1 - Introduction - Basic Concepts

Course Outline
BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 1

Course Outline
• Introduction
o Basic Concepts in Statistics
o Major Fields in Statistics
o Steps in a Statistical Inquiry
o Levels of Measurement

Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives
• To understand the different concepts in

statistics;
• To differentiate the major fields in
Statistics;
• To know the different steps in a statistical
inquiry; and,
• To distinguish the different levels of
measurement.
Introduction

Basic Concepts in Statistics
What is Statistics?
Collection
and Presentation
Organization
Analysis
Interpretation
and
of data.

What is Statistics?
• It is also a set of numerical figures.
• Examples:
o Population count of the different provinces in
the country
o Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) in water
o Number of trees affected in a road widening
project
What is Statistics?
• It is also a set of numerical figures.
• Examples:
o Forest area cover (in hectares) by region
o Average daily temperature
o Type of garbage disposal per household

Uses of Statistics
Statistics is a useful aid in decision making

• Describes the general characteristic of the
collection of elements under study called the
“population”
• Compares different subpopulations
• Explains a phenomenon that has taken place

in the population

Uses of Statistics

(Official statistics) According to Philippine
Statistics Authority, on the average, Filipino
women outlive their male counterparts by six
years. However, more Filipino women are
obese (8.3%) compared to men (5.2%).

Uses of Statistics

(Business) In 2010, Businessweek says that 40%
of family businesses survive to the 2nd
generation, 13% continue to the 3rd, while only
3% survive to the 4th generation and beyond.

Uses of Statistics

(Environment) Investigation found that Boracay
island generated solid waste between 90 and
115 tons per day despite the local
government’s hauling capacity a maximum of
30 tons per day

Basic Concepts in Statistics:
Population vs Sample
Population is a collection
of all the elements under Population
consideration in any
statistical study
Sample is a part (or
subset) of the population Sample
from which information is
collected
Example of Population and Sample

Population
• all classified waterbodies in the country
Sample • a subset of classified waterbodies in
the country

Variable, Observation, Data

• Variable is a characteristic or attribute of the
elements in a collection that can assume different
values for different elements
• An observation is a realized value of a variable.
• Data is the collection of observations.

Examples of Variables
• number of legislative districts
• Number of enrollees in secondary schools
• favorite color of employees
• daily allowance of students
• length of service of employees

A study is conducted to determine the socio-
demographic characteristics and waste
management practices of households in barangay
Kalikasan.
Some information obtained include highest

educational attainment of head, monthly income (in
pesos), type of waste (dried leaves, recyclables, food
scraps, etc.) and type of disposal (compost pits,
dump in open pits, garbage collector, etc.)
A forester has a research in the peatland forest of Agusan del
Norte. He wants to know what influence the patterns on
resource utilization in peat forest of residents in the
community. From a sample of 100 residents, the following
variables are obtained: F – if the resident know the kind of
forest where he/she resides; E – ethnicity; Y – number of years
in the community; P – primary source of income (e.g. Kaingin,
hunting, etc.) and S – satisfaction level on the
implementation of peatland conservation program
(unsatisfied, satisfied, highly satisfied).

Classification of Variables
Qualitative Variable have labels or names
assigned to their respective categories
Examples:
oSalary Grade Level – SG 1, SG 2, etc.
oSex of student – male, female
oType of School – public, private

Quantitative Variable any characteristic that we
measure or count in numbers
Examples:
oweight -160 lbs, 25 kg, 77 mg, etc.
onumber of school divisions – 1, 2, 3,
oestimated monthly income of a household
– PhP4,000, PhP 10,500, etc.
Identify the type of variable
Waste management practices…
1. highest educational attainment of head
2. monthly income (in pesos)
3. type of waste (dried leaves, recyclables,
food scraps, etc.)
4. type of disposal (compost pits, dump in
open pits, garbage collector, etc.)
Resource utilization in peat forest…
1. if the resident know the kind of forest where
he/she resides
2. ethnicity
3. number of years in the community
4. primary source of income (e.g. Kaingin, hunting,
etc)
5. satisfaction level on the implementation of the
conservation program (unsatisfied, satisfied,
highly satisfied)
Parameter vs Statistic
Parameter is a summary
measure describing a specific
characteristic of the population
Statistic is a summary measure
describing a specific
characteristic of the sample

Example of a Parameter
Suppose our population consists of one
division of employees consisting of 50
employees. There are 30 employees
who own an android cell phone. Thus,
60% of the employees own an android
cell phone.
The parameter of interest is 60%.

Example of a Statistic
Now, suppose we take a sample of 10
employees from a certain division. Among
the 10 employees in the sample, 8 own
android cellular phones. Thus, 80% of the
employees own android cell phones.
The statistic of interest is 80%.

• For the past years, it is known that 90% of all households in a
certain village strictly follows the waste segregation rules set
by the village’s management. This year, it is of interest to
know if the same percentage of households in this village
follows the said rules. The officer-in-charge selected a
random sample of households in the village and found that
80% of them strictly follow the waste segregation rules. The
values 90% and 80% are ,
respectively.
Two siblings were asked by their father to determine the
proportion of infected coconut trees in their plantation.
The next day, the elder one gave the result to her father
after she examined a random sample of 30 trees from a
total of 300 and concluded that half of the examined
trees are infected. While the younger one examined all
300 trees and after a week found that 40% of the trees
have the disease. Which of the two siblings used a
parameter and which one used a statistic?

Two Major Fields of Statistics
Applied Statistics
Concerned with the procedures and
techniques used in the collection, presentation,
organization, analysis, and interpretation of
data.
Theoretical or Mathematical Statistics

Concerned with the development of the
mathematical foundations of the methods used
in applied statistics.
Two Major Areas in Applied Statistics
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics
• Includes all the • Includes all the techniques
techniques used in used in analyzing the sample
organizing, summarizing,
data that will lead to
and presenting the data
on hand without drawing generalizations about a
conclusions or inferences population from which the
about a large group sample came from

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Course Outline

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 1

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 2

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 3

• To understand the different concepts in

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 5

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 6

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 8

Statistics is a useful aid in decision making

• Explains a phenomenon that has taken place

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 9

Statistics is a useful aid in decision making

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 10

Statistics is a useful aid in decision making

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 11

Statistics is a useful aid in decision making

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 12

Example of Population and Sample

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 14

Variable, Observation, Data

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 15

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 16

Some information obtained include highest

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 18

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 19

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 23

The parameter of interest is 60%.

The statistic of interest is 80%.

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 25

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 27

Theoretical or Mathematical Statistics

BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 29

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