Biological importance of Na+ and

K+
Na+ and K+ are common cations found in the
body fluids which play a vital role in our body
 i) The different ratio of Na+ and K+inside and
outside the cell controls the functioning of muscle
and nerve cell
 ii) The movement of glucose into cell is associated
with Na+
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
 Alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their
valence shell. They belong to group IIA in the
perioic table.
 Example: Beryllium, Calcium,
Magnesium,Strontium (Sr), barium(Ba) an
raidum (Ra ) .
 They give positive flame test . In the flame test ,
the electrons are excited to higher ernergy level.
When electrons drop back to its original position , it
gives out its extra energy which appears in visible
region of light as follows
 Continue….

 Calcium :- Brick red

 Strontium :- Crimson
 Barium :- apple green
 Radium :- Crimson
 Continue…
 CALCIUM
 Occurence:-
 In nature, calcium occurs in the form of
 i) Limestone or marble (CaCO3)
 ii) Dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3)
 iii) Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O)
 Continue…
 Compounds of calcium
 I) Quick lime or lime or calcium oxide (CaO)
 - Manufacture
 Quick lime is manufacture by heating limestone or
marble to 9000C.
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
 CaC𝑂3 CaO + C𝑂2
 This reaction is reversible so CO2 is removed as soon it
is formed to proceed the reaction in forward direction.
 The pieces of limestone is placed in lime kiln and
is heated by burning coal in firebox. Quick lime is
removed in lime car.
 Continue….
 Properties
 i) CaO is a white powder.
 ii) It is stable to heat and produces intense white
light called lime light when heated in oxy acetylene
flame
 iii) Action of water
 When CaO is comes in contact with water, a
hissing noise is produced due to the liberation
of heat energy and it forms dry powder of calcium
hydroxide called slaked lime and the process is
called slaking of lime.
 Continue…
 If a small quantity of CaO is added to limit water,
Ca(OH)2 formed dissolves in water to give saturated solution
of slaked lime called lime water.
 - If large quantity of CaO is added to water to make
a slurry mass, it looks like milk called milk of lime used as
white ash.
 CaO + 𝐻2 O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 (s) + Heat
Quick lime Slaked lime
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒d water Excess water
Ca(OH)2 (S) Ca(OH)2
Slake lime Milk of lime

Ca(OH)2 aq.
Lime water
Colourless solution
 Continue….
 4. With acid and acidic oxides
 Being a base, it neutralizes acid and acidic oxides
to form calcium salt
 CaO + HCl→ CaCl2 + H2O
 CaO + SiO2→ CaSiO3
 5. With carbon
 It forms calcium carbide on strong heating with
carbon .
20000 𝐶
 CaO + 3C Ca𝐶2 + CO
 Coke Calcium carbide
 Continue…
 Uses
 a) In the manufacture of slaked lime, bleaching
powder and calcium carbide.
 b) In making glass, cement and white ash.
 c) In agriculture to treat acidic soil and as
disinfectant and fungicide.
 d) As a dehydrating agent.
 Continue….
 II) Bleaching powder (CaOCl2)
 - It is the called calcium chloro-hypochlorite,
 Preparation
 Bleaching powder is manufactured by the action
of chlorine on dry slaked lime at 400 C .
400 𝑐
 Ca(OH)2 + 𝐶𝑙2 CaO𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 O
 Slaked lime Bleaching power
 Calcium chloro hypochlorite
 Ca (clo) cl
 Continue….
 Properties
 i) It is a pale yellow powder.
 ii) Action with excess dilute acid
 It liberates the whole of its chlorine when treated
with excess dilute mineral acid.
 CaOCl2 + HCl→ CaCl2 + H2O +Cl2
 The amount of chlorine liberated by 1 mole of
bleaching powder when treated with excess dilute
acid is called available chlorine.
 A standard sample of bleaching powder contains
35 to 40% available chlorine.
 Continue….
 iii) Action with atmospheric CO2
 It reacts with atmospheric CO2 to liberate chlorine and
thus decreases available chlorine.
 CaOCl2 + CO2→ CaCO3 + Cl2
 iv) Bleaching action
 It bleaches colored substances and the bleaching action
is due to the oxidizing action of nascent oxygen
liberated when it is treated with limited dilute acid.
 CaOCl2+ HCl→ CaCl2 + HOCl (hypochlorous acid)
 HOCL→ HCl + [O]
 Colored substance + [O]→ Colorless substanc
 Continue….
 v) Self oxidation
 On long standing, it is converted into CaCl2 and
chlorate which also decreases available chlorine
 CaOCl2→ CaCl2+ Ca(ClO3)2
 Continue….

 Uses
 i) It is used as bleaching agent in textile and paper
industries.
 ii) As a disinfectant and germicide in the
sterilization of water.
 Continue….
 III Plaster of paris ( CaSO4. 1/2 H2O )
 It is calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
 Preparation
 It is prepared by heating gypsum at 1200C.
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒄
 CaSO4. 2 H2O CaSO4. 1/2 H2O + H2o
 Gypsum salt
 Properties
 i) It is white powder isoluble in water.
 Continue….
 ii) Action of water
 When plaster of paris comes in contact with water,
it has a remarkable property of setting into hard
substance due to the formation of gypsum.
 (CaSO4)2.H2O → CaSO4. 2H2O
 This property of plaster of paris is utilized for
plastering fractured bones of our body for
immobility.
 iii) Action of heat
 At 2000C, it loses water of hydration and becomes
anhydrous CaSO4 which does not set like plaster of
paris called dead burn plaster.
 Continue….
 Uses
 i) In making mould in the pottery industry.
 ii) In plastering fractured bones of the body.
 iii) In making statues and artificial marble
 Continue…
 MAGNESIUM
 COMPOUNDS OF MAGNESIUM
 a) Magnesia or magnesium oxide (MgO)
 Preparation
 i) By burning Mg in air
 Mg + O2→ MgO
 ii) By heating nitrate, carbonate or hydroxide of
magnesium
 Continue…..
 Properties
 a) It is white powder
 b) It is stable to heat. So, it is refractory in nature.
 c) When moist, it turns red litmus into blue.
 d) With atmospheric CO2: When exposed to air, it
reacts with CO2 to form magnesium carbonate
 MgO + CO2→ MgCO3
 e) With water: It reacts with boiling water slowly to
form magnesium hydroxide.
 MgO + H2O→ Mg(OH)2
 Continue….
 e) With water: It reacts with boiling water slowly to
form magnesium hydroxide.
 MgO + H2O→ Mg(OH)2
 f) Basic nature: Being base, it neutralizes acid to
form magnesium slats
 MgO + H2SO4→ MgSO4 + H2O
 MgO + HNO3→ Mg(NO3)2+ H2O
 Continue…
 Uses
 i) In making crucible and refractory bricks for
internal lining of furnace.
 ii) In medicine as anti - acid laxative( to neutralize
the acidity of stomach).
II) Magnesium sulphate (Epsom
salt) = MgSO4.7H2O
 Crystalline magnesium sulphate containing 7
molecules of water of crystallization is called
Epsom salt. (MgSO4.7H2O)
Preparation
 Magnesium sulphate is prepared by the action of
dil. H2SO4 on magnesium, its oxide, hydroxide or
carbonates.
 Mg + H2SO4→ MgSO4 + H2
 MgO + H2SO4→ MgSO4 + H2O
 Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4→ MgSO4 + H2O
 MgCO3 + H2SO4→ MgSO4 + CO2 +H2O
 Continue…

 The solution so obtained is evaporated up to

crystallization point to get crystal of Epsom salt
 MgSO4 + 7H2O → MgSO4.7H2O
 Effect of heat :-
1500 𝐶 2000 𝑐
 MgSO4.7H2O MgSO4.H2O MgSO4
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
MgO + S𝑂2 + 𝑂2
 Uses
 1 . Used as antidote for barium Poisoning .
 2 . As a source of magnesium fertilizer .
 3 .In manufacture of paints ,soaps etc .
 4 .As a laboratory reagents and in the preparation
of cosmetics lotions .