Lecture 02 - 2 Datatype, Variables, Operators, Expressions

Fundamentals of Computing 1
Lecture Title:
Introduction Java Programming
@2013 by Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Carnegie Mellon university Email: nguyenthianhdao@duytan.edu.vn
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Agenda
 Introduction to Java Programming

 Downloading and Installing JDK
 Introduction to Netbeans
 Basic Java programs with println
statements
 Static methods
 Exercises
Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

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Java
 Developed by Sun Microsystems
 Initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995
 Designed for embedded systems, web
apps/servers
 Runs on many platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux,
cell phones...)
 The language taught in this course
Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh 3

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Compile/run a program Java
1. Write it.
 code or source code: The set of instructions in a program.
2. Compile it.
• compile: Translate a program from one language to another.
 byte code: The Java compiler converts your code into a format named byte
code that runs on many computer types.
3. Run (execute) it.

 output: The messages printed to the user by a program.
source code byte code output

compile
run
4
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Agenda
 Introduction to Java Programming

 Introduction to Netbeans
 Basic Java programs with println
statements
 Static methods
 Exercises

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Installing Netbeans
 https://www.oracle.com/technetwork
/java/javase/downloads/jdk-
netbeans-jsp-3413139-esa.html
 JDK with Netbeans IDE 8.2 for Java
developers

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Introduction to Netbeans
 NetBeans IDE is a free, open source
 Supports application development in
various languages, including Java,
HTML5, PHP and C++…
 Runs on Windows, Linux, Mac OS X,
and other UNIX-based systems

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Start Netbeans
 Start-> Netbeans 8.2

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Start Netbeans

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Agenda

 Introduction to Netbeans
 Basic Java programs with println
statements
 Static methods
 Exercises

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Structure of a Java program
public class name { class: a program
public static void main(String[] args) {
statement;
statement;
method: a named group
... of statements
statement;
}
} statement: a command to be executed
 Every executable Java program consists of a class,

 that contains a method named main,
 that contains the statements (commands) to be executed.
 A statement is terminated with a semicolon

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A Java program
public class Hello {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("This program produces");
System.out.println("four lines of output");
}
}
 Its output:
Hello, world!
This program produces

four lines of output

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System.out.println
 prints a line of output on the console.
 Two ways to use System.out.println :
• System.out.println("text");
Prints the given message as output.
• System.out.println();
Prints a blank line of output.

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Java names
 Class Names : For all class names the first letter should
be in Upper Case
 Example: class MyFirstJavaClass
 Program File Name : Name of the program file should
exactly match the class name.
 Method Names - All method names should start with a Lower
Case letter.
 Example public void myMethodName()
 Case Sensitivity
 Java is case sensitive, which means identifier Hello and
hello would have different meaning in Java.

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Java identifiers
 All Java components require names. Names used for
classes, variables and methods are called identifiers.
 All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z) and
can have any combination of digit character (0 to 9), currency
character ($) or an underscore (_) but no spaces.
 A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
 Most importantly identifiers are case sensitive
 Example
legal: age, $salary, _value, __1_value
illegal: me+u, 49ers, side-swipe, Ph.D's, my value

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Java keywords
 keyword: An identifier that you cannot
use because it already has a reserved
meaning in Java.
abstract default if private this
boolean do implements protected throw
break double import public throws
byte else instanceof return transient
case extends int short try
catch final interface static void
char finally long strictfp volatile
class float native super while
const for new switch
continue goto package synchronized

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Syntax
 syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that
can be used in a particular language.
 Every basic Java statement ends with a semicolon ;
 The contents of a class or method occur between { and }
 …
 syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the
structure of a program that causes the compiler to fail.
 Missing semicolon
 Too many or too few { } braces
 Illegal identifier for class name
 Class and file names do not match
...

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Syntax error example
1 public class Hello {
2 pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.owt.println("Hello, world!")_
4 }
5 }
 Compiler output:
Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected
pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
^
Hello.java:3: ';' expected
}
^
2 errors
 The compiler shows the line number where it found

the error.
 The error messages can be tough to understand!
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String literal
 A sequence of characters to be printed.
 enclosed by the double quote
 The quotes do not appear in the output.
 Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string. It's very long!"
 Is used in method println
 Restrictions:
 May not span multiple lines.
"This is not
a legal String."
 May not contain a " character.
"This is not a "legal" String either."

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Escape sequences
 escape sequence: A special sequence of
characters used to represent certain special
characters in a string literal.
\t tab character
\n new line character
\" quotation mark character
\\ backslash character
 Example:
System.out.println("\\hello\nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");
 Output:
\hello
how are "you"?\\
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Questions
 What is the output of the following println
statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");
System.out.println("\\\\");
System.out.println("'");
System.out.println("\"\"\"");
System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward
spiral");
 Write a println statement to produce this

output:
/ \ // \\ /// \\\
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Answers
 Output of each println statement:
a b c
\\
'
"""
C:
in he downward spiral
 println statement to produce the line of

output:
System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ /// \\\\\\");
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Questions
 What println statements will generate this output?
This program prints a
quote from the Gettysburg Address.
"Four score and seven years ago,

our 'fore fathers' brought forth on
this continent a new nation."
 What println statements will generate this output?

A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you learn
the rules of "escape sequences."
Also, "" represents an empty String.

Don't forget: use \" instead of " !
'' is not the same as "

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Answers
 println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println("This program prints a");
System.out.println("quote from the Gettysburg Address.");
System.out.println("\"Four score and seven years ago,");
System.out.println("our 'fore fathers' brought forth on");
System.out.println("this continent a new nation.\"");
 println statements to generate the output:

System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is");
System.out.println("'much' better if you learn");
System.out.println("the rules of \"escape sequences.\"");
System.out.println("Also, \"\" represents an empty String.");
System.out.println("Don't forget: use \\\" instead of \" !");
System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");

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Comments
 comment: A note written in source code by the
programmer to describe or clarify the code.
 Comments are not executed when your program runs.
 Syntax:
// comment text, on one line
or,
/* comment text; may span multiple lines */
 Examples:
// This is a one-line comment.
/* This is a very long
multi-line comment. */

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Using comments
 Where to place comments:
 at the top of each file (a "comment header")
 at the start of every method (seen later)
 to explain complex pieces of code
 Comments are useful for:

 Understanding larger, more complex programs.
 Multiple programmers working together, who must
understand each other's code.

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Comments example
public class MyFirstJavaProgram{
/* This is my first java program.

* This will print 'Hello World' as the output
* This is an example of multi-line comments.
*/
public static void main(String []args){

// This is an example of single line comment
/* This is also an example of single line comment. */
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

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Agenda

 Introduction to Eclipse
 Basic Java programs with println
statements
 Static methods
 Exercises

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Algorithm
 algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem.
 Example algorithm: Write a program to print these
figures using main method.
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
\______/
\ /
\______/
+--------+
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

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Development strategy
______ First version (unstructured):
/ \
/ \
\ /  Create an empty program and main method.
\______/
\ /  Copy the expected output into it, surrounding

\______/
+--------+
each line with System.out.println syntax.
/
______
\  Run it to verify the output.
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

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Program version 1
public class Figures1 {
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println("+--------+");
System.out.println("| STOP |");
}
}
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Problems with version 1
 lack of structure: Many tiny steps; tough to remember.
 redundancy:
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Structured algorithms
 structured algorithm: Split into
coherent tasks.

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Development strategy 2
______ Second version (structured, with redundancy):
/ \
/ \
\ /  Identify the structure of the output.
\______/
\ /
\______/  Divide the main method into static methods
+--------+
based on this structure.
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

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Output structure
______
/ \
/ \ The structure of the output:
 initial "egg" figure
\ /
\______/
 second "teacup" figure
\ /
 third "stop sign" figure
\______/
+--------+  fourth "hat" figure
______
/ \ This structure can be represented by methods:
/ \
| STOP |  egg
\ /
 teaCup
\______/
 stopSign
______
/ \  hat
/ \
+--------+ Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh
Professor: Lynn Robert Carter
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Program version 2
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
public static void egg() {
}
public static void teaCup() {
}
...
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Program version 2, cont'd.
...
public static void stopSign() {
}
public static void hat() {
}
}

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Removing redundancy
 A well-structured algorithm can describe repeated tasks
with less redundancy.

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Development strategy 3
______
/ \
/ \ Third version (structured, without redundancy):
\ /
\______/
 Identify redundancy in the output, and create
\ / methods to eliminate as much as possible.
\______/
+--------+
 Add comments to the program.
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+

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Output redundancy
______
/ \
/ \
\ / The redundancy in the output:
\______/
\ /  egg top: reused on egg, stop sign, hat

\______/  egg bottom: reused on egg, teacup, stop
+--------+
sign
______  divider line: used on teacup, hat
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
This redundancy can be fixed by methods:
\______/  eggTop
 eggBottom
______
/ \  line
/ \
+--------+
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Program version 3
// Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy.
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
// Draws the top half of an an egg figure.
public static void eggTop() {
}
// Draws the bottom half of an egg figure.
public static void eggBottom() {
}
// Draws a complete egg figure.
public static void egg() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
}

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Program version 3, cont'd.
// Draws a teacup figure.
public static void teaCup() {
eggBottom();
line();
}
// Draws a stop sign figure.
public static void stopSign() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
}
// Draws a figure that looks sort of like a hat.
public static void hat() {
eggTop();
line();
}
// Draws a line of dashes.
public static void line() {
}
}

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Static methods
 static method: a static method is a method
that belongs to a class rather than an instance of a class
class. The method is accessible to every instance
method A
of a class, but methods defined in an instance are  statement
only able to be accessed by that member of a  statement
class.  statement
 denotes the structure of a program

method B
 eliminates redundancy by code reuse  statement
statement
 procedural decomposition:

dividing a problem into methods method C

 statement
 statement
 statement

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Using static methods
1. Design the algorithm.
 Look at the structure, and which commands are repeated.
 Decide what are the important overall tasks.
2. Declare (write down) the methods.

 Arrange statements into groups and give each group a name.
3. Call (run) the methods.

 The program's main method executes the other methods to
perform the overall task.

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Declaring a method
Gives your method a name so it can be executed
 Syntax:
public static void methodName() {
statement;
statement;
...
statement;
}
 Example:
public static void printWarning() {
System.out.println("This product causes cancer");
System.out.println("in lab rats and humans.");
}
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Calling a method
Executes the method's code
 Syntax:
methodName();
 You can call the same method many times if you like.
 Example:
printWarning();
 Output:
This product causes cancer
in lab rats and humans.

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Program with static method
public class FreshPrince {
// This method prints the lyrics to my favorite song.
public static void rap() {
System.out.println("Now this is the story all about how");
System.out.println("My life got flipped turned upside-down");
}

rap(); // Calling (running) the rap method
rap(); // Calling the rap method again
}
Output:
Now this is the story all about how
My life got flipped turned upside-down
Now this is the story all about how

My life got flipped turned upside-down

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Methods calling methods
public class MethodsExample {
message1();
message2();
System.out.println("Done with main.");
}
public static void message1() {
System.out.println("This is message1.");
}
message1();
System.out.println("Done with message2.");
}
}
 Output:
This is message1.
This is message2.
This is message1.
Done with message2.
Done with main.

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Control flow
 When a method is called, the program's execution...
 "jumps" into that method, executing its statements, then
 "jumps" back to the point where the method was called.
public class MethodsExample {

message1();
}
message2();
System.out.println("Done with main."); message1();
}
System.out.println("Done with message2.");
}
...
} public static void message1() {
}

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When to use methods
 Place statements into a static method if:
 The statements are related structurally, and/or
 The statements are repeated.
 You should not create static methods for:

 An individual println statement.
 Only blank lines. (Put blank printlns in main.)
 Unrelated or weakly related statements.
(Consider splitting them into two smaller methods.)

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Agenda

statements
 Static methods
 Exercises

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Exercise 1 - create a new Java program
 Write a program Java named Exercise1 to produce the
following console output. Note the blank lines; you should
include those in your output.
Hello, world!
I am learning to program in Java.
I hope it is a lot of fun!
I hope I get a good grade!
Maybe I'll change my major to computer science.

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Exercise 2 - syntax errors
 The following program contains some errors!

What are they?
1 public class Tricky
2 public static main(String args) {
3 System.out.println(Hello world);
4 system.out.Pritnln("Do you like this program"?);
5 System.out.println()
6
7 System.println("I wrote it myself.";
8 {
9}

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Exercise 2 - corrected version
 Here is a corrected version of the program:

1 public class Tricky {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.out.println(“Hello world”);
4 System.out.println("Do you like this program?");
5 System.out.println();
6
7 System.out.println("I wrote it myself." );
8 }
9 }

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Exercise 3 - What's the output?
 How many lines of output are produced (including

blank lines)?
public class Tricky {
System.out.println("Testing, testing,");
System.out.println("one two three.");
System.out.println("How much output");

System.out.println("will there be?");
}
}
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Exercise 4 - Exploring syntax errors
 How many unique error messages are you able to
cause the compiler to produce?
 Naming your file incorrectly, then compiling.
 Forgetting a keyword such as void or class
 Forgetting a quotation mark "
 Forgetting a parenthesis ( or )
 Forgetting a dot .
 Using too many or too few braces { or }
 Notice that the error messages don't always
make it obvious what is wrong. But they usually
tell you the right line number to correct.

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 How many lines of output are produced

(including blank lines)?
public class Tricky {
System.out.println("Testing, testing,");
System.out.println("one two three.");
System.out.println("How much output");
System.out.println("will there be?");
}
}

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 What output is produced by the following
code?
System.out.println("Shaq is 7'1");
System.out.println("The string \"\" is an empty
message.");
System.out.println("\\'\"\\\\\"");
 Answer:
Shaq is 7'1
The string "" is an empty message.
\'"\\"

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Exercise 7 -FightSong
 Write a following program to produce the output (using static method):
Go, team, go!

You can do it.
Go, team, go!

You can do it.
You're the best,
In the West.
Go, team, go!
You can do it.
Go, team, go!

You can do it.
You're the best,
In the West.
Go, team, go!
You can do it.
Go, team, go!

You can do it.

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Exercise 8 - MuchBetter?
 Write a complete Java program named MuchBetter
that produces the following output (note the blank
line):
A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you learn the
rules of "escape sequences."
Also, "" represents an empty String.

Don't forget: use \" instead of " !
‘ ‘ is not the same as "

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Exercise 9 - Spikey
 Write a complete program named Spikey

that produces the following output:
\/
\\//
\\\///
///\\\
//\\
/\

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Exercise 10 - Lanterns
 Write a complete program named Lanterns that produces the following output. Use static
methods to capture structure and remove redundancy.
*****
*********
*************
*****
*********
*************
* | | | | |*
*************
*****
*********
*************
*****
*********
*************
*****
* | | | | |*
* | | | | |*
*****

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Agenda

statements
 Static methods
 Exercises

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Lecture 02 - 2 Datatype, Variables, Operators, Expressions

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Fundamentals of Computing 1

@2013 by Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 Introduction to Java Programming

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh 3

3. Run (execute) it.

source code byte code output

 Introduction to Java Programming

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh 5

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 Introduction to Java Programming

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh 12

 Every executable Java program consists of a class,

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

This program produces

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 The compiler shows the line number where it found

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 Write a println statement to produce this

 println statement to produce the line of

"Four score and seven years ago,

 What println statements will generate this output?

Also, "" represents an empty String.

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 println statements to generate the output:

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 Comments are useful for:

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

/* This is my first java program.

public static void main(String []args){

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 Introduction to Java Programming

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh 30

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

\ /  Copy the expected output into it, surrounding

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

\ /  egg top: reused on egg, stop sign, hat

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

 denotes the structure of a program

dividing a problem into methods method C

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

2. Declare (write down) the methods.

3. Call (run) the methods.

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh

public static void main(String[] args) {

Now this is the story all about how

Professor: Lynn Robert Carter Instructor: Dao, Nguyen Thi Anh