SUBMITTED BY: KHIZRA AMJAD

SAP ID#70096125
SEMESTER: 9TH
SUBMITTED TO:SIR REHMAN

Case Study: Chronic Kidney Disease

Patient Details:
Name: Ali Hassan
Age: 52
Gender: Male
Address: Lahore, Pakistan
Occupation: Businessman
Hospital: Lahore Medical Center, Lahore, Pakistan
Summary:
This case study focuses on Mr. Ali Hassan, a 52-year-old male who was diagnosed with chronic
kidney disease (CKD) at Lahore Medical Center in Lahore, Pakistan. The purpose of this study is
to provide a comprehensive report on the patient's condition, diagnosis, treatment, and overall
management of CKD.
Introduction:
Mr. Ali Hassan presented to Lahore Medical Center with complaints of persistent fatigue,
decreased appetite, and swelling in his lower extremities. His medical history revealed a long-
standing history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given his symptoms and medical
history, further investigations were conducted to assess his kidney function.
Clinical Findings:
Upon examination, Mr. Ali Hassan exhibited mild hypertension (blood pressure: 140/90 mmHg)
and peripheral edema. Laboratory tests revealed elevated serum creatinine levels (2.5 mg/dL),
decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the presence of proteinuria. These findings were
consistent with a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease.
Diagnosis:
Based on the clinical findings and diagnostic results, Mr. Ali Hassan was diagnosed with stage 3
chronic kidney disease secondary to long-standing hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The underlying pathophysiological mechanism was attributed to the gradual loss of nephron
function and renal damage caused by the uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes.
Treatment and Management:
The treatment and management plan for Mr. Ali Hassan's chronic kidney disease involved a
multidisciplinary approach, including medical interventions, dietary modifications, and lifestyle
changes. The primary objectives were to control blood pressure, manage blood glucose levels,
and slow down the progression of kidney damage.
1. Medications:
- Antihypertensive medications (ACE inhibitors) to control blood pressure and reduce
proteinuria.
- Antidiabetic medications (oral hypoglycemic agents) to manage blood glucose levels within the
target range.
- Diuretics (loop diuretics) to alleviate edema and maintain fluid balance.
2. Dietary Modifications:
- Restricted protein intake to decrease the workload on the kidneys.
- Controlled sodium and potassium intake to manage blood pressure and fluid balance.
- Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables to provide essential vitamins and minerals.
3. Lifestyle Changes:
- Regular exercise, such as brisk walking, to improve cardiovascular health and overall well-
being.
- Smoking cessation and alcohol moderation to minimize further damage to the kidneys.
- Monitoring of body weight and fluid intake to prevent fluid overload.
Follow-Up and Monitoring:
Mr. Ali Hassan was advised to undergo regular follow-up appointments to monitor his kidney
function and adjust his treatment plan accordingly. The following tests were recommended for
ongoing monitoring:
- Regular blood pressure measurements.
- Periodic assessment of renal function, including serum creatinine, GFR, and urine protein
levels.
- Monitoring of blood glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to ensure glycemic
control.
- Evaluation of electrolyte levels, including serum sodium and potassium.
Prognosis and Conclusion:
Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that requires ongoing management to slow its
progression and reduce complications. With appropriate treatment, regular monitoring, and
adherence to lifestyle modifications, the prognosis for Mr. Ali Hassan's chronic kidney disease
can be improved. However, the long-term outcome depends on several factors, including the
underlying cause, comorbidities, and patient compliance.
Hospital Name:
Lahore Medical Center, Lahore, Pakistan
Disclaimer: The information provided in this case study is fictional and for illustrative purposes
only. Any resemblance to actual individuals, hospitals, or medical conditions is purely
confidential.