TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION:

Examples:
This section deals with integrals invol-
ving the three radicals: 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱
∫
1. √𝟗 − 𝐱 𝟐
√𝐚𝟐 − 𝐮𝟐 ; √𝐚𝟐 + 𝐮𝟐 and √𝐮𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐
𝐝𝐱
∫
Where “a” is a constant and “u” is any 2. √𝟐𝟓 + 𝐱 𝟐
algebraic function. The substitution
consists of changing the variable or 𝐱 𝟑 𝐝𝐱
∫
function as follows: 3. (𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟗)𝟑/𝟐

for integral with √𝐚 − 𝐮

𝐮 = asin θ 𝟐 𝟐
𝐱 𝟑 𝐝𝐱
∫
4. √𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐
𝐮 = atan θ for integral with √𝐚𝟐 + 𝐮𝟐
𝐝𝐱
∫
𝐮 = asec θ for integral with √𝐮𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐 5. 𝐱 √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐

∫ √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱
Reference triangles for the three subs- 6.
titutions identifying the sides labelled
“u” and “a” for each substitution.
∫(𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐 𝐝𝐱
7.

𝐝𝐱
∫
𝐮 = asin θ 8. (𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐

∫ √𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱
9.

𝐝𝐱
∫
10. √𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱𝟐
𝐮 = atan θ
𝐝𝐱
∫
11. √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟐

√𝟐𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟓𝐝𝐱
12. ∫ 𝐱

∫ 𝐱 𝟐 √𝟏𝟔 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐱
𝐮 = asec θ 13.

𝐝𝐱
∫
14. ( 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟑

√𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐
∫ 𝐝𝐱
15. 𝐱𝟐
If these substitutions are used, the radical
signs are omitted.

Integral Calculus Page 10