MODUL

MATA KULIAH UMUM

BAHASA INGGRIS
SI / Semester I / 2 SKS

LECTURER:

UMI SHOLIHAH, S.Pd, M.Pd.

UNIVERSITAS WIDYA DHARMA KLATEN

 CHAPTER I

PARTS OF SPEECH

A. NOUN

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Example:

Person: Maria, boy, doctor.

Place: New York, park, outer space

Thing: pen, watermelon, statue of liberty.

Idea: Fairness, friendlines, acceptance

B. Pronoun

A pronoun replaces the name of a person, place, thing, or idea in a

sentence.

Example:

You he him those it

We she her these that

They me this each

C. Article

An article comes before a noun in a sentence and sometimes shows if the

noun refers to a specific or general person, place, thing.

Example:

General: a dog, a farm, an apple, an octopus

Specific: the dog, the farm, the apple, the octopus

D. Preposition

An preposition shows the relationship (such as direction, time or

placement) between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence.

Example:

About around into at from on

Across before through by in to

After between to for of with

E. Verb

A verb tells a noun‟s action or state of being.

Example:

Action: ask, jump, think, want, run, dance, eat, fix.

State of being: is, are, be, have, has, was, were.

F. Adjective

An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

Example:

Size/shape: tiny, long, oval

Texture: prickly, smooth, leathery

Odor/tasty: nutty, flowery, sour

Appearance: bright, beautiful, faded

G. Adverb

An adverb tells how, how often, when or where. It can describe a verb,

an adjective, or another adverb.

Example:

How: loudly, quickly

How often: always, never

When: before, soon

Where: away, inside

H. Conjunction

A conjunction joins two ideas or shows the relationship between two

parts of a sentence.

Example:

And so until

Because though while

But or unless
 I. Interjection

An interjection expresses strong emotion and is often followed by an

exlamation point.

Example:

Aw hurry up hey

Bravo oh no! Well

Exercises!
 Chapter II
Review Tenses
1. Simple Present Tense: =>Verbal: (+) Verb 1 (s/es for
He,she,it)
(-) do/does+not+verb 1
Nominal: (+) tobe (is, am,are)
(-) tobe+ not
2. Simple Past Tense: =>Verbal: (Verb 2)
Nominal: tobe (was/were)
3. Simple Future Tense =>(Will/shall +V1) / (be going to+
Verb 1)
4. Present Continuous Tense =>is/am/are + Verb-ing
5. Past Continuous Tense =>was/were + Verb-ing
6. Future Continuous Tense => (will+be+Verb-
ing)/(begoingto+be+Verb-ing)
7. Present Perfect Tense =>have/has+ Verb 3
8. Past Perfect Tense => had+Verb 3
9. Future Perfect Tense => will have Verb-3
10. Present Perfect Continuous => have/has+been+Verb-ing
11. Past Perfect Continuous => had+been+Verb-ing
12. Future Perfect Continuous => will have been +Verb-ing
13. Past Future => could/would/should + Verb 1
14. Past Future Continuous => could/would/should + be + Verb-
ing
15. Past Future Perfect => could/would/should+ have + Verb
3
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous =>could/would/should + have +
been + Verb-ing
COMPLETE THIS TABLE!
TENSES Present Past Future Past Future

Simple V1 V2 will/shall/be Should/would+

going to+V1 v1
tobe(is/am/are tobe(was/were)
) will/shall/be Should/would+
going to+be be
Perfect have/has+V3 had+V3

have/has+been had + been

Continu
ous

Perfect
 Continu
ous

EXERCISES 1
Direction: Change the verb into the correct form of Simple Present
Tense.
1. Christoper ___________ (drive) a bus.
2. We _____________ (have) some money.
3. ______________ (you watch) movies?
4. They ______________ (not work) for us.
5. I ______________ (love) to dance.
6. She ___________ (have) many friends.
7. Alexis and her husband always __________ (come) for the summer.
8. ___________ (he draw) well?
9. James ____________ (not remember) me.
10. Laura _________ (be) a beautiful girl.
11. I ______________ (not eat) cheese.
12. Cats ______________ (like) to sleep.
13. You ___________ (be) a smart boy.
14. She ____________(wash) the dishes every evening.
15. ____________ (you be) ready?
16. I ____________ (be) ready.
17. I usually ____________ (go) to school.
18. They ________________ (visit) us often.
19. You ___________ (play) basketball once a week.
20. Tom ___________(work) everyday.
21. He always ______________ (tell) us funny stories.
22. She never ____________(help) me with that!
23. Martha and Kevin ____________ (swim) twice a week.
24. In this club, people usually _________(dance) a lot.
25. Linda _________(take care) of her sister.
26. John rarely ___________ (leave) the country.
27. We _________ (live) in the city most of the year.
28. Lorie ____________(travel) to Paris every Sunday.
29. I __________(bake) cookies twice a month.
30. You always _______ (teach) me new things.

EXERCISES 2
Direction: Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple
present tense.
Hi, my name (be) __________ Albert. My friends (call) _____________ me Al.
You can call me Al if you (like) __________. I _____________(want) to tell you about
a problem I ________(have). It _______(be, not) a big problem, but it is not a small
problem, either. I _______ (guess) it’s somewhere between big and small. I
__________(have) a best friend. His name _______ (be) Joe, but everybody
_________(call) him Joey. Joey and I have been friends for a long time. That’s the
problem. Joey ________(like) to smoke. He ______ (say) he _______(not), but I
_______(know) he ___________(do). He _________(try) to hide it from me, but I
_______(see) him do it sometimes. When I see him do it, he just ________(laugh)
and ______ (walk) away. Now, Joey ______(smoke) everyday. When he
_________(come) over to my house, he always _________(bring) his cigarettes
with him. He ________(keep) them in his pocket. He _________(think) they are
cool. He _____________(not, think) it’s a bad idea to smoke. He _________(say),
“________________(not, worry) Al. I’m Okey”. He _________(tell) me that I
__________(not, understand), but I _____________(think) I _____________(do). I
_____________(feel) like it’s his right to smoke. He can do that what he
_____________(want) to do, right? But I can _________________(not, help)
________________worrying. He’s my best friend.

EXERCISES 3
Direction: Rewrite these sentences based on the tenses given!
The students practice their English in the tourist spots every
Sunday.
a. Simple past :
________________________________________________________________
b. Simple Future :
________________________________________________________________
c. Present continuous :
________________________________________________________________
d. Past Continuous :
________________________________________________________________
e. Future Continuous :
________________________________________________________________
f. Present Perfect :
________________________________________________________________
g. Past Perfect :
________________________________________________________________
h. Future Perfect :
________________________________________________________________
i. Present Perfect Continuous :
________________________________________________________
j. Past Perfect Continuous :
____________________________________________________________
k. Future Perfect Continuous :
_________________________________________________________
EXERCISES 4
Present Time and Past Time
Directions: Put the letter of the best possible answer on your answer
sheet.
1. Rene _____ his teeth three times a day.
a. brush b. brushed c. brushes d. had
brushed
2. Hubert can’t come to the phone right now. He _____ a shower.
a. take b. took c. has taken d. is taking
3. Ingrid _____ takes a taxi to the airport. Her friends always drive her
there.
a. always b. often c. sometimes d.
never
4. Dayme _____ comes to class on time. She is never late.
a. always b. usually c. rarely d.
never
5. Luis _____ his notebook before every test.
a. studying b. studies c. is studying d. study
6. Victor is hungry. He _____ to eat a slice of pizza.
a. want b. is wanting c. wanted d.
wants
7. Dario: Is it raining right now?
Jose: No, _____.
a. it isn’t b. it’s c. it not d. isn’t
8. Deysi: Are you studying right now?
Hector: Yes, _____.
a. I m b. I am c. I’m not d. I am not
9. Lourdes: Does your wife play tennis?
Juan: No, _____.
a. doesn’t b. she doesn’t c. she didn’t d. didn’t
10. Eduardo _____ for nine hours last night.
a. sleep b. sleeps c. slept d. is
sleeping
11. Carlos _____ that wood _____ in water. However, he tried an experiment
and the wood floated. Now he knows that it floats in water.
a. thinks/sink b. thought/sunk c. think/sinks d.
thought/sinks
12. Ibeth _____ a delicious lunch at La Carreta last night.
a. ate b. eat c. eating d. eated
13. When Jose slipped on the wet floor in the grocery store, he _____ down
and
_____ himself.
a. fall/hurts b. falling/is hurting c. fell/hurt d. fall/hurt
14. Yesterday Eric _____ an unusual noise, so he _____ up from bed to see
what it was.
a. hears/get b. hearded/got c. hearing/getting d. heard/got
15. Nubia _____ her notebook to class, so that Kelly could check her work.
a. bought b. brought c. bring d.
bringed
16. Ricardo: _____ well last night?
Ileana: Yes, I did.
a. Did you sleep b. You slept c. Did you slept d. You
sleeping
17. Marisol: Did Iris watch Friends on television last night?
Mercedez: No, _____. She watched a rented movie.
a. she did b. she’d not c. she didn’t d. she’d didn’t
18. Martha _____ a big party for her husband. It will be in three weeks.
a. is planing b. is planning c. planning d. planning
19. Angel went to bed at 11:30 p.m. last night. At 12:30 a.m., Angel _____.
a. sleeping b. is sleeping c. was sleeping d. slept
20. While Basilio _____ down the street, he _____ a beautiful woman and
said “hello.”
a. walk/see b. was walking/see c. was walking/saw d.
walking/saw
21. Hercules _____ dinner last night when someone _____ on the door.
a. eat/knock b. was eating/knock c. was eating/knocked d.
eating/knock
22. When Maria went to New York, she _____ her aunt and uncle.
a. visit b. visited c. visiting d. visits
23. While I _____ Maylin called me on the phone.
a. am eating dinner b. was eating dinner, c. ate dinner d. ate dinner,
 BAB III

PEMBENTUKAN KALIMAT SEDERHANA

Untaian kata yang secara utuh menyampaikan ide, informasi, atau

pesan harus berbentuk kalimat. Kalimat setidaknya terdiri atas satu unsur

Subject (S) dan satu unsur Verb (V). Bila suatu kalimat hanya terdiri dari

satu unsur S dan satu unsur V, pola ini dikenal dengan istilah kalimat

sederhana (simple sentence).

Ide, informasi, atau pesan yang tidak tersampaikan dalam pola

kalimat akan berdampak pada ketidak tuntasan ide / informasi / pesan

bersangkutan, dan pasti berbuah pada kemenggantungan, kebiasan,

ketidak jelasan,dan ketidak eleganan dari ide / informasi / pesan tersebut.

Karena kalimat setidaknya terdiri atas satu subject dan satu verb,

maka dalam bahasa inggris kalimat harus selalu mengandung kata kerja

(verb). Oleh karena itu, semua kalimat dalam bahasa inggris merupakan

kalimat verbal. Ini sangat berbeda dari pola bahasa Indonesia yang

mengenal adanya kalimat verbal, nominal, adjectival, dan adverbial. Dalam

bahasa Indonesia, nama kalimat dipengaruhi oleh bentuk predikat dari

kalimat bersangkutan; disebut kalimat nominal bila predikatnya berbentuk

kata benda, kalimat adjectival bila predikatnya dari kata sifat, kalimat

adverbial bila predikatnya dalam bentuk kata keterangan, dan kalimat

verbal bila predikatnya dalam bentuk kata kerja. Karena tidak terdapat

unsur kata kerja pada kalimat nominal, adjectival, dan adverbial (bahasa

Indonesia), kalimat – kalimat seperti ini diungkap dalam bahasa Inggris

dengan menggunakan to be sebagai Verb – nya.

Fungsi subject dapat terbentuk dari noun (nama orang / benda),

pronoun (kata ganti orang / benda), gerund (verb – ing), to infinitive (to –

verb 1), dan noun clause (Subject + verb diawali that / whether/ question

– word).
 Fungsi Verb dapat terbentuk dari verb 1/ verb 2, to be, (is, am, are,

was, were, have/has/had + been, modal + be), atau auxiliary + verb. Fungsi

verb yang terbentuk dari selain verb 1 atau verb 2 (misal verb – ing, verb 3)

harus mendapat awalan auxiliary.

Examples:

Your story makes me laugh. => Noun as subject

S V

It is enjoyable. => Pronoun as subject

S V

Listening to your story has made me laugh. => Gerund as subject

S V

To listen to your story has made me laugh. => to infinitive as subject

What you told in your story has made me laugh. => noun clause as subject

EXERCISES:

I. SUBJECT

Garis bawahi unsur Subject pada setiap kalimat berikut. Pada spasi yang

tersedia tulis N bila unsur Subject terbentuk dari Noun, P dari Pronoun,

G dari Gerund, TI dari To infinitive, dan NC dari Noun Clause.

Nomor 1 dan 2 dapat dijadikan contoh.

1. __G __ Walking to work is healthy.

2. __NC_ That incumbent president is unable to overcome the

economic crisis decreases his popularity.

3. ______ Mr. Seanu is the new president director of this company.

4. ______ To get a driving licence is very complicated.

5. ______ Driving to Kuningan from Bandung takes three and a half

hour.

6. ______ Whoever wishes to enter this university should be able to

 speak English.

7. ______ What she demands to her husband is illogical.

8. ______ To get angry is not a good solution.

9. ______ What that lecturer says confuses me.

10. ______ Tigers have sharp claws.

II. VERB

Garis bawahi unsur Verb pada setiap kalimat berikut. Pada spasi yang

tersedia tulis V1 bila unsur Verb terbentuk dari Verb 1, V2 dari Verb 2, TB

dari Tobe, AV dari Auxilary + Verb.

Nomor 1 dan 2 dapat dijadikan contoh.

1. __AV__ Waduk Darma is located in Kuningan Regency.

2. __TB__ There are so many applicants who wish to take this

program.

3. ______ That new books will attract beginner learners.

4. ______ Both the roses and orchids are already blooming.

5. ______ Those students have obviously studied chemistry for more

than four years.

6. ______ Deep down in the earth lie deposits of uranium.

7. ______ Sentence Writing Book has been bought and read by

thousands of people.

8. ______ Trains depart from this station every fifteen minutes.

9. ______ Many job opportunities are always available for persistent

people.

10. ______ The cellular companies have recently built relays in

suburban areas.
III. SENTENCE AND PHRASE

Pada spasi yang tersedia tulis K bila rangkaian kata yang ada merupakan

kalimat(Sentence) dan tulis F bila merupakan frasa (Phrase).

Nomor 1 dan 2 dapat dijadikan contoh.

1. ______ a house costs a fortune nowdays

2. ______ sitting alone in a cold night

3. ______ before the last session

4. ______ the drive home in the afternoon

5. ______ to learn mathematics easily

6. ______ in terms of population

7. ______ spelling irregular verb

8. ______ from five to eleven months

9. ______ acupuncture requires needles

10. ______ time heals all wounds

 BAB IV

KESALAHAN STRUKTUR KALIMAT

Jenis kesalahan struktur kalimat yang paling lazim ditemukan dalam

tulisan penulis Indonesia pada umumnya adalah (1) klausa kehilangan unsur

subject atau verb – nya, dan (2) kalimat sederhana dihantarkan oleh

konjungsi.

I. Klausa kehilangan unsur Subject atau Verb – nya.

- Every afternoon is enjoyable to take a nap.

Kalimat ini salah karena kalimat tersebut memiliki Verb “is” tapi tidak

ada unsur Subject.

- His advice about the data colection.

Kalimat ini salah karena kalimat tersebut memiliki Subject “His

advice” tapi tidak memiliki unsur Verb

- According to Perdana stated that ....

Adverb Verb

Kalimat ini salah karena Verb “Stated” tapi tidak memiliki Subject,

frasa “according to Perdana” bertindak sebagai keterangan, karena

Subject tidak boleh dihantarkan oleh Adverb atau Preposisi.

II. Kalimat sederhana dihantarkan dengan konjungsi (conjunction)

- When the tsunami in Aceh killed numerous people.

S V

Kalimat ini mempunyai unsur subject dan verb, tapi kalimat ini salah

karena diawali dengan konjungsi “when”.

- How the president of Indonesia overcomes the economic crisis.

S V

Kalimat ini mempunyai unsur subject dan verb, tapi kalimat ini salah

karena diawali dengan konjungsi “how”.

 Kalimat yang diawali konjungsi akan membentuk anak kalimat (sub –

clause), oleh karena itu kalimat seperti ini dianggap tidak lengkap.

III. Pemakaian double Subject atau double Verb

Ingat, kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris harus setidak – tidaknya terdiri

atas 1 unsur subject dan 1 unsur verb. Hindari pemakaian double

subject atau double verb, seperti:

- The car it costs a lot of money.

- The car is costs a lot of money.

Kalimat tersebut salah, dianggap benar jika double tersebut dirangkai

dengan connector seperti “and, but,” dan sejenisnya.

- The car and the motorbike cost a lot of money.

- The car is nice but costs a lot of money.

Atau manakala Verb – nya dari bentuk Tobe, verb lainnya dinyatakan

dalam bentuk Ving atau Verb 3.

- The team are visiting the site.

- The book is written by Otong Setiawan Djuharie.

Selain kesalahan – kesalahan diatas, juga perlu diperhatikan hal – hal

berikut:

Untuk Subject:

a) Hindari pemakaian awalan preposition (with, in, at, dll)

(salah): Of birds owe much of their success as a group to their

S V
unusual powers of migration.

(benar): Birds owe much of their success as a group to their

S V
unusual powers of migration.

(salah): In English has many rules to obey.

(benar): English has many rules to obey.

b) Hindari pemakaian awalan relative pronoun (who, whom, whose,

which, that)
 (salah): According to the wave theory, whose population of the
Americans may have been the result of a number of separate
S V
migrations.

(benar): According to the wave theory, population of the

Americans may have been the result of a number of separate
S V
migrations.

c) Hindari pemakaian awalan conjunction (when, but, dll)

(salah): When craters and waterless seas are found on the surface
S V
of the moon.

(benar): Craters and waterless seas are found on the surface

S V
of the moon.

d) Hindari pemakaian pronoun yang mengulang subjectnya

(salah): Setiawan he is a brilliant writer.

S V
(benar): Setiawan is a brilliant writer.
S V

Untuk Verb:

a) Hindari pemakaian awalan preposition (with, in, at, dll)

(salah): The researcher to find accurate data.

(benar): The researcher finds accurate data.

b) Hindari pemakaian awalan relative pronoun (who, whom, whose,

which, that)

(salah): The teacher who teaches math.

(benar): The teacher teaches math.

c) Hindari pemakaian awalan conjunction (when, but, dll)

(salah): The data when show the existence of the other beings.

(benar): The data show the existence of the other beings.

d) Hindari pemakaian Verb – ing bila tidak diawali to be.

(salah): She teaching math.

 (benar): She is teaching math.

e) Hindari pemakaian Verb 3 bila tidak diawali to be, have / has/ had

(salah): The book written by Setiawan.

(benar): The book is written by Setiawan.

Exercises 1:

Bubuhkan (√) bila rangkaian kata sudah merupakan kalimat sederhana

dengan struktur yang benar, tulis DS jika double Subject, DV jika double

Verb, INV jika Verb kurang lengkap atau salah. Koreksi kesalahan yang

ada!

1. ____ Pure water is very precious during dry season.

2. ____ Walking it is a cheap exercise.

3. ____ Prabu is have a nice house.

4. ____ She gone.

5. ____ This is a simple sentence.

6. ____ A subject it must not be repeated.

7. ____ Organization requires cooperation.

8. ____ Ratu sung a nice song.

9. ____ Mr. Setiawan written more than ninety books.

10. ____ Kadita driving a Jaguar.

11. ____ The children they laughed and sang

12. ____ Mr. Setiawan‟s car parked in front of the building.

13. ____ The plane full of passengers.

14. ____ The cat with its five kittens.

15. ____ Running strengtens leg muscles.

16. ____ Eating regularly it helps dieters.

Exercises 2:

Pada spasi yang tersedia, tulis CS bila rangkaian kata pada setiap soal

terkategori kalimat lengkap dan tulis NCS bila bukan kalimat lengkap.

Nomor 1 dan 2 sebagai contoh.

CS 1. She has been crying a lot

NCS 2. When you were staring at me

_____ 3. Although there was ice on the road

_____ 4. They arrived after the deadline

_____ 5. If prices continue to climb

_____ 6. It started to rain

_____ 7. After the runner fell down

_____ 8. Exercise promotes health

_____ 9. Because the chicken was burned

_____ 10. A singer performed after dinner

 BAB V

PEMBENTUKAN UNSUR – UNSUR KALIMAT

1. SUBJECT

S mengambil bentuk dari noun phrase. Noun phrase dapat dibentuk dari

salah satu:

- Noun (baik singular maupun plural) - Pronoun

- Determiner + noun - Gerund

- Noun clause

2. VERB

V mengambil bentuk verb group. Verb group dapat dibentuk dari salah

satu:

- - Auxiliary + verb

- Verb

3. OBJECT

O mengambil bentuk yang sama dengan S.

4. ADVERB

A dapat dibentuk dari salah satu:

- Adverb - Prepositional phrase : preposisi + noun phrase

- Noun - Adverbial phrase : intensifier + adverb

- Determiner + noun - Adverbial clause

5. COMPLEMENT

C dapat dibentuk dari salah satu:

- Adjective -

- Noun - Determiner + noun

Latihan 1:

Lengkapilah rangkaian kata – kata berikut dengan fungsi Subject!

1. ____________ comes from America.

2. ____________ annoys Indonesian people.

3. ____________ has become a burning issues.

4. ____________ want to help us.

5. ____________ is becoming more and more popular.

6. ____________ is as good as an old one.

7. ____________ led Indonesian during the war.

8. ____________ grow well in Bandung.

9. ____________ are expensive.

10. ____________ should not be driving.

Latihan 2:

Lengkapi rangkaian kata berikut dengan fungsi Verb. Bila perlu

tambahkan pula fungsi Object atau Complement, dan atau Adverb!

1. Every dog and cat _______________________________________________

2. Mr. Brian _______________________________________________________

3. What happened to me just now __________________________________

4. That I always get good scores ____________________________________

5. The neighbors ___________________________________________________

6. Gardening ______________________________________________________

7. Preparing future career _________________________________________

8. Many vegetables ________________________________________________

9. That employee __________________________________________________

10. A person ________________________________________________________

 BAB VI

POLA KALIMAT SEDERHANA (SIMPLE SENTENCE)

DECLARATIVE = bentuk kalimat dasar bahasa Inggris yang berjenis

declarative atau statement (pernyataan) akan terbentuk dari salah satu 7

ragam pola di bawah ini:

1. SV

Kalimat sederhana berpola SV merupakan kalimat dimana V semata – mata

akan mengungkapkan apa yang terjadi atau dilakukan S.

- The wind is blowing - The dog ran

S V S V
- The sky darkened - Tress fell down
S V S V
2. SVO

Kalimat yang berpola SVO mensyaratkan V dalam bentuk transitif. V akan

menunjukkan suatu kegiatan atau aktifitas yang memiliki pengaruh pada

atau berhubungan dengan O.

- He‟ll get a surprise - We elect her

S V O S V O
- I sent a card - She gives some money
S V O S V O

3. SVC

Kalimat berpola SVC mensyaratkan V dalam bentuk Copula atau linking

verb=be (is/am/are/was/were/have-has-had been), seem, appear, look, feel,

get, smell, taste, become, sound, grow, keep, remain. Kalimat berpola SVC

akan memberi penjelasan tentang keadaan S, sementara V berupa kata

perangkai belaka, dan tidak menunjukkan suatu aktifitas / kegiatan.

- Your dinner seemed ready. - He‟s getting angry

S V C S V C
- I am a student - she was sick
S V C S V C
4. SVA

Pola SVA lazimnya akan menunjukkan bagaimana atau kapan atau dimana

kegiatan / peristiwa terjadi. Fungsi A umumnya berupa adverb of manner,

adverb of time, dan atau adverb of place. Adverb of manner umumnya

dinyatakan dalam part of speech : adverb; detail tentang cara membuat

adverb dan penggunaannya.

- Mr. Setiawan drives slowly - They work carefully

S V A S V A
- They will leave soon - My friend went to Solo
S V A S V A

5. SVOO

Pola SVOO lazimnya menyatakan melakukan apa untuk siapa. Unsur

object terdiri atas orang dan benda. Unsur object berupa benda dikenal

dengan istilah direct object, dan unsur object berupa orang dikenal

dengan istilah indirect object. Indirect object normalnya hadir sebelum

direct object. Akan tetapi bila direct object diletakkan mendahului

inderect object, preposisito atau for harus disisipkan diantara direct

object dan indirect object.

- I must send my parents an anniversary card

S V O O
- I must send an anniversary card to my parents
S V O O
6. SVOC

Dalam pola SVOC, C lazimnya menerangkan keadaan O, atau peruntukan

O.

- He got his shoes and shocks wet

S V O C
- She made me crazy
S V O C
7. SVOA

Kalimat yang berpola SVOA mensyaratkan V dalam bentuk transitif. V

akan menunjukkan suatu kegiatan atau aktifitas yang memiliki pengaruh

pada atau berhubungan dengan O, dan A memberi penjelasan kapan atau

dimana atau bagaimana kegiatan / peristiwa berlangsung.

- I saw him lastnight

S V O A
- You can put the dish on the table
S V O A

Exercises:

1. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan pola SV:

a. Mr. Jon ______

b. The store ______

c. _____ was ringing.

d. _____ can‟t swim.

2. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan pola SVO:

a. Alice _______more than ninety books.

b. The workers ______ the bridge.

c. Kadita borrowed _______

d. He teaches ______

e. Children like ______

3. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan pola SVC:

a. The book seems _______

b. The girl looks ______

c. The soup tastes _____

4. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan pola SVA:

a. The manager complained ____

b. Ratu will graduate _____

c. My father works _____

5. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan pola SVOO:

a. This problem has caused ______ a lot of troubles.

b. _____ will show _____ the way.

6. Lengkapi kalimat berikut dengan pola SVOC:

a. He ______ every lecture an exciting eperience.

b. The professor ______ science an adventure.

7. Gabungkan kalimat - kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat berpola SVOA:

a. Ms. Kaila works in Telkom. She works constantly. She works

five days in a week.

___________________________________________________________________

b. The rain fell. It fell all night. It fell softly and steadily.

___________________________________________________________________

c. Ratu went home. She went sadly. She went home yesterday.

___________________________________________________________________
 BAB VI

MENULIS KALIMAT NEGATIF

A. POLA DASAR

- Secara umum kalimat negatif dibuat dengan membubuhkan kata

not setelah auxiliary verb (is not, have not, cannot, dll)

- Bila terdapat lebih dari 1 auxiliary, not diletakkan setelah auxiliary

verb yang pertama.

(I will not have graduated before the end of this year)

- Jika tidak memiliki auxiliary (seperti pada S. Present Tense dan S.

Past Tense), do / does/did digunakan sebagai auxiliary.

- Have, need, dare, used terkadang bertindak sebagai auxiliary,

terkadang bertindak sebagai full verb.

a) have, manakala manakala langsung diikuti past participle, dianggap

sebagai auxiliary.

required data.

b) have, manakala tidak langsung diikuti past participle, dianggap full

verb.

c) need / dare, dianggap auxiliary lazimnya hanya muncul dalam bentuk

negatif (needn‟t). Need sebagai auxiliary tidak perlu ditambah akhiran –s

untuk subjek third singular, dan selalu diikuti infinitive tanpa to.

You needn‟t look at me like that.

I daren‟t tell the boss because she doesn‟t want to make trouble.

d) used to, dalam penggunaan formal dapat dianggap sebagai auxiliary.

Used to hanya digunakan konteks past untuk menyatakan kebiasaan

diwaktu lampau.
I used not to like opera, but now i‟m getting interested.

B. NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES

Bentuk negatif untuk kalimat perintah adalah dengan membubuhkan kata

don‟t di muka pertanyaan.

- Don‟t believe a word he says!

- Don‟t be so rude!

- Don‟t worry, i‟ll look after you.

C. NEGATIVE INFINITIVE & -ING FORMS

Bentuk negatif untuk pola infinitive adalah dengan membubuhkan kata

not to sebelum infinitive yang bersangkutan.

- It is important not to worry about silly things.

- I told her not to be late.

Bentuk negatif untuk pola –ing adalah dengan membuuhkan kata not

sebelum –ing bersangkutan.

- What i enjoy moston holiday is not working.

- Not attending the classes, Rian couldn‟t understand a single

material.

D. NEGATIVE WORDS

Terdapat beberapa kata yang dapat berpengertian negatif dengan

menambahkan prefiks tertentu, seperti:

- Not + social social - not + possible

- Not + moral - not + polite

- Not + active - not + happy

- Kata – kata berikut dianggap berpengertian negatif (seldom, rarely,

hardly, dll)

- Hindari pemakaian double negative dalam 1 pernyataan

E. MENEGATIFKAN BAGIAN TERTENTU DARI KALIMAT

Terkadang hanya bagian tertentu dari kalimat hendak dinegasikan; ini

dilakukan dengan cara membubuhkan kata not di muka bagian yang

hendak dinegasikan tersebut.

- Ask Mr. Brian, not Mr. John.

- Come early, but not before six.

Namun demikian, kata not tidak lazim ditaruh dimuka subjek.

Untuk memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek, kita lebih menggunakan

ungkapan:

- It wasn‟t Brian that came, but his sister.

F. NOT >< NO

Untuk membuat kalimat negatif atau menegasikan bagian tertentu dari

kalimat kita menggunakan kata not. Kata no juga digunakan untuk

pengertian negatif, namun penggunaannya sebagai determiner, oleh

karena itu no selalu diikuti kata benda atau kata yang dibendakan.

- No teachers went on strike

- Kadita had no idea about travelling

- Sorry, there‟s no time to talk

Karena no adalah determiner, maka tidak dapat digunakanbersamaan

dengan determiner yang lain.

No sering kali muncul dengan Verb – ing untuk menyatakan sesuatu

dilarang

- No smoking (= smoking is not allowed)

- No parking (= it is not allowed to park the vehicles)

EXERCISES:

UBAHLAH KALIMAT BERIKUT KEDALAM BENTUK NEGATIF!

1. Tata studies at elementary school.

2. The sun rises in the east.

3. The earth revolves around the sun.

4. I have a meeting next Wednesday at that time.

5. Shinta has a beautiful old house.

6. He has to take a TOEFL test before leaving for the U.S.

7. He is attending a meeting now.

8. I have been reading books all these weeks.

9. I saw a large house in the corner.

10. He could have eaten ice cream.

11. Stay here, please!

12. Be sad!

13. See that movie!

Negasikan infinitive pada kalimat berikut:

14. I warned him to stay there.

15. The guy told me to go away.

16. She advised John to be lazy.

17. She asked him to help her.

18. The boss ordered the secretary to retype the document.

19. He asked me to love him.

20. The mother told her child to break the vase.

 BAB VIII

MENULIS KALIMAT PERTANYAAN

EXERCISES:

I. Make YES /NO QUESTION from the following statements!

1. You love me.

2. Ratu went to Jogja this morning.

3. You can help me

4. The government will raise the civil servants‟ salaries.

5. I must marry her

6. Your mother is well

7. Your mother was here yesterday

8. She will have graduated from this university by the end of this

year.

9. You would have bought a Jaguar if you have won a loottery

ticket.

10. Kadita will have been sleeping if i call her at 4 a.m.

II. Make QUESTION TAGS from the following statements!

1. He can‟t go now, ____________?

2. You will be here with me, ______________?

3. You love me, ___________?

4. She loves you, _____________?

5. Ratu went to Jogja this morning, ____________?

6. The students are lazy to do the homework, ____________?

7. Everybody wacthed the movie, _____________?

8. No one cares of me, ___________?

9. I am pretty, __________?

10. I am not guilty, ___________?

III. WH - QUESTIONS (Make questions from the statements with the

following answers!)

1. Mr. John writes a dramatic novel every year in his mansion.

a. Mr. John

b. A dramatic novel

c. Every year

d. In his mansion

2. This morning, the teacher was angry because his students

didn‟t do their homework.

a. The teacher

b. This morning

c. Because his students didn‟t do their homework.

3. Our school will do a study tour in Singapore with English First

Course next July.

a. Our school

b. A study tour in Singapore

c. English First Course

d. Next July

4. Alan have just called his girlfriend a few minute ago.

a. Alan

b. His girlfriend

c. A few minute ago

5. The football players play football in the Stadium every week.

a. The football players

b. Football.

c. In the stadium

d. Every week

6. The head master is giving speech to his students in the

schoolyard at this moment.

a. The head master

b. Giving speech

c. His students

d. In the schoolyard

e. At this moment

7. The President built the marvelous house in the center of this

city last year.

a. The President

b. The marvelous house

c. In the center of this city

d. Last year

8. My teacher will visit International School in Singapore next

Monday.

a. Visit International School

b. Next Monday
 BAB IX

MENULIS KALIMAT PERINTAH

(MAKING IMPERATIVE SENTENCE)

A. Perintah

Kalimat perintah dalam bahasa inggris dikenal dengan istilah Command /

imperative, memiliki 2 jenis: 1) suruhan 2) larangan.

1) Suruhan

Kalimat suruhan digunakan saat kita menginginkan seseorang melakukan

sesuatu /ada dalam keadaan tertentu. Dalam membentuk kalimat

suruhan, apabila yang disuruhkan merupakan suatu kegiatan / tindakan,

maka harus dinyatakan dalam kata kerja bentuk 1 (verb 1) dan apabila yang

disuruhkan bukan merupakan kegiatan / tindakan (kata sifat (adjective) /

keterangan (adverb)) maka sebelum kata yang disuruhkan ditambahkan

kata “be”. Disini pihak yang disuruh dianggap dimengerti – yakni penutur

(penanggap wicara / orang kedua)

a) Kegiatan / tindakan

Pergilah

Tinggallah disini!

Cintailah aku

b) Bukan kegiatan / tindakan

Kesanalah

Hati – hatilah reful!

Bila pihak yang tersuruh disebutkan (biasanya kata kamu) sebutan pihak

tersuruh ditaruh dimuka kalimat suruhan dan dipisahkan oleh tanda baca

koma.

- Kamu, pergilah

2) Larangan

B.
 BAB X

PUNCTUATIONS (TANDA BACA)

A : capital letter

. : full stop

, : coma

... : dots

: : colon

; : semi colon

? : question mark

! : exclamation mark

- : hypen

/ : slash

_ : dash

„ : aposthrope

“ ” : quotation

( ) : brackets

√ : tick