methods and services
Variables Yes No
Are family planning services 100% 0%
available in Minanga, Penablanca,
Cagayan?
[41]
- Pills 100% -
- Injector plan 100% -
- Diaphragm - -
- Condom 100% -
- Vasectomy - -
- Tuboligation - -
Table 5.1 explains that family planning services is
highly available in Barangay Minanga with the following
contraceptive services only which are pills, injector plan and
condoms only. These three contraceptives are the only item
which are available for utilization in the area.
6. Factors to low utilization if family planning
6.1 distribution of respondents among the factors that
affect the utilization of family planning
Factors Frequency Percentage
Cultural 1 4.00%
Religious 0 0.00%
[42]
Availability 22 88.00%
Affordability 15 60.00%
Accessibility 23 92.00%
Lack of sensitization 4 16.00%
Ignorance 11 44.00%
Table 6.1 shows the different factors that affect
the low utilization of family planning services among the
respondents. The very first to low utilization is
“accessibility” in which it may cause for low utilization
when there are no stocks for contraceptives. Second is
“availability” even if they have knowledge for family
planning methods if there is no available services at all,
it is useless for the community and the respondents as
well for the reason that still they can’t reiterate the
fact that there are no available or existing usage at all.
Third, “affordability” this factor really matters because
even if there are available services if the benefactors
don’t have the capacity to undertake such services
because of lack of accessories or materials to access
that service. Fourth, “Ignorance” low utilization still
[43]
occurs if the respondents are ignorant enough to
undertake such services for family planning. Fifth, “lack
of sensitization” this factor stands as the performer of
such services among family planning methods. And the last
is “cultural” in which it only takes the lowest portion
of the respondents based on their level or age gap
entering for family undertakings. This factor slightly
fall for teenage pregnancies that did not plan for
maternal dispositions.
Table 7 – Relationship between the participant's level
of awareness and demographic profile
profile R - P - Interpretation
value value
Age .221 .288 Not
significant at
0.05
Religion .029 .891 Not
significant to
0.05
Educational -.176 .400 Not
[44]
Attainment significant to
0.05
Occupation .347 .089 Not
significant to
0.05
Monthly Income -.098 .641 Not
significant to
0.05
No. of Children .218 .295 Not
significant to
0.05
No. of years .207 .321 Not
using family significant to
planning 0.05
Table 7 shows that the correlation of the level of
awareness with that of the demographic profile
variables of the respondents at 0.05 level of
significance. The profile variables of the respondents
have no significant relationship between their level of
[45]
awareness towards the low utilization of family
planning services in barangay minanga.
[46]
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings
In accordance with the findings of this study, the
researchers were able to evaluate that in connection to the
demographic profiling of the respondents in terms of Sex/
Gender, it is 100% female who responded on the matter of
utilization of family planning methods and services. In terms
of age, majority of the respondents ranged from 26 – 35 years
old having 48% of the total population of the respondents.
Based on their respective Educational Attainment, most of them
only finished and in line to primary/ elementary level. When
it comes to their occupation, 96% or 24 out of the 25
respondents are housewives and don’t have any working
obligation at all. From their religious beliefs also, there
are 76% which are catholic and the rest of them are born again
and/or protestant. On their marital status, 100% of them
responded as married and is living in their respective
families for long. In terms of their knowledge on the subject
matter which is the family planning methods and services, they
rated the survey as “highly knowledgeable”. The respondents
also reiterated that oral contraceptive or the so called
[47]
“pills” is the most effective contraceptive that they had ever
used. They also added that family planning services is highly
beneficial among them who do not have any access for more
services for family planning methods. On the other hand, the
respondents insist that there are side effects in taking
contraceptives, their common concerns is abnormal menstrual
period, dizziness and U.T.I. When it comes to the services
being administered and catered by the barangay, there are only
3 contraceptive method which they are administering namely
pills, IUD and Condom. On the factors for low utilization of
family planning services, they rated the following as
component of low utilization which are “accessibility” as the
common having 98% and seconded by “availability” having 88%
which means that these factors implant a very important role
in mitigating the low utilization of family planning services
among the constituents of minanga, penablanca, Cagayan. The
results also show that there is no significant relationship
between the demographic profile variables of the respondents
to their level of awareness to the utilization of family
planning services.
[48]
Conclusion
In this study, it was observed while majority were
using contraception, significant number of married
women and of child bearing age is ambivalent about
using contraception, reasons not far-fetched from fear
of side effect and low utilization of family planning
services, methods and factors. Therefore, the need to
further intensify efforts among respondents to create
awareness on benefits of family planning and reaching
out to the society by the health care providers in
achieving the millennium and development goals should
be redressed.
Recommendations
Having studied the factors influencing the
utilization of family planning among the residents of
minanga, penablanca,Cagayan, the following
recommendations were made:
1. health centers should educate every family and women
based on isolated factors affecting contraceptive
use, such as side effects and different preferences.
[49]
2. Every barangay should give advice to their
constituents on the importance of family planning in
order to promote healthy living.
3. Health care providers should educate couples on the
effectiveness of family planning choice and benefits
as these ensure acceptance and utilization.
4. Every couple should be discouraged about the thought
of health risk of family planning choice.
5. Barangay officials should form resolutions in the
purchase of more family planning contraceptives in
order to develop the proper utilization and practice
of family planning methods and services.
6. And for the future researchers which will be
concerning the same field of study, we wish that
this study can be a big help and guide for their
future study.
[50]
APPENDIX A
October 20, 2022
DOMINGO T. MACOPIA
Barangay Captain
Barangay Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan
Sir:
Greetings of peace and prosperity!
We, third (3rd) year student of Medical College of Northern Philippines (MCNP),
taking up Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Sciences are currently
conducting a study entitled “FACTORS LEADING TO LOW UTILIZATION OF FAMILY
PLANNING METHODS IN BARANGAY MINANGA PEÑABLANCA CAGAYAN”. The
primary objectives of this study were to lower fertility rates and slow population
growth as a means to propel economic development in partial fulfillment of the
requirements we need to comply this FY. 2022-2023.
In connection to this, we would like to ask your good office to allow us to

conduct our data gathering in your barangay. Rest assured that the data gather will
remain confidential and to be used in academic purposes only .
Your approval in conducting of this study will be greatly appreciated and will
be a great help in the success of the study. If you have queries, you may contact us
through our Email address anncaligomez@gmail.com or Contact number:
09264269765.
Thank you and God bless!
Respectfully Yours,
MINERVA ANN GOMEZ , JALLYBETH T. MACOPIA

Researcher Researcher
[51]
JOVELYN M. BATTUNG , JELLIE ANNE SORIANO

Researcher Researcher
Noted by:
JEDEDIAH FAYE B. SINIGUIAN, RMT

Research Adviser
ENJAY JAVIER, RMT,DTA,MPH

Program Coordinator
RIO FRANCES CALLORES, M.SC

MCNP Research Coordinator
Endorsed by:
RYAN C. FONTANILLA, RN, MSN, LPT

Research Director in
Recommending Approval:
WIINNIE T. CANCEJO, RRT, MPH

OIC, Vice President for Academic Affairs
ATTY. CRISTINA G. NATIVIDAD, MBA

Vice President for Innovation and External Initiatives
CHRISTIAN R. GUZMAN, MBA

OIC President
[52]
APPENDIX B
Dear Sir/Madam
The Researchers are the students of Medical Colleges of

Northern Phippines (MCNP),taking up Bachelor of Science in
Medical Laboratory Sciences . The researchers are under the
supervision of our research proffesor Sir Jomari Caddauan,RMT
and Maam. Jedediah Faye D. Siniguian,RMT and you were selected
as one of the participants in the data gathering process .With
this , we would want to assure that all of your information
that you will be sharing will be held confidential. For this ,
we are producing a short documentary and permission to
interview you on your premises with the title Factors leading
to low utilization of family planning methods in Barangay
Minanga Penablanca Cagayan. We would also want to reiterate
that you are free to detach or discontinue with the research
at anytime of the research base. Please read this form and ask
any questions you may have before agreeing to be in this study.
We would appreciate your written consent to carry out our

interview
Yours sincerely,
GOMEZ MINERVA ANN C.

MACOPIA JALLYBETH T.
BATTUNG JOVELYN
SORIANO JELLIE ANNE
Name: ___________________ Date:____________
Signature:______________
[53]
APPENDIX C
QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is composed of both open and closed ended questions to
provide you with an opportunity to elaborate your response. The information you will provide will be
confidential and will only be used for the purpose of this research. To ensure this, we are not taking
your names. Do you agree to participate in this research?
Yes No
Your response to this research is greatly appreciated.
Section A: socio demographic character
1. Sex Male Female
2. Age group
a. 10-15 b. 16-25 c. 26-35 d. None
If none specify: ___________________________________________________________
3. What is your Educational level?
a. Primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. None
4. What is your occupation
a. Employed b. Peasant c. unemployment d. house wife…
5. What is your religion
a. Catholics b. Protestants c. Muslim d. born again e. None
If none specify: _____________________________________________
6. What is your marital status
a. Married b. single c. Divorced d. others
Section B: knowledge about family planning services
7. Have you ever had about family planning
a. Yes b. No
If yes from where a. Books b. television c. radio d. None
If none specify: _______________________________________________________
1. when did you start hearing about family planning in this area?_____________________
[54]
2. do you think family planning is good ?
Yes No Not sure
IF yes give reasons : ____________________________________________________
if no give reasons : _____________________________________________________
3. Are you currently using any family planning methods?.
Yes No
4. if yes what family planning methods are you utilizing.
a. Condoms b. injections c. oral contraceptives d. implant
e. intra-uterine device f. others {specify} ____________________
5. do you have any child/children of your own?
Yes No
6. if yes how many:_______________________________________________________________
7. how do you find the use of family planning services?
a. beneficial b. NOT beneficial
Give reasons for your answer: ______________________________________________________
SECTION C: About family planning services
1. Do you have access to family planning methods in your area.
YES NO
2. How do you find the service providers attitude towards you?__________________________
3. In your opinion, have the health worker's activities contributed to the utilization of family planning
methods.
4. Do you have any side effects of the family planning method that you have ever used ?
Yes No
if yes what is it?__________________________________________________________
5. What are the activities done to improve the utilization of family planning methods at Minanga
Peñablanca Cagayan ___________________________________________________
[55]
6. Does attitude affect the utilization of family planning methods in Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan
Yes No
If yes(specify) : ______________________________________________________
SECTION D: Cultural factors
8.Do you know of any cultural factors that affect utilization of family planning methods
Yes No
If Yes which one a. Poligamy b. divorce c. wife beating d. None
e. Others (specify)
SECTION E. Availability.
9. Are family planning services available in Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan ?
Yes No
if yes, do you pay money to get them?_______________________________________________
10. What are the common family planning methods in Minanga Peñablanca Cagayan.
a. Pills b. Injector plan c. Diaphram d. Condom
e. Vasectomy f. tubolegation g. Others (specify)
[56]
[57]

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Factors leading to Low Utilization of Family Planning Methods

in Barangay Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of College of

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in the Degree

Minerva Ann Gomez

Jellie Anne Soriano

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Request Letter to the Barangay Captain in Minanga

Factors leading to Low Utilization of Family Planning Methods

in Barangay Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan

Family planning methods is way too beneficial among

mothers/ parents. This helps the family achieve their desired

family sized and fulfill the reproductive healths and rights

for all through universal access to quality family information

and services. To implement such programme, the reason for an

unmet use of contraception is needed.

This study is conducted to determine the factors leading

to low utilization of family planning methods.

Subjects and Methods

A random sample of 25 mothers were interviewed regarding

their knowledge of family planning using questionnaire.

When it comes to the services being administered and

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Family planning refers to the use of contraceptive

methods to prevent unintended pregnancy, limit the number of

children, and space childbirth. Contraceptive methods are

classified as modern or traditional methods. In modern methods,

this include female sterilization, male sterilization,

intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), implants, injectables,

pill, male condoms, female condoms, emergency contraception,

and lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), whereas traditional

methods include rhythm (calendar), withdrawal, and folk

Using contraceptive has many benefits; it ensures couples

achieve the desired family size and reduces infant/perinatal

and maternal mortality. It also reduces the risk of HIV

transmission and STI acquisition and prevents unintended

pregnancies. Moreover, it decreases pregnancy and birth-

related complications as it provides adequate time for a

mother to recover from the previous pregnancy sufferings.

In the Philippines, there are 2.6 million married women

and 5.1 million unmarried women who wanted to use family

planning, but were not able to do so in 2017, according to the

National Demographic Health Survey. Eliminating this ‘unmet

need’ for family planning is at the heart of UNFPA’s mission.

UNFPA’s supports government partners in implementing

President Rodrigo Duterte’s Executive Order on “Zero Unmet

Need for Modern Family Planning,” and the integration of

family planning in the implementation of the recently enacted

Universal Health Care Law.

The ICPD recognizes that voluntary, good quality family

planning services that include counselling and access to

contraceptives must be available, accessible and affordable to

all including in humanitarian emergencies. Women, couples and

girls should be able to decide for themselves whether, when or

how often to become pregnant. It is a human right, central to

gender equality and women’s empowerment, and it is a key

factor in reducing poverty.

In line with the Department of Health FOURmula One Plus

strategy and Universal Health Care framework, the National

Family Planning Program is committed to provide responsive

policy direction and ensure access of Filipinos to medically