Received: 11 August 2021 | Revised: 14 August 2022 | Accepted: 16 August 2022

DOI: 10.1002/cre2.665

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Evaluating the shear bond strength and remineralization effect

of calcium silicate‐based and conventional self‐adhesive resin
cements to caries‐affected dentin

Maryam S. Tavangar1 | Ayda Safarpour2 | Arefeh Torabi Parizi3 |

Fereshteh Shafiei1

1
Department of Operative Dentistry, Oral and
Dental Disease Research Center, School of
Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
2
Students' Research Committee, School of
Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
3
Department of Operative Dentistry, School
of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Correspondence
Fereshteh Shafiei, Department of Operative
Dentistry, Oral and Dental Disease Research
Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Ghasrdasht St, Shiraz 71345‐1836, Iran.
Email: shafieif@sums.ac.ir
Funding information
The vice‐chancellery of Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Grant/Award Number:
21193
Abstract
Objective: Given the importance of preserving caries‐affected dentin (CAD) in
conservative dentistry, the shear bond strength (SBS) of different resin cements to
CAD has been investigated. Here, we aimed to compare the SBS and remineralizing
effect of a calcium silicate (TheraCem) and conventional self‐adhesive cement
(Panavia SA) on the SBS of CAD.
Materials and Methods: Forty‐eight extracted third molars (24 sound and 24 CAD)
were used. In each group, 12 teeth were prepared for bonding to TheraCem or
Panavia SA. After removal of the enamel and caries, resin composite cylinders were
luted on the prepared dentin. After 28 days of storage in the artificial saliva, SBS was
measured and the failure mode analysis was investigated. The images of fractured
sections were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive
X‐ray to evaluate the Ca/P weight ratio.
Results: SBS of CAD and sound dentin was not different when cemented with
TheraCem (9.56 ± 4.51 vs. 9.17 ± 2.76, p = .806), but the CAD showed significantly
lower SBS to Panavia SA (9.4 ± 2.36 vs. 7.39 ± 2.18, p = .015). The Ca/P ratio in CAD
was significantly higher when bonded to both TheraCem and Panavia‐SA than that of
the controls (p = .001); however, this ratio was not different for those bonded to
TheraCem compared to Panavia SA.
Conclusions: Based on our results, TheraCem as a calcium silicate cement shows
better SBS to attach the restoration to CAD as compared to Panavia SA. Obliteration
and mineralization of the dentinal tubules in TheraCem were also higher than in
Panavia SA. However, their ability to improve the amount of the Ca/P ratio in CAD
was similar.

KEYWORDS
calcium silicate, caries affected dentin, remineralization, self‐adhesive resin cement, shear bond
strength

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2022 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

1630 | wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cre2 Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022;8:1630–1637.

TAVANGAR ET AL.
1 | INTRODUCTION
Carious dentin consists of two layers. The outer layer known as
caries‐infected dentin (CID) is highly demineralized, is physiologically
not remineralizable, and contains irreversibly denatured collagen
fibrils with the disappearance of cross‐linkages. On the other hand,
the inner layer or caries‐affected dentin (CAD) is partially deminer-
alized and physiologically remineralizable (Kuboki et al., 1977). High
porosity, partially demineralized dentin, exposure of collagen fibers
along with a decrease in the surface energy, and the reduction in
intermolecular cross‐links of the collagen are the alterations shown in
this tissue (Taniguchi et al., 2009). Meanwhile, there is evidence
indicating that structural changes in CAD are reversible (Meraji et al.,
2018). Consequently, minimally invasive restorative dentistry is
recommended to preserve the CAD to protect the tooth structure
and vitality of the pulp in direct and indirect restorations (Elsharkawy,
2018; Pintado‐Palomino et al., 2019). However, because of the
chemical and mechanical alterations in CAD, such as a thicker and
irregular smear layer with fibril‐like structures, and the presence of
narrow and occlude dentinal tubules (Meraji et al., 2018; Pintado‐
Palomino et al., 2019; Taniguchi et al., 2009), bonding to CAD is
challenging. Several studies indicated that CAD showed lower bond
strength compared to sound dentin (Elsharkawy, 2018; Meraji et al.,
2018; Pintado‐Palomino et al., 2019).
The type of adhesive and cement is a determinant factor in the
amount of bond strength to CAD (Palma‐Dibb et al., 2003). Currently,
the use of bioactive materials such as glass ionomer cements,
composite resins, and adhesives containing bioactive materials is
recommended to restore CAD. These materials release ions (e.g.,
calcium and phosphate) that induce mineral deposition and reminer-
alization of CAD and improve mechanical strength, thus extending
the durability of the resin‐dentin bond (Elsharkawy, 2018; Alrahlah,
2018; Profeta et al., 2012, 2013; Sauro et al., 2012). In addition, these
materials reduce biofilm penetration into the marginal gaps because
of the toxic effect of fluoride, calcium, and phosphate ions.
Self‐adhesive resin cements are now very popular among
dentists as they can provide a reliable bond to the dental structures
while eliminating the etching procedure and need for bonding
application (Mahrous et al., 2020). TheraCem (Bisco) and Panavia
SA luting plus (Kuraray) are self‐adhesive resin cements containing
methacryloxydecyl‐dihydrogen‐phosphate (MDP), as an acidic mono-
mer, to provide superior hydrolytic stability. Panavia SA luting
cements contain silane coupling agents to provide effective bonding
ability, particularly to ceramic surfaces (Yoshihara et al., 2020).
TheraCem, as a newly introduced calcium silicate cement, showed an
ability to form crystalline calcium hydroxide, which may improve the
mechanical bond between these cements and dentin (Meraji et al.,
2018). It has the ability to release fluoride and calcium ions,
contributing to the remineralization of the tooth mineral structures.
Thus, it is suggested as a bioactive material (Van Landuyt et al., 2007;
Mahrous et al., 2020; Yoshihara et al., 2010).
Given the importance of preserving CAD in conservative
dentistry, the bond strength of different resin cements to CAD has
| 1631
been investigated. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies
to investigate the bond strength of TheraCem to CAD and its
remineralization effect on this substrate. Accordingly, this study
aimed to investigate the SBS strength of TheraCem to CAD in
comparison with Panavia SA, as a conventional resin cement. Also,
the mineral content of the bonded dentin would be evaluated as it is
claimed that TheraCem can release calcium monophosphate ions. The
null hypothesis of this study is that the remineralization effect
and the bond strength of both conventional and Ca‐silicate‐based
resin cements on sound and CAD are not different.
2 | METHODS
2.1 | Materials
Table 1 presents the main materials used in the study.
2.2 | Specimen preparation
Forty‐eight extracted third molars, 24 sound and 24 with occlusal pit
and fissure caries, that were extracted for definite clinical reasons
(nonresearch purposes), such as caries, orthodontic purposes, and
periodontal diseases, were used in this study. The teeth with cracks,
severe caries, and previous treatment with chemical agents were
excluded from the study.
The teeth were cleaned with fluoride‐free prophylaxis paste
(Protec prophylaxis paste, Medicept) and then kept in 4% thymol
solution (Sigma‐Aldrich) at room temperature for 2–3 weeks before
the examination. The enamel of the occlusal surface was removed
using a diamond disc (Drux) and then ground flat with 600‐grit silicon
carbide abrasive paper (Extec Corp.) for 1 min under running water to
create a uniform smear layer.
For the teeth affected by caries, the dentin was removed using a
diamond disc (Drux) until the CAD remained. To detect the CAD, the
exposed dentin was examined visually and tactility. Surfaces with
discolored dentin and resistance to the excavator were considered
CAD. This diagnosis was confirmed by caries detector solution
(Kuraray Co.) applied on the dentin surface following the manufac-
turer's instructions by the second operator (restorative specialist).
The teeth were ground until the bright pigmentation of the CID was
removed, and the CAD remained. Then, the samples were mounted
using polyethylene mold with self‐cured acrylic resin (Acropars,
Marlik Co.) (Supporting Information 1).
2.3 | Restorative procedures
In both sound and affected groups, the teeth were divided
randomly into two groups (n = 12). One group was prepared for
bonding to Theracem (Bisco) and the other one was for bonding
to Panavia SA (Kuraray), according to the manufacturer's
1632 | TAVANGAR ET AL.

TABLE 1 Materials used in the study

Material Type Ingredients Steps of application Manufacturer

TheraCem Self‐adhesive Base: Calcium base filler, glass filler, dimethacrylates, (1) Preparation procedure: Bisco
resin ytterbium fluoride, initiator, amorphous silica ̶ Clean the surface with water. Rinse
cement thoroughly
Catalyst: Glass filler, methacryloyloxydecyl‐
̶ Dry the surface using a strong
dihydrogen‐phosphate (MDP), amorphous silica
stream of air for 3–5 s
(2) Mixing procedure:
̶ Dispense a small amount of material
onto a mixing pad to eliminate any
voids in each chamber of the dual
syringe
̶ Attach a mixing tip to the dual‐
syringe
̶ Pressing the plunger will mix and
dispense the material
(3) Cementation procedure:
̶ Apply cement to the tooth
preparation
̶ Remove any excess cement (light
cure the margins 2–3 s)
̶ Final cure (light cure 20–30 s)

Panavia SA Self‐adhesive Paste A: MDP, Bisphenol A diglycidylmethacrylate (1) Preparation procedure: Kuraray
luting plus resin (Bis‐GMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate ̶ Clean the surface with water
cement (TEGDMA), hydrophobic aromatic dimethacrylate, ̶ Dry the surface
2‐hydroxymethacrylate (HEMA), silanated barium (2) Mixing procedure:
glass filler, Silanated colloidal silica, dl‐ ̶ Dispense an equal amount of paste
camphorquinone, peroxide, catalysts, pigments A and B
̶ Mix for 10 s
Paste B: Hydrophobic aromatic dimethacrylate,
(3) Cementation procedure:
hydrophobic aliphatic dimethacrylate, silanated
̶ Apply cement to the tooth
barium glass filler, surface‐treated sodium
preparation
fluoride, accelerators, pigments
̶ Remove any excess cement (light
cure the margins 2–5 s)
̶ Final cure (light cure 10 s)

instructions. The occlusal surface of all samples was rinsed with
distilled water and air‐dried gently before the application of the
cement. Resin composite (FiltekTM Z250, 3M ESPE) cylinders
were fabricated in the polyethylene mold with a dimension of
4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in length and polymerized using a
light‐emitting diode (LED) unit (LED.F; Woodpecker) with a
standard method. The blocks were luted on the prepared dentin
with each cement. Subsequently, the excess resin cement around
the composite block was removed carefully with a disposable
brush, and the cement was photopolymerized with the LED light
cure unit, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Table 1).
While the cement was becoming polymerized, constant pressure
was applied simultaneously as the static loading to the cementa-
tion mold for 5 min.
After performing the restorative procedure, due to the claimed
ability of Ca‐silicate‐based cement (TheraCem) to release calcium
monophosphate ions, all the tests including shear bond strength
(SBS), evaluation of the mineral content of the bonded dentin using
the energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) method, and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) analysis were done after 4 weeks of aging in
artificial saliva.
2.4 | SBS
After the initial setting of cement according to the manufacturer's
instructions, the molds were removed, and the samples were
stored in artificial saliva (NikCeram Razi corp.) in an incubator
(Cooled Incubator NUVE ES 250) at 37°C for 28 days, which was
changed every day (Shaik et al., 2017). To avoid bias in data
collection, we considered blinding during testing the specimens.
Shear bond testing was performed using a universal testing
machine (Instron, Z020; Zwick Roell). The samples were placed in a
jig, and the force was applied to each specimen parallel to the bonded
interface at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure occurred.
The SBS was calculated using the software TestXpert II (Zwick Roell).
2.5 | Failure mode analysis
The debonded surface of the samples was evaluated for failure mode
analysis under ×10 magnification and categorized into three modes:
Mode 1: Adhesive failure that occurred at the filling material and
dentine interface
TAVANGAR ET AL. | 1633

Mode 2: Cohesive failure within the filling material

Mode 3: Mixed failure mode (both adhesive and cohesive failures).

2.6 | SEM

The images of the fractured sections of three samples from each

group were examined using an SEM (TESCAN‐Vega 3; TESCAN) at
15 kV and with magnifications of ×500 and ×3500. To prepare the
samples, we dried them in a desiccator and vacuum‐coated them with
approximately 10 nm thickness of gold.

2.7 | EDX analysis

F I G U R E 1 Shear bond strengths of different groups (MPa). The
groups with a significant difference are marked with an asterisk.
Seven samples of each group were sectioned perpendicularly to the
bonded interface using a diamond disc (Drux), as near as possible to
the center of the cylinder. Furthermore, two groups of uncemented
TABLE 2 Specimen numbers of different failure modes for each
sound and CAD as the control groups were also sectioned. Then, all
group
the sections were polished with abrasive discs (Extec Corp.), cleaned
with distilled water, and dried after each polishing step. These Failure mode
Material Dentin substrate Cohesive Mixed Adhesive
samples were prepared similarly to those used for the SEM and
TheraCem Caries affected dentin 0 9 3
examined with the same machine equipped with an EDX spectrome-
ter at 20 kV. The mineral content of intertubular space, just under the Sound dentin 2 9 1
restoration–dentin interface, was measured. Panavia SA Caries affected dentin 0 7 5
luting plus
Sound dentin 0 10 2

2.8 | Statistical analysis

Data are represented as mean ± SD. SPSS software version 22 (SPSS Inc.)
was used to analyze the data using an Independent sample t‐test for
comparisons between the cements or dentin substrate. Also, one‐
way analysis of variance was used for the comparison of EDX in the three
groups. The values lower than .05 were considered statistically significant.
failure was only recorded for sound dentin specimens bonded to
TheraCem. The most adhesive failure was found for CAD bonded to
Panavia SA (Supporting Information: Figure 2).
3.3 | SEM

3 | RESULTS In the SEM evaluations in lower magnifications, in the CAD samples

3.1 | SBS
A comparison of SBS of sound and CAD to Panavia SA and TheraCem
showed no difference (p = .99 and .47 to sound and CAD,
respectively). While for TheraCem‐bonded specimens, there was no
significant difference between the two groups of sound dentin and
CAD (p = .806), in Panavia SA‐bonded specimens, the CAD groups
showed significantly lower bond strength compared to sound dentin
(p = .015, Figure 1).
that were bonded to Panavia SA, the dentin surfaces showed small
areas of covering with few islands on the surface. However,
TheraCem spread more homogenously over the CAD surface and
with more islands of cement distributed over the remaining area.
SEM images revealed depositions on the treated dentinal
tubule openings in all groups. Complete obliteration and deposition
of minerals in dentinal tubule opening in the samples bonded to
TheraCem were more frequently observed than those bonded to
Panavia SA, particularly in the CAD surface. Figure 2 shows the
results of SEM imaging.

3.2 | Failure mode analysis 3.4 | EDX analysis

The modes of failure distributions are represented in Table 2. In all Table 3 displays the means and standard deviations for the calcium/
groups, the frequent failure mode was a mixed failure. The cohesive phosphate weight ratio of SD and CAD bonded to both TheraCem
1634 | TAVANGAR ET AL.

F I G U R E 2 Scanning electron microscope examinations: (a) sound dentin bonded to the Panavia SA. (b) Caries affected dentin (CAD) to the
Panavia SA. (c) Sound dentin bonded to the TheraCem. (d) CAD bonded to TheraCem.

TABLE 3 Average of the Ca/P weight ratio Energy dispersive spectroscopic plots of two test materials and

Substrate the control group in sound and CAD are shown in Figure 3. In SEM
images, the intertubular area, which was investigated by EDX
Caries affected
Materials Sound dentin dentin p Value analysis, was defined (Figure 3). The EDX analysis for all groups
A C (TheraCem, Panavia SA, control) showed strong peaks of calcium and
TheraCem 2.39 ± 0.03 2.28 ± 0.29 .29
phosphate. In addition, the highest peak of oxygen and silica among
Panavia SA 2.22 ± 0.16B 2.19 ± 0.19C .67
all groups was noticed for CAD specimens bonded to TheraCem.
luting plus
Furthermore, CAD specimens bonded to TheraCem showed a
Control 2.40 ± 0.10A 1.60 ± 0.06D .001 stronger peak of aluminum than all other groups.
P value 0.007 0.001

Note: Data are represented as mean ± SD. In each column, similar

superscript letters indicate no significant difference between the two
items.
and Panavia SA resin cements and two groups without any
cementation as the positive and negative control.
In CAD, EDX analysis showed that the Ca/P weight ratio was
significantly higher when bonded to both Panavia SA and TheraCem
than that of negative control (p = .001). The mineral content of CAD
samples bonded to TheraCem was not significantly different from
those bonded to Panavia SA.
4 | D IS CU SS IO N
In the present study, we evaluated the SBS of a calcium silicate‐based
resin cement (TheraCem) and the conventional self‐adhesive resin
cement (Panavia SA) to the sound and CAD. Here, we noticed that
TheraCem shows a similar SBS to both CAD and sound dentine, while
Panavia SA cannot. It also shows a less adhesive failure mode.
Consequently, TheraCem may be more effective for restorations on CAD.
The results from previous studies indicate that the SBS of various
types of cement to CAD and sound may be dependent on the material.
Suzuki et al. in an investigation on etch and rinse (RelyX ARC), self‐etch
TAVANGAR ET AL. | 1635

F I G U R E 3 Energy dispersive spectroscopy plots of the control group and the test materials accompanied by SEM micrographs of the
intertubular space at the site where the EDX analysis was performed are marked by rectangles. CAD, caries affected dentin; EDX, energy‐
dispersive X‐ray; P, Panavia, SEM, scanning electron microscope; SD, sound dentin; Th, TheraCem.

(Panavia F), and self‐adhesive (RelyX Unicem) resin cements showed that
there was not a significant difference between the microtensile bond
strength of these cements to CAD and sound dentin in each group
(Suzuki et al., 2013). In another study, Czarnecka et al. showed that the
SBS of automixed GIC to the sound dentin was not significantly different
from CAD, while the SBS of the hand‐mixed GIC to the sound dentin was
higher than CAD (Czarnecka et al., 2007). Choi et al. reported that the
microtensile bond strengths of conventional GIC and RMGIC to CAD
were significantly lower than those of the sound dentin (Choi et al., 2006).
Our findings indicating that the SBS of TheraCem to the sound and CAD
is similar and that for Panavia SA is lower to CAD provide another
evidence that the SBS of some materials depends on their biochemical
properties.
The results from the present study, depicting a similar SBS to
sound dentin for both TheraCem and Panavia SA cement, may be
explained by the presence of the same functional monomer (MDP),
which makes their stable bond to dentin surfaces. It is established
that the adhesion of resin cement to teeth depends on their
micromechanical interlocking and chemical adhesion to the tooth
substrate (Mahrous et al., 2020). It was reported that the type of the
functional monomer in adhesives may play a major role in providing a
durable chemical bond to hydroxyapatite (Yaguchi., 2017). In addition
to the acidic monomers, there are other components in TheraCem
that are key to its bonding capability. Active ingredients such as
calcium and phosphate incorporated in this cement can ionically
interact with hydroxyapatite (Piwowarczyk et al., 2004). There are
some evidence that showed that adhesive resins with added calcium
and phosphate ions can act as an ion reservoir that facilitates the
remineralization of the tooth surfaces and may enhance the SBS to
tooth structures (Ranjkesh et al., 2016; Shadman et al., 2015). Some
previous studies have clarified that CAD may exhibit a lower bond
strength to the cements and this has contributed to the partial
demineralization in this tissue (Meraji et al., 2018). Consequently, the
remineralization effect of TheraCem may explain its better SBS to
CAD as compared to Panavia SA.
In our study, SEM images showed obliteration and mineralization
of the dentinal tubules in TheraCem, which were more frequent than
in Panavia SA. In addition to the probability of mineral deposition in
the dentinal tubules, more alkaline properties of these cements,
compared to other self‐adhesive cements, may explain less dissolu-
tion of the smear layer and probably keep more smear plugs within
the opened dentinal tubules (Miletic, 2018; Yaguchi, 2017).
1636 | TAVANGAR
In this study, the mixed failure mode was predominant in all
groups. The cohesive failure was only recorded for sound dentin
bonded to TheraCem, which may be related to the low resistance of
the tested material itself rather than its true bond strength to the
dentin (Bonifácio et al., 2012; Choi et al., 2006). Also, it may be related
to numerous porosities in the structure of the material, which may act
as stress points (Hoshika et al., 2015). In addition, the most adhesive
failure was found for CAD bonded to Panavia SA. Adhesive failures in
CAD may be related to several factors like the presence of collagen
fibrils partially denatured by bacterial acids and/or metalloproteinases
(Kuboki et al., 1977; Pashley et al., 2004) and an incomplete infiltration
of the luting agent into the demineralized dentin that is commonly
related to these failures (Hashimoto et al., 2002).
Here, we noticed that despite the finding that the Ca/P weight
ratio was higher in the CAD group bonded to both TheraCem and
Panavia SA compared to unbonded CAD, there was no significant
difference between the two types of cement. It is well known that
calcium silicate cements, under a wet condition, can release calcium
and form apatite crystals. They can also form calcium hydroxide, which
is a highly alkaline material and, hence, may cause degradation of the
exposed demineralized collagen (Camilleri, 2014; Chen et al., 2018;
Huang et al., 2020). Although calcium silicate cements may deliver the
minerals to the demineralized dentin and may increase its hardness, it
is shown that they cannot induce intrafibrillar remineralization and
recovery of a sound modulus of elasticity (Schwendicke et al., 2019).
The observed peaks of ions other than calcium and phosphate may be
related to the main component of the cement, also the mineral content
dissolved by the functional acidic monomer, and the filler particles
released from the cement itself (AL‐Kataan and Ali 2021).
It should be noticed that our study, as an in‐vitro study, had some
limitations. As the SBS test must be performed on various specimens, the
variability among the test groups could not be avoidable. Thus, the next
studies are suggested using the microtensile test, which allows multiple
specimens of carious and sound dentin obtained from the same tooth to
ensure an accurate comparison. Furthermore, having a longer storage
time and performing hardness and XRD tests would be beneficial for the
evaluation of CAD after cementation by Ca silicate cements.
5 | C ONC LUS I ON
Based on our findings, it is concluded that TheraCem, as a calcium silicate
cement, shows better SBS to attach the restoration to CAD as compared
to Panavia SA. Obliteration and mineralization of the dentinal tubules in
TheraCem were also higher than in Panavia SA. However, their ability to
improve the amount of the Ca/P ratio in CAD is similar. Based on our
findings, it may be suggested that calcium silicate cement has a
remineralization effect in addition to improving bonding strength to CAD.
A U T H O R C O N TR I B U T I O N S
All authors contributed to the conception, design, data acquisition
and interpretation, and statistical analysis, drafted, and critically
ET AL.
revised the manuscript. All authors gave their final approval and
agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
ACKNOWLEDGME NT S
The authors thank the vice‐chancellery of Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, for supporting the research (Grant#21193). This
manuscript is extracted from the thesis of Ayda Safarpour. The
authors would like to thank Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran, also the Center for Development of Clinical Research of
Nemazee Hospital, and Dr. Nasrin Shokrpour for editorial assistance.
CONFLIC T OF INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the
corresponding author upon reasonable request.
ETHIC S S TATEM ENT
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences (Ethical Approval Number: IR.SUMS.-
DENTAL.REC.1399.191) and conforms with the declaration of
Helsinki and follows the protection of human subjects' guidelines.
From all participants, informed written consent was taken.
ORC I D
Maryam S. Tavangar http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-5531
Arefeh Torabi Parizi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-4237
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SUPP ORTING INFO RM ATION
Additional supporting information can be found online in the
Supporting Information section at the end of this article.
How to cite this article: Tavangar, M. S., Safarpour, A., Torabi
Parizi, A., & Shafiei, F. (2022). Evaluating the shear bond
strength and remineralization effect of calcium silicate‐based
and conventional self‐adhesive resin cements to caries‐
affected dentin. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 8,
1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.665
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