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    Ch-6 PDF (Energy, Work and Power) )

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    Noor Shahbaz

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Energy, Work ani inthis section, you wil learn the FONOWE anil ceca esis (sain, nucle, + State that eneigy may be stored as Kinet 92V1 electrostatic and interna thermal bid + Describe how energy is transfered between stO1e 7 © Recall and use the expressions kineticene”ay= 3 change n gravitational potent ener= 0 imple ex «know and apply the principle of conservation of ene ce nae ‘= © Apply the principle of conservation of ene 10 cael including the interpretation of Sankey diagrams events and Processes ples using flow diagrams, involving multiple stages What is energy? ‘What does the term energy bring to mind? against the shore? Light bulbs shining brigh that can be measured. The joule W) be transf sing vigorously? Tidal waves crashing "om the Sun? In physics isa commonly used unit of energy. someone exerc iy? Radiant heat fr. Energy is a physical quantity, Energy can be found in different stores (Figure 61). 'tc2n events and processes (Figure 62) esc kus Kinetic ©} ferred between stores during ‘Any abject in motion, such asa rling ‘soccer ball ora spinning fsbee, has |_@ elastic (strain) a ‘stretched rubber band or a compressed spring has an elastic (stain) store of energy Gravitational potential @— [An object such asa ball ised to ‘a height above the ground has 2 gravitational potential store of energy —® Electrostatic ‘capacitor ora thundercloud with static electric charges has an electrostatic store of energy. Chemical @—] The food that we eat, fosslfuels and patteieshavea chemical storeofereray. Lg iterate ermal) ‘Ahot metal or ahot dink has an internal thera) store of energy, Nuclear Rearrangement of nuclel of atoms of radioactive substances such as uranium has a nuclear store of energy, Figure 6.1 {nergy canbe toed in dllerentenergy st ergy stores. \d Power —— a Scanned with CamScanner By heating Energy te oon po tone of the ford ue @ tawacvane* wre By forces or mechanical work Shar Wied Powe done (Le, mechanically) fered fron hemical store of the gravitational potent the weight. By electric currents or electrical i work done (i.e. electrically) b Energy is transferred from the chemical store oft ry tothe é intemal (thermal store ofthe filament . inthe bulb. By electromagnetic waves Energy is transferred from the nu’ store of the Sun to the interna Fig (thermal) store ofthe Earth : on By sound waves Energy is transfetted from the b tote ofthe vibrating meme the loudspeaker to the knet the vib Figure 6.2 tiow energy can te wanst Energy, Work ar Scanned with CamScanner y abodyhas.Tocakculate the sie the mt) ition: he following equal 13s of the body (in kg) We can use formulae to calculate the amount of {Kinetic store of a body moving at speed v, we USE Bedmv where é.=kinetc energy in) v= speed of the body (In a body ata height h above the ground yg To calculate the size of the gravitational potential store OF 9 Use the followi re following equation: tialenergy (nd) _m="ass of the body fn AE, = w in) gravitational potent ange in) hei mh wen cdi seen ESC A bullet of mass 002kg travels ata speed of 1200 ms Calculate the size ofthe kinetic store ofthe bullet by using the equation for energy in the kinetic store. Solution Size of kinetic store of the bullet = kinetic eneray of bullet slim i vw = 5 (oczxr200"= 14 4004 eee T uy yagi) ‘A package of 5 kg is lifted vertically through a distance of 10 m at a constant speed (Figure 63), Taking the acceleration due to gravity to be 98 m/s, calculate the size of gravitational potential store of the package in its raised position. Solution Increase in gravitational potential energy of the package =mghh = (59800) = 490) Ah=10m What is the principle of conservation of energy? ifyou strike a match, you will get a burning flame. The energy head is transfented by heating to the thermal store of thes {e19.204) before and after the transfer is the same as shown Yin the chemical store of the rreby tutroundings. The total am jount 0’ nergy nin Figure 64. : 54 When energy ansfened hon one nex sve tran, Figure 64 mr 272% tance he total moun remains constant. ‘he pnp of conservation of eneay that ney cane cr Ore to another, The tot alan before and after a process MUSt Be the same CUM Of ener, feated oF destroyed. co" ston ‘9y inthe different enero } Energy, Work and Power —$<$—$<—<—<——— Scanned with CamScanner Some examples using the principle of conservation of energy (a) Anideal pendulum swinging Figure 65 illustrates what happens when an ideal pendulum is swinging in the absence ofa resistance, ie, a vacuum. The ener di Fgy transfers taking place at various stages is shown by the flow fam. An ideal pendulum wil swing forever, wth its energy in the gravitational potential store being transferred to the energy in the kinetic store and vice versa, Figure 6.5 Energy transfer in an ideal pendulur ‘The pendulum bobis, displaced to position A at height x above the horizontal level, At point A, the amount of, energy in the gravitational Potential store of the pendulum is the maximum due to its height x above its original position, 8. When the bob is released, {swings downwards with Increasing speed (due to an accelerating resultant force ofits weight and tension inthe string acting on it). ‘As the height x decreases, tozeto at position 8, the ‘gravitational potential store of energy at Ais transferred ‘mechanically o the kinetic, store of energy at 8 Since energy cannot be ‘created or destroyed, the ‘energy increase in the pendulum’s kinetic store from A to B is equal to the energy decrease in the Pendulum’ gravitational potential store from A to B, ‘The swinging pendulum bob has maximum speed when itreaches 8. ‘As the bob swings to the other side, the pendulum slows down (due toa decelerating resultant force ofits weight and tension in the string acting on it). As the height increases from 2e10 to x at position C, the kinetic store of energy at 8 is transferred mechanically tothe gravitational potential store of energy at . Since energy cannot be ‘created or destroyed, the energy increase in the ‘gravitational potential store from 8 to Cas the pendulum. gains heights equal to energy decrease in the kinetic store from B to C. At position C, where the heightis the maximum, the ‘amount of energy in the ‘gravitational potential store isthe sameas that at its original starting position, A. Flow diagram: istransferred . ¢ Is transferred is tar cl cK Gravitational mechanically to SE cvccracialy fo / eee | ofenergy ar Energy, Work rin @ woven Vice versa: the other ‘way round (inthis case energy inthe knetic store being tansfrred back to energy inthe gravitational Potential store) ENRICHMENT® THINK 1 Using the principle cof conseration of energy, wotkoutan. ‘equation to show that the maximum speed ofa swinging ideal pendulum sindependent of the mass ofthe pendulum. What does the maximum ‘speed depend on? 2 Inthe real world, aswinging pendulum wil eventualy come to stop Explain what happensin tems of energy transfert. Scanned with CamScanner ! | I QUICK CHECK InWotked Example 6c, the energy changes of ‘the pendulum between Points can be explained, by the principle of conservation of eneray, True or false? ao + ENRICHMENT THINK Rferto gure 67, One othe exlenatonsis scienficaly correct Inwhat ways) are the other two "explanations not scientifically covet? GQ Energy, Work and Power 5504 kg osciating Figure 66 sh sndulum of mas igure 66 shows a pendu! Spe pondulum where vacuum. IfPis the lowest position its maximum speed is 15 mvs, calculate (a) the maximum energy in the kinetic store of the pendulum: {b) the energy increase in the gravitational potential store (of the pendulum ast rses to its greatest height at Q: (©) the greatest increase in height, Ah Figure6.6 (Take g = 98.N/Ag) Solution (2) Maximum &,at P {b) Decrease in &, at P= Increase in E, at Q Therefore, energy Increase in the gravitational potential store at Q= 045 J (€) Maximum AE, = mgah=045 } 045 045; mg To4y9a) 15m (b) Arobot waiter on the move Have you been toa restaurant and had your foad served by a battery-operated robot walter? Figure 67 shows a singing battery-operated robot waiter with ashing lights moving across the floor. It's carrying a food tay. The robot uss its chemical tore of energy to perform lis functions ‘What happens tothe chemical store of enery inside the robot? ‘The thre restaurant guests give their own explanations. Which explanation s scientifically corect? ‘Mechanical forces transfer ‘energy from the chemical store of the battery to the kinetic and gravitational potential stores of the robot and food tray, “The energy in the chemical store of the battery isused up gradually as the robot moves Figure 57 hes hppersothe ene nthe chemal sect ebony i bettery-operated robot weiter? Scanned with CamScanner ) (©) Hammering a nail Figure 6.8 shows the eneray transfer when a nail Is hammered into a wooden block, We can use a Sankey diagram to represent the energy transfers involving multiple stages. ‘The relative amounts of eneray are represented, by the widths of the arrows. ®@ Mechanical work done inciving the nal nto the wood transfers partof the energy in the kine store ofthe moving hammer to @ Asthehammer als, Aperson possesses) @ theenergy inthe a chemical store of kineti store of the gravitational fore energy. This energy hammers transferred janvanerarey the elastic stores of the Inthe chemical ‘mechanically to the from ts gravitational hammer, nail and wood store Is transferred gravitational potential potentlal store to ts which are dissipated ‘mechanically to the store of the hammer in Hiwticstone. by sound waves to the kinetic store of the Itsralsed position, surroundings. The wood hammer as the person Is deformed. Mechanical work done by fiction transfers some of the energy in the kinetic store tothe thermal stores of the hammer, nail and wood as non- useful dissipated energy. Heating transfers the dissipated energy from the thermal stores to the surroundings. lifts up the hammer. laste stores lth ares ralland wood Sankey diagram: ue) thermal stores ofthe hammer, fall and wood 14d Figure 6.8 Harnmering a nalinvolves several energy vansers From the Sankey diagram above, we can see that the amount of energy Input (say, $0) I equal to the amount of energy output. Most of the energy input ends up inthe elastic stores of the hammer, nll and wood (say, 36) Some ends up into the thermal stores of the hammer nail and wood (say, I J), In any event or processes that occur in the real world, not all the energy can be fully wansferted Into Useful energy. Sorne of the energy input tends to be dissipated as wasted energy. Le Energy, Work and Power a Scanned with CamScanner RET) wonoxr Conserved: kept thesame Perpetually: continue without stopping ~B Brercises 64-68 i) Recall the concept of force that you have learnt in Chapter cra 1. Identify the pathways and energy tans {a) Water at room temperature reaches Bolt (b) An electrical circuit consisting ofa dry cel ranch of a tree. Using yin the grav = ing point in an electric kettle. roe grub tured on tational potential store of the ‘Arie mango hangs fiom the bt. energy, explain what happens 1 the ene) mango when ital tothe around. eer resit on the way down. Ignoring the air sy transfers that take place from the time Ast bye dows ataliotbe stand testance tat at the bl dese te ene thetamicoes he ayers and tothe tie ts ough bythe bet @A20kg flower pot accidentally falls from a height ‘of 45 m towards the ground. Wit isthe (a) sz ofthe rotations potential (8) speed ofthe owerpat ut befor it hts the ground assuring negligible arresstnce? (eg = 98g) hen ole coserissetn motion fom ahghplice is enery inthe gain potent store tasfeneteneay nthe Kt tre and othe types of energy stores (How does healer conse ist btn is gratatonal potent tore of ener? (Since energy isconsere, wy could the rol coaster nat conte ts rmtonpepetaly? (0) Use Saney aga o show how the pincne of conservation of eneray canbe apple rom he bunching ation the role conse f the highest tartg poston inde consinesyouomn mind mp heen tatu hve om (¢ ofthe flowerpot before the fal; In this section, you will learn the following: + Undetstand that mechanical oc electrical work dane i cqualto the ene + fecal and usethe equation for mechancl wring W cia ae «ery nse What is work done? Look at Figure 6.9. What isthe lady doing? What is the boy doing? Both the lady and the boy are exerting force on objects, Is work being done in both stutions? Figure 6.9 M0 sci wos helt heboyerbagp Energy, Work and Power Scanned with CamScanner In physics, workis done only when an object moves under the influence of a force. Therefore, In Figure 69, the lady is doing work, but the boy is not. Work done by a constant force on an object is the product of the force and the distance moved by the object in the direction of the force. «direction of motion + distance d moved in the direction of the force Figure 6.10 iustating work done Using Figure 610, we can represent the work done Wy the force Fin moving the object from point A to point B with the following equation: W=Fd where W= work done by a constant force F (in J) F = constant force (in N) d= distance moved by the object in the direction of the force (in m) ‘The joule (J) is a commonly used unit of work. Both work done and eneray have the same unit — joule. This is because work done is equal to eneray transferred. The work done by the lady in Figure 69 is equal to the eneray transferred mechanically from the chemical store of the lady to the kinetic store of the stroller with the baby. Recall the example of the robot waiter on page 88, Similarly, the work done by the battery-operated robot is equal to the energy transferred electrically from the chemical stote ofthe battery to the kinetic stores of the robot, food tray and vibrating air particles around the robot; and the thermal store of the surroundings. From the equation, we can deduce the following: (One joule is the work done by a force of one newton, which moves an object through a distance of, fone metre in the direction of the force. Tete clu ey {librarian pushes a trolley of books for shelving (Figure 611), The horizontal force F exerted by the librarian on the trolley is 8 N and the trolley moves a distance of Sm in the diection of the force. {a) Calculate the work done on the trolley (b) Explain what happened to the ‘mechanical work done. Solution (a) Given: Force F=81N Distance moved s= Work done W=fd=8NxSm~40) (b) The mechanical work done by the force Fin moving the trolley is transferred mechanically to the kinetic store of the trolley. direction of motion distanced=5m Figure 6.11 Energy, Work and Power + ENRICHMENT INFO. ‘Another Reak world {Example of No Work Done A student is queuing atthe library counter to borrow some books. He holds the: ‘books ina stationary position. While doing 50, he balances the weight Wof the books by exerting an upwad force F cof magnitude W.To ‘check out the books, the student walks, 21088 a horizontal oor to the counter Work done. there tsnoworkdone by Cy] Scanned with CamScanner eee Scanned with CamScanner 6.3 Energy Resources Inthis section, you will learn the following: * Describe how useful energy may be obtained, of electrical power generated Describe advantages and | disadvantages of the methods for obtaining energy. * © Show an understanding that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun, * © Know that research is being caried out to investigate how energy released by nuclear fusion can 'be used to produce electrical power ona large scale. '* © Understand that the Sun isthe source of energy for most of our eneray. * Show a qualitative understanding of efficiency '* © Recall and use the equations: Fiency = ful energy output) oy {total energy input) sae siency = Uselul bower output) etc ponent How can we obtain energy? ‘We consume large amounts of energy every day to improve the quality of our lives. ‘Some of these eneray stores are held in chemical stores of petiol and diese! to power ‘cars and buses, Some are held in the chemical store of gas for cooking food and: heating water. Most of the eneray stores are transferred electrically to run machines, and light up buildings and streets at night (Figure 6.13) Examples of major energy resources ‘Major energy resources targeomo. We depend on some major energy resources to produce electrical power and other ghtuptheciy Useful energy stores (Table 61). These energy resources have some advantages and disadvantages Table 6.1 Major energy resources Sze + No Figure 6.14 Mining forcoal ee | Fossil fuels | «Gramps of fos fuels are petroleum, natural 25 coal and wood. + Widely avalabe | wana fel burt at fecoting todinapet esting asia transfers energy from the chemical store ofthe {velo the thermal + Relatively stores ofthe pot, the food and the surroundings. cheaper in cost produced (of production during burning, contributes to | Energy, Work and Power Scanned with CamScanner Table 6.1 Mojor energy resources continued) + Environmental | oe «+ widely avaiable pollution from * Gaamples of biofuels are ethanol biosesel and biogas, which are atalarge sale acer

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