12th English Prose Reduced Syllabus

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UNIT-1
PROSE-1
TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA
- A.J. Cronin
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on
your understanding of the story
a. Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?
The narrator met two boys selling wild strawberries at the outskirts of
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Verona.
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b. Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from
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the boys?
The two boys had a shabby appearance. They were wearing old and
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worn out clothes. So the driver did not approve of the narrator buying
fruits from the boys.
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c. The boys did not spend much on clothes and food. Why?
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They had to save money for medical treatment of their sister. So, they
did not spend much on clothes and food.
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d. Were the boys saving money to go to the states? How do you know?
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No, they were not saving money to go to the states. They told the narrator
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that they would like to go to the states, but they had other plans.
e. Why did the author avoid going to Lucia’s room?
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The author avoided going to Lucia’s room because he did not want to
intrude into the privacy of the brothers and sisters.
f. What was Lucia suffering from?
Lucia was suffering from tuberculosis.
g. What made the boys join the resistance movement against the
Germans ?
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The boys joined the resistance movement against the Germans because
they hated the Germans as they destroyed their family.
h. What made the boys work so hard?
The boys worked so hard to pay for their sister’s medical bills and food.
i. Why didn’t the boys disclose their problem to the author?
The boys did not disclose their problems to the author, as they didn’t like
to be sympathized.
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2. Answer the following questions on these in three or four sentences each.
a. Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.
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One boy was wearing an old damaged jersey and cutoff Khaki pants. The
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other boy was slim and was wearing a shortened army tunic gathered in
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loose folds. Both of them had uncombed hair and brown skin. Nicola, the
elder was 13 years old and Jacopo was 12years old.
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b. What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?

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During the summer days, under the hot sun, they shined shoes, sold
fruits, hawked newspapers, conducted tourists round the town and ran
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errands.
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c. How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?

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When the boys requested the narrator to drive them to village, he readily
agreed and drove them to the tiny village ‘Poleta’ set high upon the hill side.
He also waited for the boys to rejoin them and then drove them back to the
city.
d. Who took the author to the cubicle?
A pleasant looking woman, with steel-rimmed spectacles, was dressed in
the white uniform of a trained nurse. She took the author to the cubicle.
e. Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the cubicle?
Lucia, the boys’ sister was a young girl of twenty. She was wearing a pretty
lace jacket and was listening to her brother’s chatter. Her eyes were soft
and tender. She had a resemblance to her brothers, who took good care of
her.
f. Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were
rendered homeless.
After the siblings were rendered homeless, they suffered horribly from
starvation and exposure to the cold winter. For months, they lived in the
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shelter made of broken building walls and bricks. The boys hated the
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Germans and stood against them as rebels. After the war, they got back to
their sister and found her suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.
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g. The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to
Why? Substantiate the statement with reference to the
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story. The narrator had understood their
character well and he knew they wouldn’t like to have sympathized. Therefore
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he did not confront the boys and kept the secret to himself. Their spirit and
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selfless action brought new nobility to human life.

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PARAGRAPH FOR AVERAGE STUDENTS

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Title : Two Gentlemen of Verona

Author : A J. Cronin
Characters: Nicola, Jacopo, Narrator, His friend and Lucia
The narrator met Nicola and Jacopo at the outskirts of Verona. They were
looking shabby and untidy. He was attracted by their earnest eyes. During his
stay at Verona, he spots the 'little gentlemen' engaged in some menial jobs.
They even offer to help the narrator. Their willingness to work impressed him.
Their meager life style puzzled him. The narrator drops them at Poleta for
their weekly visits and gets to know about their secret mission from a nurse.
Their family gets shattered with war. The boys along with their sister, Lucia,
are left on the streets. The girl suffers due to tuberculosis. The boys toil hard
for her treatment. In spite of poverty, they don’t steal, lie or beg. The narrator
could sense that the boys were the real gentlemen. They exhibited dedication,
determination and sincerity. Despite their shabby appearance, they were
shining like heavenly creatures due to their inner beauty.
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Life blossoms when nobility blooms among mankind
PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS

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• Nicola and Jacopo were two little boys.
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• The brothers did various jobs.
• They shined shoes, sold fruits, hawked newspapers,
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conducted tourists round the town and ran errands.

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• The narrator was impressed with their hard work.

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• They were helpful to the narrator.

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• Cronin likes them a lot.

• Lucia, their sister, is sick with tuberculosis.
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• They worked hard to save money for her treatment.

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• They keep it as a secret.

• Cronin is surprised and happy to see them.
• They were noble, gentle and great human beings.
‘ Noble sacrifice gives us pleasure’
UNIT – 3
PROSE – 3
IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE
Dr. Christiaan Barnard

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Answer the following questions
a. What thoughts troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard as he neared the end
of his career as a heart surgeon?
As Dr. Barnard neared the end of his career as a heart surgeon, his thoughts
have turned consideration of why people should suffer.
b. What were Dr. Barnard's feelings when he was hospitalized after an
accident?
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Dr. Barnard could not understand why his wife and he had to suffer.
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c. When and where did the accident occur?
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The accident occurred when he was crossing the street with his wife after a
lovely meal together, and the next minute, a car had hit him and knocked
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him into his wife. She was thrown into other lane and struck by a car coming
from the opposite direction.
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d. How did the hospitalization of Dr. Barnard and his wife affect their
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routine?
Dr. Barnard had work to do and there were patients waiting for him to
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operate on His wife had a young baby who needed her care.
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e. How was Dr. Barnard's attitude to suffering different from that of his
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father's?
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Dr. Barnard's father, had he still been alive, would have said, "That it was
God's will. That’s way God tests you, suffering ennobles us - makes us a
better person". But, as a doctor, sees nothing noble in a patient's thrashing
around in a sweat-soaked bed, mind clouded in agony. Nor can he see any
nobility in the crying of a lonely child in a night.
f. How was the unattended trolley put to use?
The unattended trolley was put to use by two little patients as their vehicle.
They drove it happily.
g. What roles did the duo take up?

The duo took up the role of a mechanic and a driver.
h. Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for them?

The choice of roles was easy because the mechanic was totally blind and
the driver had only one arm.
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i. Who encouraged them and how?
The patients encouraged them by laughing and praising the duo.
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j. What does Dr. Barnard compare this entertainment to?
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Dr. Barnard compares this entertainment to the Indianapolis 500 car
race.
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k. What happened in the grand finale?
There was a grand finale of scattered plates and silverware, before the
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nurse and ward sister caught up with them, scolded them and put them back
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to bed.
l. How does Dr. Barnard know the boy who played the trolley's driver?
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A few years earlier the doctor had successfully closed a hole in trolleys
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driver’s heart. He had returned to the hospital because he had a malignant

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tumour of the bone. A few days before the race, his shoulder and arm were
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amputated. There was little hope of his recovery. After the Grand Prix, he
proudly informed the doctor that the trolley's wheels were not properly oiled,
but he was a good driver, and he had full confidence in the mechanic.
m. What was the profound lesson Dr. Barnard learnt from the boys?
The profound lesson Dr. Barnard learnt from the boys was that it's not what
you've lost that's important. What is important is what you have left.
2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences.
a. Detail the statistics Dr. Barnard has provided in his speech

Suffering seems so cruelly prevalent in the world today. Out of 125 million
children born year, 12 million are unlikely to reach the age of one and
another six million will die before age of five and of the rest, many will end
up as mental or physical cripples. This is the statistic provided by Dr.
Barnard.
b. What happened when the doctor couples were crossing the street?
When Dr .Barnard and his wife were crossing a street after a meal, a car
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knocked him into his wife. She was thrown out into the other lane where
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another car from the opposite direction struck her.
c. What injuries did they sustain in the accident?
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Dr. Barnard had eleven broken ribs and a perforated lung. His wife had a
badly fractured shoulder.
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d. Dr. Barnard couldn't find any nobility in suffering. Why?
He couldn't find any nobility in suffering because his heart sinks, when the
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patients move about restless and when a lonely child cries in a ward at night.
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e. Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children heartbreaking?

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Dr. Barnard finds the suffering of children heart breaking because of their
total trust in doctors and nurses.
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f. How did the boy who played the mechanic lose his eyesight?
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One night, when the boy's mother and father were drunk, his mother threw a
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lantern at his father. It missed and the lantern broke over the child's head and
shoulders. He suffered severe third-degree burns on the upper part of his
body and lost both his eyes.
g. Why does Dr. Barnard describe the blind boy as a 'walking horror'?
Dr. Barnard described the blind boy as a 'walking horror' because he had a
disfigured face and a long flap of skin was hanging from the side of his
neck to his body.
h. What were the problems the trolley driver suffered from?
A few years earlier, the doctor successfully closed a hole in the trolley 's
driver heart. The boy had also a malignant tumour of the bone. His shoulder and
arm were amputated, a few days before the race.
Title : In Celebration of Being Alive

Author : Dr. Christiaan Barnard
Characters : Dr. Barnard, Barnard's wife, Children
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Theme : Celebrating the life
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Christiaan Barnard is a famous heart surgeon. He performed the world's
first human heart transplant operation. One day Dr. Barnard and his wife
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crossed a street after a happy meal. A car knocked them. He had eleven
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broken ribs and a perforated lung and his wife had a badly fractured
shoulder. Dr. Barnard's father viewed suffering as the will of God. Dr.
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Barnard did not agree with it. He could not see anything noble in the
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suffering of people in their beds. Several years ago, one morning Dr.
Barnard witnessed an incident at Cape Town's Red Cross Children's
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Hospital. Two physically challenged boys took the role of a driver and a
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mechanic and converted an unattended trolley into a race car. It made him
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realize the important lesson about life "The business of living is the
celebration of being alive".
"What you have left is more important than what you have lost”

* Dr. Barnard is a famous heart surgeon.
* He met with an accident and suffered a lot.
* According to his father, suffering ennobles and makes a

person
better.
* He didn't want to see people suffering with illness.
* He witnessed an incident in a children’s hospital.
* Two small boys taught him about life.
* They were disabled but they were very happy.
* The mechanic boy had one arm and the driver boy was
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blind
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.* They drove food trolley happily.
* They made other patients happy.
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* Dr. Barnard understood that the joy of living is most important
In the world.
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‘Be Happy with what we have, laugh and live happily’.
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UNIT – 6
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ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

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- A.G. Gardiner
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
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1. Answer the following questions

a) Why did the lady think she was entitled to walk down the middle of the
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road?
The lady thought she had liberty to walk where she liked.
b) What would be the consequence of the old lady’s action?
The old lady’s action would result in traffic jam and universal chaos.
c) What does the ‘rule of the road ’mean?
The ‘rule of the road’ means that the liberties of everybody must be
curtailed
in order to preserve the liberties of all.
d) Why should individual liberty be curtailed?

Individual liberty should be curtailed because it may affect public liberty.
e) How would a reasonable person react when his actions affect other
person’s liberty?
When a reasonable person’s actions affect other person’s liberty, he would
realize
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That curtailment of private liberty ensures public liberty and social
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disorder.
f) Define liberty as perceived by the author?
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According to the author, liberty is not a personal affair only but a social
contract.
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g) According to the author, what are we more conscious of?
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According to the author, we are more conscious of the imperfections of

others
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than of our own.

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h) What is the foundation of social conduct?

A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the
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foundation of
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social conduct.
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i) How can we sweeten our life’s journey?

We can sweeten our life with the little habits of common intercourse.
j) What does the traffic policeman symbolize?
The traffic policemen symbolize liberty.
2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences.
a) What is ‘liberty’ according to the old lady?
The old lady thought she had her personal liberty to walk down the middle
of the road. No one could deny her individual liberty.
b) How would ‘liberty’ cause universal chaos?

Liberty would cause universal chaos when everybody would get into the
liberty
of others. Nobody would get anywhere.
c) Why is there a danger of the world getting ‘liberty drunk’?
The liberty drunk people claim their own personal liberty ignoring the
liberty of others. Such kind of individual liberty would result in social
anarchy. It is a great danger.
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d) ‘Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish social order’ –Do
you agree?
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Yes. Curtailment of private liberty establishes social order. Liberty is a
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social contract. It is not a personal affair. A reasonable consideration for the

rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.
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Title: On the Rule of the Road
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Author: A.G. Gardiner

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Theme: Liberty is not a personal affair

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Gardiner points out what constitutes the true Road liberty. A stout old
lady was walking down in the middle of a street in Petrograd. She caused a
great confusion in the traffic. When this was pointed out, the old lady
replied that she has the liberty to walk where she likes to roam. The author
points out that this is social anarchy. We must not think that our liberty has
been violated. Liberty is not a personal affair but a social contract. It is an
adjustment of interests. We can declare that we are civilized, when we
become a judicious mixture of both anarchist and socialist. We have to

preserve both the individual and social liberty. These little habits of
commonplace make up the sum of life a sweet journey.
Liberty is not a personal affair but a social contract.

*A lady though that it was her liberty to walk down the middle of
the street
*The old lady’s action created discomfort to the passersby.
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*The liberty of all individuals must be preserved and curtailed.
*Individual liberty should not affect the public liberty
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*Liberty is not a personal affair only but a social contract.
*The consideration for the rights of others is the foundation of social
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conduc
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POEM-2
OUR CASUARINA TREE
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- Toru Dutt
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APPRECIATION QUESTION
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1. Like a huge python, winding round and round

The rugged trunk, indented deep with scars,
Up to its very summit near the stars
A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound
No other tree could live.
a) What does poet talk about here?
The poet talks about her Casuarina tree.
b) Is the tree tall or short? How?

The tree is very tall as its summit seems to touch the stars.
c) What is compared to a python?
The creeper is compared to a python.
d) Which tree is referred to in the above lines?
The casuarina tree is referred to in the above line.
e) How does the tree survive the tight hold of the creeper?
The tree is so immense and powerful that it survives the tight hold of the
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creeper.
f) Why does Toru Dutt use the expression ‘a creeper climbs'?
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Toru Dutt uses the expression to symbolize the vine plant which grows on
the Casuarina tree.
g) What is the creeper compared to? da
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The creeper is compared to a huge python.
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2. But gallantly the giant wears the scarf, and Flowers are hung
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In crimson clusters all the boughs among,

Whereon all day are gathered bird and bee;
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And oft at nights the garden overflows

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With one sweet song that seems to have no close,

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Sung darkling from our tree, while men repose.

a) Who is the giant here?
b) The Casuarina tree is the giant here.
c) Who gather all day?

Birds and bees are gathered all day.
c) Describe the garden during the night?
During night, the garden over flows with a sweet song.
d) What is meant by crimson clusters?

It means crimson flowers that are clustered on the boughs of the
casuarina tree.
e) Why is the scarf colorful?
The scarf is colorful with the flowers of the casuarina tree.
f) What is the scarf?
The scarf is the creeper that climbs on the tree.
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3. When my first casement is wide open thrown
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At dawn, my eyes delighted on it rest;
a) How does the poet begin her day?
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The poet begins her day watching the beauty of the casuarina tree at
dawn.
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b) Where does the poet watch the tree from?
The poet watches the tree from the window.
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c) What is meant by dawn?

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Dawn means early morning,

d) How does she feel?
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She feels delighted.

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4. A gray baboon sits statue-like alone

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Watching the sunrise; while on lower boughs

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His puny offspring leap about and play;

And far and near kokil as hail the day;
And to their pastures wend our sleepy cows;
a) What is sitting like a statue?
A gray baboon is sitting like a statue.
b) What is a baboon?
A type of large monkey found in Africa and Asia.
d) Name the bird that sings in the poet's garden?
Kokilas.
5. And in the shadow, on the broad tank cast
By that hoar tree, so beautiful and vast,
The water-lilies spring, like snow enmassed.
a) How is the shadow cast by the tree?
The shadow cast by the tree is vast and beautiful.
b) Where are the lilies?
The lilies are in the broad tank in the shadow of the tree.
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c) What is the lily compared to?
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The lily in huge number is compared to snow.
6. But not because of its magnificence
Dear is the Casuarina to my soul:
Beneath it we have played; though years may roll, da
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O sweet companions, loved with love intense,
a) Who does the word ‘we’ refer to here?
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'We' refers to the poet and her friends.

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b) What is dear to the poet?

The Casuarina tree is dear to the poet
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c) Why is it dear to the poet?

The tree is dear to the poet because she had played with her friends under the
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tree in her childhood.

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7 For your sakes, shall the tree be ever dear.

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In memory, till the hot tears blind mine eyes!

What is that dirge-like murmur that I hear?
Like the sea breaking on a single-beach,
It is the tree's lament, an eerie speech,
That haply to the unknown land may reach.
a) What is an eerie speech?
It is a strange speech.
b) Why are the poet's eyes filled with hot tears?
The memory of her Casuarina tree fills her eyes with hot tears.
8. Unknown, yet well-known to the eye of faith!
Ah, I have heard that wail far, far away
In the distant lands, by many a sheltered bay,
When slumbered in his cave the water-Wraith
a) What does the word 'unknown' refer to?
It refers to the world of the departed souls.
b) Explain the phrase’ Unknown, yet well-Known to the eye of faith’.
It means with the eye of faith one can see the unknown as well-known.
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c) Why does the poet use the word 'wail'?
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The poet uses the word wail for mourning.
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6. And the waves gently kissed the classic shoret
Of France or Italy, beneath the moon,
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When earth lay tranced in a dreamless swoon:
And every time the music rose, - before
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Mine inner vision rose a form sublime,

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Thy form, O Tree, as in my happy prime

I saw thee, in my own loved native clime.
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a) What are the places mentioned here?

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France and Italy are the places mentioned here.

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b) What kind of music is mentioned here?

Music of the soul is mentioned here.
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c) What rose in the poets' inner vision?

The image of the casuarina tree rose in her inner vision.
POETIC DEVICES
FIGURES OF SPEECH:
1) Unknown, yet well-known to the eye of faith! - Personification
2) Thy form, O Tree, as in my happy prime - Personification
3) LIKE a huge Python, winding round and round - Simile
4) A gray baboon sits statue-like alone - Simile
5) What is that dirge-like murmur that I hear - Simile

6) A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound - Personification
7) The giant wears the scarf, and flowers are hung. - Personification
8) The water-lilies spring, like snow enmassed - Simile
9) Like the sea breaking on a shingle-beach? - Simile
10) It is the trees' lament, an eerie speech - Personification
11) And the waves gently kissed the classic shore - Personification
12) When earth lay tranced in a dreamless swoon - Personification
13) Who now in blessed sleep - Euphemism
14) With deathless trees - like those in Borrowdale - Literary Allusion
- Allusion is From "Yew-Trees" by William Wordsworth,
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ALLITERATION:
a) LIKE a Python, winding round and round - round-round
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b) A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound - creeper- climbs
c) In crimson clusters all the boughs among - crimson- clusters
d) With one sweet song that seems to have no close - sweet- song
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RHYME SCHEME & RHYMING WORDS;

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1. LIKE a huge Python, winding round and round

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The rugged trunk, indented deep with scars,

Up to its very summit near the stars,
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A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound

Rhyming words: round-bound, scars-stars Rhyme scheme :
Abba
2. When first my casement is wide open thrown

At dawn, my eyes delighted on its rest;
Sometimes, and most in winter, - on its crest
A gray baboon sits statue-like alone
Rhyming words: thrown-alone, rest-crest Rhyme scheme :
abba
EXPLAIN WITH REFERENCE TO THE CONTEXT - ERC
Poem: Our Casuarina Tree by Toru Dutt

Clue words:
Python, trunk, summit, creeper, giant, crimson, bird and bee, darkling,
casement, baboon, sunrise, offspring, kokilas, pastures, shadow, hoar, enmassed,
casuarinas, companions, blent, memory, dirge-like, shingle-beach, unknown, distant
lands, lament, slumbered, tranced, sublime, thy, thee, fain, repose, dearer,
deathless, trembling, shadow, rehearse, oblivion's
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Context:
Poem ; Our Casuarina Tree
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Poet : Toru
Dutt
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Explanation:
The poet Toru Dutt remembers her happy childhood days with her friends
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and siblings under the Casuarina tree of her garden. The magnificent tree had
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been the host for a plenty of lives. The image of the tree kindles in her both
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happy and sad moments. Now, being far away from her homeland she
reminisces the lost days of innocent happiness and the departed souls of her
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beloved ones to the Abode of God. She decides to sanctify the tree with her
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humble verses. She wishes that the tree should be remembered out of love and
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not for any other reason.

Comment:
The poet spins eternal bliss with her love for the past.

Poem : Our Casuarina Tree
Poet : Toru Dutt

Theme : Love to protect trees
for ever
In this poem, the poet remembers a Casuarina tree. She and her friends
used to play happily under it in their childhood days. There is a large vine
plant crawling around the tree like a python. The tree has its own beauty,
produced by the flowers. It attracts the birds and bees. At night the tree is
filled with the sounds of birds and insects. The tree is also associated with
many other lives. Baboons that sit in its branches. Kokila birds that sing. The
sleepy cows that walk beneath it. Water lilies that flourish in the lake or pool
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on which the tree casts its shadows. Though the poet happily remembers her
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childhood days she also laments for the loss of that period. She imagines
consolation for such loss. Despite the losses she has suffered, the tree remains
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in her mind, as a symbol of happiness, innocence and affection.
‘Childhood is the most beautiful of all life’s season.’
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* In this poem, the poetess speaks about a Casuarina tree.

* The tree stands like a giant.
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* There is a large vine plant crawling around the tree like a python.
* A monkey is sitting like a statue on the top of the tree.
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* The tree has its own beauty which attracts the birds and bees.
* Even at night the tree is filled with the sounds of birds and insects.
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*The poetess says the tree is dear to her.

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* It associates with her childhood days

.*She can hear the lament of the tree.
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* The poet remembers the tree forever in her mind

.*She immortalizes the tree through her poem.
POEM – 3
ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE
- William Shakespeare
1. Then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school
a) Which stage of life is being referred to here by the poet?
The school boy stage is being referred to here by the poet.
b) What are the characteristics of this stage?
The school boy is unwilling to go to school.
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c) How does the boy go to school?
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He goes to school very reluctantly, carrying his heavy school bag on his
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back.
2. Then a soldier, full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
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Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
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Even in the cannon’s mouth.

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a) What is the soldier ready to do?

He is even ready to face death to save his honour.
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b) Explain 'bubble reputation'.

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Bubble reputation means short lived glory.

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c) What are the distinguishing features of this stage?

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A man in this stage is fierce and can be easily provoked.

3. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
a) Whom does justice refer to?
A man in his middle age looks matured like a judge.
b) Describe his appearance.
During this stage, he is firm and serious.

c) How does he behave with the people around him?
He is always full of advice for others.
d) What does he do to show his wisdom?
He quotes instances and gives advice from his experiences to show his
wisdom.
4. All the world's a stage and all the men and
Women merely players:
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They have exits and entrances;
l.i
And one man in his time plays many parts,,
a) What does the poet mean by the terms 'exits and entrances”?
respectively.
In this line 'exits and
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entrances' symbolise death and life
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b) What parallelism has the poet drawn between the stage and the
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world?
In both places people perform their roles.
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5. Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in

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quarrel, Seeking the bubble reputation

Even in the cannon's mouth :
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a) Who is the person being described in the above lines?

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The person described in the above lines is a soldier.

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6. At first the infant Mewling and puking in

the nurse's arms Then the whining
schoolboy, with his satchel And shining
morning face, creeping like snail
a) How is the life of a person like an infant?

Like an infant a man is totally dependent
b) How does a schoolboy appear?
A schoolboy appears to be unwilling to go to school.

c) The schoolboy is depicted as 'whining'? Why?
Whining depicts his unwillingness to go to the school.
POETIC DEVICES
FIGURE OF SPEECH:
1. All the world's a stage - Metaphor
2. And all the men and women merely players -
Metaphor
3. And shining morning face, creeping like snail -
Simile
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4. Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, - Simile
l.i
5. Seeking the bubble reputation -
Metaphor
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6. His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide - Metaphor
7 .and his big manly voice, turning again toward childish treble -
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Metaphor
8 .Shining like furnace.. - Simile
9. Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, -
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Simile
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10. Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice, -

Personification
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11. With eyes severe and beard off or malcut, -

Imagery
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12. And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts -

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Assonance
13. With spectacles on nose and pouch on side; -
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Imagery
14. For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, -
Consonance
15. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything." -
Repetition
16. They have their exits and their entrances -
Antithesis
ALLITERATION:
a) And all the men and women merely players - men – merely
b) And one man in his time plays many parts - play – parts
c) Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel - quick – quarrel
RHYME SCHEME & RHYMING WORDS;

1. With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
Is youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
Rhyming words: side-wide Rhyme scheme :
aabc
n
l.i
EXPLAIN WITH REFERENCE TO THE CONTEXT – ERC
da
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Poem: All the World's a Stage by William Shakespeare
Clue words:
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A stage, men and women , play, infant, nurse's school-boy, snail, unwilling, balled, soldier,
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bubble Justice, eyes, wise, pantaloon, spectacles , history, teeth,

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Context:
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Poem : All The World's a Stage

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Poet : William Shakespeare

Explanation:
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Shakespeare has made a striking comparison of the world with a theatrical

stage wherein People make their entry with birth and exit with death. Every
man, during his life time, is destined to play seven different roles based on his
age - Beginning as an infant, growing into school going boy, becoming an
adorable youth, entering adulthood and then reaching the last stage, a very old
man and getting ready to die. Each phase of life has been assigned specific
duties and responsibilities. Life on earth begins with infancy and ends with a
childlike stage when man grows very old.
Comment:
Shakespeare is telling an important truth about mankind and human

society.

Poem : All the world’s a
stage
Poet : William
Shakespeare
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Theme : The cycle of life
l.i
Shakespeare compares the world to a stage on which the drama of life is
da
carried out by men at various stages in life. They enter and start acting at birth-
the first stage, they finish acting at death- the seventh stage and exit the
ka
stage. This cycle of life is inescapable and we should play the roles assigned to
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us.
According to Shakespeare, the world is a stage, where men and women
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act the roles assigned to them they enter the stage when they are born and exit
when they die. Man’s life is defined by Seven different roles he assumes in his
.k
time. His journey on earth commences with infancy when he is a complete

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dependent on others. Then, it is the school boy followed by the lover stage.
The fourth stage is the aggressive and ambitious soldier who is honour bound.
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At the fifth stage, he becomes a powerful judge and he enjoys adulthood with a
sound financial status. At the Sixth and the final Stage, man starts getting
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weak and old with age. He turns into a feeble child once again and awaits
death.
We live a life scripted already on a stage directed by the Almighty
Himself.
‘Life is a drama and we are all actors.’

• The poet says all men and women are actors on a stage.
• Birth and death are the entry and exit of the stage.
• Men play seven different roles on stage.

• The first stage is an infant, dependent on mother.
• He goes to school unwillingly in the second stage.
• He sings sad verses for his lady love in the third stage.
• The fourth stage is a soldier seeking fame.
• The fifth stage is a judge with wisdom.
• The sixth stage is a weak and thin old man.
• The seventh stage is his second childhood and dies.
• This completes his life cycle.
‘Life is a drama and we are all actors.’
n
l.i
POEM- 4
ULYSSES da
ka
- Alfred Tennyson
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1. ... I mete and dole Unequal laws unto a savage race,

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That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.
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a) What does Ulysses do?

As the king of Ithaca, Ulysses is giving out rewards and punishments to
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the people who don't know much about him or about his adventurous life.
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b) Did he enjoy what he was doing? Give reasons.

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No, He found life at his native place very dull. He did not want to rule over a
savage race. He did not want to lead an idle life with an aged wife. He wanted
to enjoy and experience life to its fullest.
2. Yet all experience is an arch where through
Gleams that untravelled world, whose margin fades
For ever and for ever when I move.
a) What is experience compared to?
Experience is compared to an arch through which one can get glimpses of

an untravelled world which promises richer knowledge and experience.
b) How do the lines convey that experience is endless?
Ulysses tries to convey that experience is endless when he explains that
margin of the untravelled world cannot be reached as it fades when he
moves closer to it.
3. Little remains: but every hour is saved
From that eternal silence, something more,
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A bringer of new things; and vile it were
l.i
a) How is every hour important to Ulysses?
Ulysses wants to utilize each hour by gaining new experiences.
b) What does the term 'Little remains' convey?
da
'Little remains' refers to few more years of life before death. Ulysses, due
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to old age, feels that he has only limited time for one more
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adventurous exploration.
4. This is my son, mine own Telemachus,
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To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle

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Well-loved of me,
a) Who does Ulysses entrust his kingdom to, in his absence?
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In his absence, Ulysses entrusts his kingdom to his son Telemachus.

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a
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b) Bring out the significance of the scepter

A "Sceptre" is the ceremonial staff that symbolizes authority.
5 . That ever with a frolic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed
a) What do 'thunder* and 'sunshine' refer
'Thunder' and 'Sunshine' refer to bad times and good times.
b) What do we infer about the attitude of the sailors?
The sailors are ready to accept any situation with a positive attitude.
6. Death closes all; but something ere the end,

Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
a) The above lines convey the undying spirit of Ulysses. Explain.
Ulysses knows that death will end everything but he still believes he can
do great things.
7. …………..for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
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Of all the western stars, until I die
l.i
a) What was Ulysses' purpose in life?
Ulysses' purpose in life was to travel to the unknown world until he
dies.
b) How long would his venture last? da
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His venture would last till his death.
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8. One equal temper of heroic hearts.

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
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To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

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a) Though made weak by time and fate, the hearts are heroic.
Explain.
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Ulysses calls out to his fellow mariners to accompany him on his voyage.
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Due to old age, their bodies have become feeble but determination and
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strong will have made their hearts iron like to perform heroic deeds.
b) Pick out the words in alliteration

Heroic - hearts
Strive - seek
POETIC DEVICES
FIGURE OF SPEECH:
1 .Thro' scudding drifts Vext the dim sea... - Personification

2 .For always roaming with a hungry heart` - Metaphor
3 .And drunk delight of battle with my peers; - Metaphor
4.The deep Moans round with many voices. -
Personification
5. To follow knowledge like a sinking star. - Simile
6. There lies the port the vessel puffs her sail - Personification
7. That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. - Metaphor
8. Life to the lees: all times I have enjoyed - Metaphor
9. Yet all experience is an arch where through - Metaphor
10. Gleams that untravelled world, whose margin fades - Metaphor
n
I1. For some three suns to store and hoard myself, - Metaphor
l.i
12. A rugged people, and through soft degrees Subdue them - Metaphor
da
ALLUSION
We may touch the Huppy Isles and see the great
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Achilles whom we knew
- Allusion is from the Greek Mythology
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ALLITERATION
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1. Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those - greatly-

greatly
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2. Much have I seen and known cities of men - much-men

3. And manners, climates, councils, governments - climates-councils
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4. And drunk delight of battle with my peers - drunk-delight

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5. For ever and forever when I move - for-forever
RHYME SCHEME & RHYMING WORDS:

1. Were all too little, and of one to me
Little remains: but every hour is saved
From the eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; and vile it were
Rhyming words : more-were Rhyme scheme : abcc
EXPLAIN WITH REFERENCE TO THE CONTEXT –

ERC
Poem: Ulysses by Alfred Lord Tennyson
Clue words:
drink life, sinking star, flyades, vest, Telemachus, rust unburnish'd, Happy Isles, Achilles,
untravell’d world, mariners, thunder and sunshine.
Context:
n
Poem : Ulysses
l.i
Poet: Alfred Tennyson
da
Explanation
Ulysses, the king of Ithaca, doesn't like his idle life. He wishes to travel to
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the unexplored world seeking adventure. The thirst for knowledge and
experience makes him handover his responsibilities of Kingship to his son
Telemachus. Ulysses encourages his sailors to begin their venture into unknown
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lands. Old age has made their bodies feeble but their will was strong enough to
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drink the delight of battle field.

Comment
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To experience the extra ordinary imbibe the spirit of adventure.

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Poem : Ulysses
Poet : Alfred Tennyson
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Theme : Search for adventure makes life worth living.

Ulysses wants to travel. He wants to take exciting new adventures. He
is an old man, acutely aware of his own mortality. He is also a great king. He
has lived a life of adventures but it was not enough. The aging Ulysses feels
that he has not many years to live. He would like to live every hour of his
remaining years with something new. In the past, he was a mighty warrior
and adventurer. At present, he is an aged statesman. He describes his son
Telemachus efficiency in ruling. He declares that his son is spotless in
character. He beckons his sailors to gather at the port where the ship is ready
to sail. His companions had faced both thunder and sunshine with a spirit of
adventure. Ulysses urges his companions to join him and sail beyond the
sunset and seek a newer world.
PARAGRAPH FOR LA TE BLOOMERS

• Ulysses is the King of Ithaca.
• He doesn't like his idle life.
• He wants to travel in search of adventure
• He makes his son Telemachus as the king of Ithaca.
• He calls all his mariners for the travel
•
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Old age has made their body feeble
• But they have a strong will to achieve their goal
l.i
• Age cannot stop your achievements.
POEM- 5
da
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A FATHER TO HIS SON
Carl August Sandburg
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APPRECIATION QUESTIONS
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1. Life is hard; be steel; be a rock.

And this might stand him for the storms
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And serve him for humdrum monotony

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a) How is life, according to the poet?

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According to the poet, life is very difficult and filled with

challenges.
b) Who told these lines to whom?
The poet Carl August Sandburg told these words to his son.
c)What is meant by humdrum monotony?
It means boring routine.
d)How should one face life?
One should face life with a steel like or a strong rock like heart.
e)What does the speaker want his son to be?

The speaker wants his son to be hard and strong like steel or a rock.
h) Why does the poet say so?
The poet says so because life is so hard that his son has to face many
storms in his life.
2. Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.
And this too might serve him
Brutes have been gentled where lashes failed,
n
a) What is meant by soft loam?
l.i
It means fertile soil.
b) Why does the poet suggest to take life easy?
da
The poet suggests to take life easy because even through gentleness,
anything can be attained.
ka
3. The growth of a frail flower in a path up
vi
Has sometimes shattered and split a rock.

A tough will count. So does desire
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a)What can split a rock?

.k
The growth of a frail flower can split a rock.

b)‘A tough will counts' - Explain.
w
It means a strong desire to achieve will fetch success.

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4. Tell him too much money has killed men

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And left them dead years before burial:

The quest of lucre beyond a few easy needs
Has twisted good enough men
Sometimes into dry thwarted worms.
a)What happened to the men who wanted too much money?
Such men who wanted more money died even years before their actual
burial because they lost their humane nature.
b)What has twisted good men into thwarted worms?
Earning money in dishonourable way has twisted good men into

thwarted worms.
c)Explain the phrase "quest of lucre9.
Earning money in dishonourable way.
5. Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.
Tell him to be a fool ever so often
And to have no shame over having been a fool
Yet learning something out of every folly
n
Hoping to repeat none of the cheap follies
l.i
a)Why does the poet suggest that the time can be wasted?
Time can be wasted while trying doing new things and during leisure
for pleasure.
b)Is it a shame to be a fool at times? da
ka
No, it isn't a shame to be a fool at times.
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c)What does one learn from every folly?

One learns to avoid repeating the folly.
al
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Text Book Pg No 165

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a) "Life is hard; be steel; be a rock'

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i) How should one face life?

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One should face life as strong as steel or as hard as a rock. Be brave and
face the challenges with courage.
ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line
Metaphor
b) "Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.
And this too might serve him.
i) Why does the poet suggest to take life easy?
The poet suggests to take life easy because even through gentleness
everything can be attained.
ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Metaphor
c) Tell him solitude is creative if he is strong
and the final decisions are made in silent rooms
i) Can being in solitude help a strong human being? How
Being in solitude can help a strong human being. The creative mind
n
gets trigged off when alone away from all worldly distractions. This
l.i
would enable in taking vital decisions.
Transferred Epithet
da
ka
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d) Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.

Tell him to be a fool every so often
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i) Why does the poet suggest that time can be wasted?

Time can be wasted for leisure time activities as it is essential for refreshing
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the worn out mind from the routine activities.

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Time as a stuff- Simile

Tell him - Repetition
e) Tell him to be a fool every so often

and to have no shame over having been a fool
yet learning something out of every folly
hoping to repeat none of the cheap follies
i) Is it a shame to be a fool at times?

No, it is not a shame to be a fool at times. Lessons are learnt only from the
mistakes we commit.
ii)What does one learn from every folly?
One learns never to repeat the same mistake in life from every folly he.-or
she makes.
f) ………………………………….. free imaginations
Bringing changes into a world resenting change.
n
l.i
i) How does free imagination help the world?
Free imaginations would bring changes into the world which is clinging to
da
old beliefs and practices. It is very reluctant to evolve and provide better
living conditions.
ka
ii) Identify the figure of speech.
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Transferred Epithet
g) And this might stand him for the storms
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1. Pick out the alliterated words from the poem and write
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stand and storms

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POETIC DEVICES
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FIGURE OF SPEECH;
1. Life is hard; be steel; be a rock. - Metaphor

2. Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy. - Metaphor
3. Tell him solitude is creative if he is strong -
Personification
4. Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted
Tell him to be a fool every so often - Anaphora /
Repetition
5. Bringing changes into a world resenting change. - Transferred

Epithet
6. Let him have lazy days seeking his deeper motives. - Transferred
Epithet
7. Let him have lazy days seeking his deeper motives.

Let him seek deep for where he is born natural - Anaphora
8. and the final decisions are made in silent rooms. - Transferred

Epithet
n
l.i
9. The growth of a frail flower in a path up has
Sometimes Shattered and split a rock - Antithesis
10. Brutes have been gentled where lashes failed

da - Antithesis
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11. and left them dead years before burial - Transferred Epithet
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ALLITERATION;
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1. What shall he tell that son? - shall- son

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2. Life is hard; be steel; be a rock. - be - be

3. And this might stand him for the storms - stand - storms
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4. The growth of a frail flower in a path up - frail- flower

5. has sometimes shattered and split a rock. - sometimes – split
w
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RHYME SCHEME & RHYMING WORDS:
1. Tell him too much moey has killed men

and left them dead years before burial:
the quest of lucre beyond a few easy needs
has twisted good enough men
Rhyming words : men-men Rhyme scheme

: abca
EXPLAIN WITH REFERENCE TO THE CONTEXT – ERC
Clue words:
Manhood, son, monotony, betrayals, loam, lashes, frail flower, shattered, wanting, tell
him, lucre, twisted, thwarted, shame, folly, fools, white lies, silent rooms, let him,
n
Shakespeare, resenting change, lonely
l.i
da
Context:
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Poem : A Father to his Son
Poet : Carl August Sandburg
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Explanation:
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A Father's unconditional love for his son who is at the threshold of

manhood is reflected in every piece of his advice. The father's anxiety for the
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well being of his son makes him shower his worldly wisdom on the boy. He
w
wants his son .to mould himself according to the situation to make life fruitful.
Desire to. achieve success. Never give prime importance to money. Don't be
w
ashamed to be a fool. Learn from mistakes. Appreciate changes around you.

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Comment:
A Father's protection and guidance are the child's armour.
Poem : A Father to his Son

Poet : Carl August Sandburg
Theme : Father's advise to his son
The poet, as a father, addresses his son. He is nearing manhood. He

needs strength to face problems of his life. He tells his son to be gentle as he
can break even the hardest person. He warns his son against possessing too
much money as it is considered to be a bad thing. It can corrupt and leave him
a dead conscience. He advises him to work towards his goal to become
wealthy. Humility is important in life so that the son can recognize his faults.
He warns his son not to tell lie in any situation. It may lead him to become a
better lier. He tells his son to cultivate his own personal individuality,
natural abilities and talents. Finally he says that if the son really follows his
advice of him then he truly will be alone since many people don't like to hear
n
advice from the elders.
l.i
• The poet sees his son nearing manhood. da

ka
• He wants him to develop inner-strength.
• He wants him to be as gentle as a flower.
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• He warns him not to possess too much money.

• He wants him to accept humility.
al
• He wants him not to tell lie at any situation.

•
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He wants him to cultivate personal abilities and talents.

• He also warns that if he follows his advice then he will be alone.
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SUPPLEMENTARY –1
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GOD SEES THE TRUTH, BUT WAITS

- Leo Tolstoy
Q.NO. 43 PARAGRAPH FOR AVERAGE STUDENTS
Story : God Sees the Truth, But Waits

Author : Leo Tolstoy
Theme : Forgiveness is the best form of revenge
Characters : Aksionov, His family, Semyonich (Makar), Governor
Aksionov is a prosperous merchant. His past has got few darker pages. Now
he is a good man. He is accused of murder of a fellow merchant with whom
he had accompanied to a fair. The blood stained knife seals his destiny in the
prison. His petitions to the Czar get rejected. Aksionov loses hope when his
wife suspects him. He gives up all his efforts to prove his innocence. He learns
boot making and read The Lives of the Saints. He becomes more calm and
poised. He is called as Gran'dad or Saint by his prison mates. Makar, the
n
real murderer of Aksionov's case, is locked in the same prison. When they
l.i
converse, Aksionov identifies the culprit. But he doesn't betray Makar, when
he becomes a witness to his crime of digging a tunnel. Makar in return
da
confesses his guilt. After twenty six years Aksionov gets justice.
ka
Only a patient soul can understand the language of the Divine
vi

Aksionov was a rich merchant.
al
He went to a business fair.

.k
He was falsely arrested for killing a merchant.

He is sent to prison for a murder.
w
But he is innocent
w
He loses hope for freedom and suffers in the prison.

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He starts believing in the plans of God.

Everybody called him ‘Grandfather’ and ‘saint’.
After twenty six years, Makar confesses the crime.
Aksionov gets justice but dies before his release.
‘TO FORGIVE IS DIVINE’
SUPPLEMENTARY -4
THE MIDNIGHT VISITOR
- Robert Arthur
Story : The Midnight Visitor

Author : Robert Arthur
Characters : Ausable, Max, Fowler
Theme : Wisdom is more powerful than any weapon
n
l.i
Ausable was a secret agent. He was staying in a French hotel.
Fowler a writer came to meet him. His room was at the sixth floor. When
da
they had entered the room, they found a man standing in the room with a
pistol. It was Max. He came there to snatch the report from Ausable which he
ka
was expecting to receive soon. Ausable cooked-up a story about the balcony.
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He told Max that there was a balcony just below the window of his room. Last
month too an unknown person had entered the room through it. Max told
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Ausable that he had used a master key. He should have entered through the
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balcony. There was a sudden knocking at the door. Ausable said it must be the
police. Max jumped through the window to the balcony. There was no
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balcony. He fell down from the sixth floor and died.

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‘Presence of mind is the strongest weapon of the life battle’

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Ausable was a secret agent.
Fowler, a writer,met Ausable to write a book.
He stayed in a room at the sixth floor of a French hotel.
When they enter the room, they met Max with a gun in his hand.
He asked the secret papers on missiles,

Ausable cooked-up a story about the balcony.
They heard a loud knock at the door.
Max jumps from the window to the balcony.
There was no balcony. ,
Max fell down from the sixth floor and died
Knowledge is power
n
l.i
SUPPLEMENTARY –5
ALL SUMMER IN A DAY
da - Ray Bradbury
ka
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Story : All Summer in a Day

Author : Ray Bradbury
al
Characters : Margot, William

.k
Theme : Waiting for the Sun to come out

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A generation after the first colonists from earth arrives at Venus. It has
w
been raining ceaselessly. Here every seven years, the sun comes out for just
w
two hours. These children are the first to grow up on the planet. One child,
Margot, stands apart. She is nine years old. The children wait feverishly by
the windows. They worry that their teacher won't return in time and that will
cause them to miss the sun. William asks Margot what see is looking at.
When she doesn't respond, he shoves her, but she still doesn't react. He tells
her that the sun won't come out. They push her into a closet in the hallway.
The rain slows and then stops. The children wonder as the door slides open.
Finally the sun comes out. The children run and play. One of the children
remembers Margot. They unlocked the door and let Margot out.
Seeing is believing

This story happens in Venus.
Here, the sun appears only 2 hours once in seven years.
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Margot waits to watch the sun as she moved here only five years
l.i
ago.
William always makes fun of her.
da
Once he and other children lock Margot in a closer,
Finally the sun comes out.
ka
The children happily play with the sun light,
vi
They unlock the closet and get Margot out.

al
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SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

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LESSON-1
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SYNONYMS
1. Cautious - careful, alert
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2. Disapprove - deny, refuse

3. Brisk - fast
4. Engaging - charming, captivating
5. Humble - poor, inferior
6. Eager - anxious, enthusiastic
7. Resistance - fighting, struggle
8. Persuade - prompt, induce
9. Scarce - insufficient,
10. Nobility - dignity, virtue
11. Shrug – raise slightly and momentarily
12. Slackened – reduced

13. Demeanor - appearance and behavior
14. Artless - innocent, guileless
15. Hawk – crying out loudly
16. Deserted – uninhabited
17. Emigrate – take up citizenship
18. Vexation – annoyance
19. Vestibule - lobby
20. Chatter – short ,high-pitched sounds
21. Intrude – enter without permission
22. Rubble - debris, broken bricks
n
l.i
da
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ANTONYMS
1. Cautious x careless
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2. Disapprove x permit
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3. Brisk x slow
4. Engaging x boring
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5. Humble x superior
6. Eager x unenthusiastic
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7. Resistance x cooperation
8. Persuade x discourage
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9. Scarce x adequate
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10. Nobility x dishonor
Lesson-3
SYNONYMS
1. Profession - career
2. Sorrowful – gloomy
3. Decency – nobility
4. Destiny – fate
5. Hijacked - commandeered
6. Motivation – encouragement
7. Serious – severe
8. Significant – important
9. Consideration- careful thought
10. Prevalent – common
11. Agony - suffering
12. Perforated – torn or damaged
13. Ennobles – dignified
14. Sophisticated – well advanced
15. Mutilating surgery-removal of tissue
16. Solace – comfort or consolation
n
17. Intrepid – bold and staring
l.i
18. Finale - climax
19. Disfigured – spoiled or marred
da
20. Malignant – harmful life
21. Tumour – diseased growth
22. Amputated – cutoff
ka
23. profound- very great
vi
ANTONYMS
1. Rare x prevalent
al
2. Primitive x Sophisticated
.k
3. Fiction x fact
4. Fearful x intrepid
w
5. Benign x malignant
6. Diffidence x confidence
w
7. Boredom x amusement
w
8. Criticize x appreciate
Lesson-5
SYNONYMS
1. subsided - dimnished
2. sturdy - strong
3. impudent - disrespectful
4. seasoned - garnished
5. bereavement - mourning / grief

6. splendour - magnificence
7. spluttered - cackled /make a series of short sounds
8. expounded - explained
9. languorously - lethargically
10. hordes - crowd/masses
11. exasperatedly - annoyingly
12. paraphernalia - things / stuffs
n
13.portly - stocky
l.i
14.gait - pace
ANTONYMS
1.anticipation x ignorance da
ka
2.fortutiously x unfortunately
vi
3.splendour x simplicity
4.unmatched x inferior
al
5.banter x small talk

.k
w
Lesson-6
w
SYNONYMS
w
1. Confusion – mess
2. Peril – risk
3. Pedestrians – walk on the street
4. Chaos – confusion
5. Anarchy – lawlessness or rebellion
6. Preserved – maintained
7. Curtailed – reduced
8. Tyranny – autocracy
9. Insolence – rudeness
10. Interfere – hinder
11. Contract – commitment

12. Indifferent – unconcerned
13. Fancy-desire
14. Shandy – lemonade
15. Ridiculous – comical
16. Conventional – normal
17. Accommodate- fit
18. Consideration– scrutiny
ANTONYMS
n
1. Anarchy x peace, order
l.i
2. Confusion x calm, clear
3. Conscious x unconscious
da
4. Anarchy x order
5. Forbid x allow
ka
6. Peril x safe
7. Tyranny x democracy
8. Preserved x destroyed
vi
9. Liberty x slavery
al
10. Ridiculous x serious

.k
w
w
w

12th English Prose Reduced Syllabus

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b. What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?

c. How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?

selfless action brought new nobility to human life.

PARAGRAPH FOR AVERAGE STUDENTS

Title : Two Gentlemen of Verona

PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS

conducted tourists round the town and ran errands.

• The narrator was impressed with their hard work.

• They were helpful to the narrator.

• Cronin likes them a lot.

• They worked hard to save money for her treatment.

• They keep it as a secret.

Dr. Christiaan Barnard

g. What roles did the duo take up?

h. Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for them?

driver’s heart. He had returned to the hospital because he had a malignant

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences.

a. Detail the statistics Dr. Barnard has provided in his speech

e. Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children heartbreaking?

PARAGRAPH FOR AVERAGE STUDENTS

Title : In Celebration of Being Alive

PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS

* According to his father, suffering ennobles and makes a

ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

1. Answer the following questions

in order to preserve the liberties of all.

d) Why should individual liberty be curtailed?

According to the author, we are more conscious of the imperfections of

than of our own.

h) What is the foundation of social conduct?

i) How can we sweeten our life’s journey?

b) How would ‘liberty’ cause universal chaos?

social contract. It is not a personal affair. A reasonable consideration for the

PARAGRAPH FOR AVERAGE STUDENTS

Author: A.G. Gardiner

Theme: Liberty is not a personal affair

become a judicious mixture of both anarchist and socialist. We have to

Liberty is not a personal affair but a social contract.

PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS

1. Like a huge python, winding round and round

b) Is the tree tall or short? How?

In crimson clusters all the boughs among,

And oft at nights the garden overflows

With one sweet song that seems to have no close,

Sung darkling from our tree, while men repose.

c) Who gather all day?

d) What is meant by crimson clusters?

c) What is meant by dawn?

Dawn means early morning,

She feels delighted.

4. A gray baboon sits statue-like alone

Watching the sunrise; while on lower boughs

His puny offspring leap about and play;

'We' refers to the poet and her friends.

b) What is dear to the poet?

c) Why is it dear to the poet?

tree in her childhood.

7 For your sakes, shall the tree be ever dear.

In memory, till the hot tears blind mine eyes!

Mine inner vision rose a form sublime,

Thy form, O Tree, as in my happy prime

a) What are the places mentioned here?