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    22 views85 pages

    Advanced Grammar

    Uploaded by

    Ngọc Ly

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 85
    tense contrasts 1 Complete the sentence using a suitable form of the verb in brackets. a ‘Whatexactly did 4ou do when you saw the smoke?’ 4 pressed the fire alarm. (ao) b hy the time we get to the stadium, the match 5 (ota) ¢ ‘Howlong bere for?’ ‘1 don’t know. I haven't decided yet.’ (stay) Jackson = wavwe~ the Nobel Prize, but says she is still hoping for recognition. (win) € If you happen to see any one in the garden, don’t worty. It. os the gardener. (ve) ‘I'm sorry to be late. | hope you long. (watt) 9 Anna didn’t understand why the mysterious stranger her such a letter. (send) h Tom sends hiis apologies buthe ~~ 2 few minutes late. (be) i Tdon’t like this bed. It = uncomfortable. (feel) j There a strike thls morning, but It has been cancelled. (be) k's really unfalr! You (always) f me! (crlttetze 1 I'm glad t've nun into you. 1 to get in touch with you for ages. (mean) 2. Underline the best verb form. The arguments about climate change According to all the measurements, climate change a happens / is. happening, but science b appears / is appearing to be split on what to do about it. Unfortunately, scientists ¢ do not all agree / are not all agreeing about the causes of global warming. In a recent book, two sclentists = Fred Singer, a climate physicist, and Dennis Avery. a biologist - d argue (/ are arguing that the warming currently observed around the world Is part of a 1,500,year cycle in solar energy. Singer, an outspoken critic of the idea that humans e warm / are warming the planet, and Avery, f believe 7 are believing that a well-established, 1,500-year cycle in the Earth's climate can explain most of the globull warming that g takes place / has taken place in the last 100 years. We are currently on an getting warmer after the Little Ice Age, but in a few hundred years fh will be / are back on the downswing, and getting colder again. They i say / are saying that efforts to slow down the current warming by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases are at best pointless, or at worst economically damaging, This, of course. is not whal the fourth assessinent report of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) j has sald / said a few weeks ago. That report from the UN climate science working group k has concluded / concluded that it is / Nas been likely that rising reenhouse gas concentrations m have caused / caused most recent warming and that, depending on our actions now to slow the growth of emissions, warming by 2100 n will probably be / is probably between about 1.5°C and 6°C. So, which scientists o tell / are telling us the truth? geography 3 Choose the correct phrase 1 to 15 for each gap. New tunnel planned beneath the Alps For centuries, the Alps a 10 as a natural fade barrier between northern and southern Europe. Sending Italian wine to the Netherlands, or German washing machines to Greece, b a long, slow journey along narrow alpine valleys, through tunnels and over passes. ‘The amount cf HBIEEllerosiog the Alps in OMOEA: sharply over the tas twa decades In 1990 an estimated 40 million tonnes 4. by road; in 2001 that e to 90 milion tonnes, with further ig increases expected by 2010. But concerns for the Alpine environment and fears over safetyf —___to big pressure to move freight off the roads and onto the railways. Both Switzerland’s Gotthard road tunnel and France's Mont Blanc road tunnel g major fires Inthe fast ten years in which many. {As tong ago as 1994, the Swiss i ina nationwide to puit all freight crossing their country onto the railways. Naturally, such an ambitious plan j_overnight, but now the project dubbed the engineering feat of the 21st Century k ... Deep teneath the Alps the Swiss! a high speed rail fink hetween Zurich and Milan. It m vat 57 kilometres (35 miles), the world's longest tunnel. of the project, which is new to alpine transport, is the fact that the entire railway line at the same altitude of 500 metres (1,650 ft) above sea level This. traine using the line to reach speeds of 240 knv/h (149 mph), reducing the travel lime between Zurich and Milan from today’s four hours to just two and a half, will allow 8 has risen are building 9 had risen died Foheveserved ‘was not golng 11. have suffered to happen 42 is slowly taking shape will include 13. will stay have led 14 voted means 45 went 4 Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. POLICE SEEK MISSING SHED A32yoarold man a(get) got home from work on Fiidayto find that someone i bisteal, ‘the shed trom his back garden. Martin Graham, who ¢ (live) Gb in Francis Road, Darnely. (tel) Us he couldn't believe his eyes. ‘There was simply £ nothing there. | thous Ie (0) into the wong garden. A neighbour who 5 Fnotee) the men while they g (disassemble)... .....__the shed, 0 h (assume) ‘that Mr Graham i ask) them to do it. The two men g jferve off) in a white van. Police k (investigate) ‘ant 5 Missa) 2 description ofthe two men. ° 5 Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Life expectancy Our country a (go) *S ving _ through a period of accelerating change. Today, there b (be) around 3,7 million people aged over 60 in this country but the large numbers of people who « (belong) == = lo the baby-boom generation d (produce) au explosion in the uuruber uf elderly people from around 2011. By 2030, there e (be). some 8.8 million and because the birth-rate in the period after the post war baby boom (decline) sharply, these elderly people g (represent) ‘a much larger share ol the country’s population than ever before in our history. in 1966, when wen (introduce). — our national pension scheme, there i (be) about eight working: age people lor every retired person, whereas today, there j (be). — abvut five, and in 2030, there (be) only three. There | (be } another dramatic change which also m (affect) this situation, as thanks to medical advances and Digher living standards, life expectancy (increase). and o (continue) 10 increase in future years. Today people can expect to lve three years longer than in 1966. By 2030, they plive) an average of 4,5 years longer. BYTE Tac (rd 6 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. a There's a party at our house on Friday. WE We, are. having a party on Friday. b This Is my first trp to Siberia. BEFORE ¢ What's your job, exactly? bo Karen's hair was short once. HAVE I'm leaving in a minate, so { can't talk now. Just £ Isa long time since I last went to the theatre. FOR 9 When was the Invasion of Britain by the Romans? INVADE I'm sure it won't rain tomorrow. DONT i Is this your suitcase? bors J When I have enough money, I'm going to huy a new computer, SAVED 7 Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Child employment in Victorian Britain In Vietarian London, mud larks were children whoa (search for) Searched for valuahle hits and picees the shores of the River Thames. They b (not do) this from boats, but ¢ (wait) until the tide d (go) ‘out, and then e (crawl) shout in the river mud looking for anything valuable. Henry Mayhew, a Victorian writer, f (interview) __.- ‘mud ark’ in his book about poor working people in London inthe 1850's, My family is Irish though I was born in London. My father g (work) = at London Docks, He isa strong: bodied man of 34, 1b (go) 10 school with my. ‘brothers for about three years andi (lear) reading and writing and arithmetic. One of my brothers ithe ava forthe past five years. k (work), in the neighbourhood of Millwall picking up picces of eval and irun, copper and bits of canvas on the surface. When bargemen | (carry) = =. Coal to the shore some of it m (fall) inthe mud and we a (pick 1 up) E ~The most 10 (ever see) — my companions find is one shilling’s worth a day. There are usually thirteen or fourteen mud larks, boys and girls, around Limehouse inthe summer and six boys steadily in the winter. ‘When a hargeman p (gets hald) of one, Ihe generally q (throw) them inte the river. The police buat r (chase) -— me wo or three times. One night I's (sec) - ‘a large piece of copper drop down where they t (repait) a ship. That evening as a ship u (come) ‘ont of the docks, Lv (strip off) clothes and w (dive) down several feet, x (setze) the piece of copper and later ittoa marine desler’ eased te a short news report, like the one in Exercise 4. If you preter, find a report in your own language and translate it, B_ Write a report about yourself for an online dating service. include information about what you do, what you are doing, and things you have done recently. Make yourself sound as interesting as possible! © tense contrasts articles (1) article use depending on context ‘© When we refer to something we have already mentioned, we use the definite article. Fist, [grate some cheese, Then I sprinkle the cheese into the sauce, ‘© Anoun can he made definite by the details which follow it. This is called post-modification. There's a tower over there, Yes, it's the Tower of London. ‘© Some things are definite because they are already known to the people talking about them, Jirnis atthe pub. (= The one we all usually go to.) Pass the vegetables, please ( ~ These ones on the table) groups and classes © Anexample of a thing, instrument etc uses a/an. A barometer is used to measure air pressure. © We use a /an for one of a class of things or people. Peter isa German. Maria isa teacher. This is an electrie shaver. © We use a /an for one of a set of named things. They've bought a Picasso. (= a work of art) This is a Henry Moore sculpture. (© We use zevo article with plurals and uncountables when they refer to a class of general. Teachers often work very long hours. Water is becoming a scarce resource. Girls are better at leoming foreign languages than boys. ‘These too can be made specitic. eg by the details which follow. The water tastes funny. (= the water from the tap) The girls in my class learn fast (= these particular girls) ‘© Asingulor noun to describe a class of things uses the. The bicycle is becorning increasingly popular The whale isin danger of extinction, or people in ideas © Abstract ideas use zero article, ‘Health 1s one of the most important things in life. Note that an abstract noun can be made specific by what comes after it - then we use the. The hesith of walls of people may be at ns numbers and measurement © With rates and speeds use a /an. The car was going at SOkm an hour The rent is £500. a month © Use a /an for larae whole numbers, fractions with singular nouns, werahts and distances. abundied a milion a third a fitth twoand half akilo a metre and a half But: nwo and seven eighths hallway Halfis usually used without an article. He has eaten half of the cake, people © We use zero article with names of people, unless we specify the person. Tom lives in Bristol. she the Tom Davis you went to school with? ¢ We can use a fan with names when we mean ‘a person called Is there a Tom Davis staying here? ‘© We can use the with the names of groups, when these are clearly plural. the Democrats However, if a proper name comes betore the noun there will be zero article. Euro MPs Manchester United supporters © Names of music groups vary a great deal, and may not fit general rules. The Who Primal Scream Many groups of people are described by the + singular adjective. the unemployed the dead cities, towns, streets, places ‘© Use zero article with proper names, though the is used when there is post modification with of. ive in Allan Road in Brstol in an area called Redland Oxford University the University of Oxford! ‘Use the with the names of shops and places with a general reference. at the cinema / the supermarket /in the garden 11n the mountains / at the heach etc ‘© Other places vary. If they begin with the name of a place or person, then they tend to use zero article. London Bridge Waterloo Station Madame Tussaud's But: the London Eye Otherwise they use the. the Golden Gate Bridge the Hard Rock Café the Odeon Cinema ‘© Note that 2 place name can also be used as an adjective, in which case we could use the. The London rush hour can cause long delays Some other cities have adjective forms, eg Paris / Parisian, Rome / Roman, unique objects ©The is used with some familiar ebjects when we think of them as the only one. The Sun was setting over the sea. The moon rose into the sky illness ete © A/anis used with a headache, a cold etc. Have you got a cold/ a headache / a toothache / an earache? Most illness words use zero article. ve gat flu. She's suffering from appendicitis. exclamations © Use a/an in the expressions what a....!, sucha ...! We use what a ... when we are surprised or Impressed by something. What a fantastic sight! What an avdul room! ‘We use such a /an ... for emphasis with singular nouns. This is such a groat film! He is such an interesting person. (See also Unit 21.) © articles (1) 1 Complete the text with the or zero article. a The, survival of. most large mammals ts being put at risk by _global warming. bis person you are talking about Jane Small you knew at university? « foreigners often have trouble getting used to... Scottish climate. a decoration in _ small bedroom is really pleasing but Idon'tlike colour of curtains, © Iimissed beginning of film, so didn’t understand plot until half-way through. funn €xperts disagree as lo whether... men are better drivers than women 9... mostof _people know don’t always get on with —_ other people first thme they meet them. hh What exactly is difference between rhythm ofa piece of music and... tune? i Helen has gone to library (0 get information she needs for... project she's doing at school. J. Idon’t know why you always put... sugar In your coffee if you're trying to lose weight, 2 Complete the text with a /an or the, or leave blank for zero article. George Orwell a The author George Orwell (1903-1950: real name Erie Blair) was b English novelist critic and political and cuural commentator: He is best known for € novels Avional Form and Nineteen Eighy-Four,d both of which were written and published toward e ‘end of his life, He chose f....._ name George Orwell in g carly 1930s when his first book, Down ond Out in Paris and London, ‘was published. This book describes what it was lke to be h eee homeless in j Britain, and also described k time he spent in Paris working 1 kicchen of m high-class hoteln =. Orwell's father was 0 Whether @ particular species of b bird rigrates depends on « number of d factors. most important influence onf .._ migrationis 9 imate of h area where i birds breed. and j small umber of birds remain in an area where there is k harsh winter So in Scandinavia m blackbird sn Inigratory bird, but iis mobo... migratory in p southern Europe where q _..— winters are milder Another factor is r type of s food involved. Some birds eat mainly t insects which are not available in winter to these hires have to undertake u migration in order to hind food, Howeverlackefv.. foodis not w lvigger for migration, and birds need to be wel fed before they start x long distance fight. The main reasons for y migrating seem to be partly genetic and party asz result of 1 small changes: in2 weather or in 3 length of cay eau Sa Choose a paragraph [rom a book and make a practice passage like the ones in Exercises 2 and 4, Remove all articles and leave a space, add spaces for zero article, and add some trick spaces. Ask someone else in the class to complete your practice passage, and show them the original passage so they can check thelr answers. ‘Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208. © articles (1) articles (2) nationality © We use the with nationality adjectives that end -ese, ch, -sh,-ss and are used to refer to all the people of that nationality, eq Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, British, Swiss, Dutch. The French drink a fot of wine, The Swiss are famous for their banks. © We use the with plural nationality nouns in sane way, eg Russians, Americas, Poles, Greeks, Turks, Germans, Belgians etc The Russians and the Poles are used to cold weather, © We use 2 /an with singular examples. an Australian, a Greek, a Turk, 2 Russian, @ Pole, a Romanian, a Bulgarian, an Egyptian, a Jordanian Some nationalities end in -man / woman, and others have unique names. Put one suitable word in each space. Salt consumption and health Health experts believe that a many people are consuming, far too b salt and Uhat this 3 health risk, There Ae PlEMY € nannenene Studies which show that Increased salt consumption raises hlood pressure and ean canse heart problems, and the recommendation is that we should all be consuming d salt. Even ifweadde . — — anysalt to our food at the table, we may be consuming a f of salt without realizing. The daily recommended amount is 6 grams, ‘but many people are consuming twice as much g this and the average daily consumption in the UK is over 9 g per day. Bread, biscuits, ketchup and ready made meals all contain Bonnrnnenene @ LOt OF salt, so each time we eat a slice of bread, for example, we are adding to our daily intake, So wit is the

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