IPM 3 0 Test Series 2022 Test 20 (Breakthrough Test) Synopsis

IPM/YLM
IPM/YLM 4.03.0 TEST

TEST SERIES
SERIES – 2022-- 2022
IPM/YLM 2.0 TEST SERIES 2022
TEST CODE: 22
TEST
TEST CODE
CODE 20:IGS
26: GS I SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS
1. Introduction of western education transferred India in unforeseen ways. Critically Examine

Introduction
The establishment of British territorial control over India brought changes in different spheres of
life. Education was one of such areas where a lot of changes came with the transfer of power to
the British.
Body:
Positive transformations
• Print Revolution: The new education broadened the horizon-of knowledge. Specially the
establishment of the printing press and easy availability of books removed the traditional
barriers and made education accessible to more people.
• Opened Vedic Knowledge of Sanskrit: Previously, Sanskrit had become the preserve of
India’s narrow Brahmin priestly caste. However, the orientalists opened up the Sanskrit
classics to Europeans and other Indians by translating and printing them in English and the
Indian vernaculars.
• New Rationalism and reforms: The ideas of the western thinkers influenced the younger
generation of Indian society and they began to question the existing traditional values.
o In the light of modern knowledge, India looked back critically on her past and
recreated herself by synthesising the elements from that past and selective
borrowings from the great outside world.
o Reforms such as the abolition of Sati (Raja Ram Mohan Roy), Widow Remarriage Act
(Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar), etc. were a testimony to it.
• Institutionalisation of education: The establishment of the Hindu College (1817),
Elphinstone College, and the founding of the School Book Society and the School Society
played a key role in laying the foundations of a new educational system.
o E.g.- nationalists such as Dadabhai Nauroji, M.G Ranade, Phiroze Shah Mehta, K.T
Telang, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and D.K. Karve came from the portals of Elphinstone
College
• Impact on the indigenous enterprise: The popularity, appeal, and accessibility of Western
literature influenced indigenous literary enterprise. Rise of prose forms-fiction, drama,
biography and history, essays, and literary criticism were perhaps the most important
consequences.
• Transformed women’s education: Reformers like Savitribai Phule and Jyotiba Phule started
to work on women’s education. It significantly led to the initiation of female education in
India.
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www.insightsonindia.com www.instacourses.insightsonindia.com
• It led to the emergence of a middle-class professional group in the Indian population.
Limitations
• Ignored Mass education: The new education system totally ignored the importance of mass
education. The emphasis was to educate a selected few.
• This led to the perpetuation of the backwardness of socially backward castes and
communities. The existing divisions in the society widened.
• Overemphasis on western literature: The curriculum of schools and colleges emphasized
more on western literature, philosophy, and humanities. Technology and natural science
were neglected
• Thereby hampering the intellectual advancement as well as economic development of the
country.
• Education used to perpetuate political interest: The basic purpose of the education policy
was inseparable from the political interests of the colonial government.
• Negative Impact on Indian culture: It succeeded in making a class of persons, Indians in
blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. Thus, the Indian
culture was westernized with a transformation in dressing, language, and habits that were
British in taste.
Conclusion
The implications of the new educational system were that there was an articulation of political
sentiment, and the creation of a new intellectual milieu that laid stress on new currents of
rationality and reforms.
However, the colonial administration was keen to promote an education policy, which served its
own interests. Therefore, the beneficiary of this education was mainly the upper crust of society.
Therefore, the transformation that came with English education was very limited in nature.
2. Despite being decades old, the ideas articulated by Henry Derozio appears strikingly modern. In
what ways are his views still relevant in modern times?
Introduction
Henry Derozio was an Indian reformer and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate
Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal during the 1830s. At 17 years of
age, he was considered a great scholar and a thinker. He encouraged students to think freely, to
question, and not to accept anything blindly.
Body
Ideas articulated by Henry Derozio appears strikingly modern:
• Modern ideals: His teachings inspired the development of the spirit of liberty, equality,
freedom and they started opposing the rule of the British Government.
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• Modern Method: His activities include, organizing debates found by the Academic
Association, encouraged rationalism, western education, and opposed orthodox practices
of Hindus.
• Modern thinking: His activities brought an intellectual revolution to Bengal. It was called
the Young Bengal Movement and his students, also known as Derozians, were fiery patriots.
HIS IDEAS ARE STILL RELEVANT IN MODERN TIME
• Promoting Activism: The idea of free-thinking and sharing of ideas, and going beyond the
syllabus, are encouraged even today.
• Modernity in the thoughts preached by the tribal leaders of Presidency College in the 1970s
had been envisaged by Derozio.
• Think for themselves: According to him, the sacred duty of students is to “think for
themselves”, this promotes the decision-making skill about what is right and wrong. This is
necessary in the present era of globalization and growing Artificial Intelligence.
• Promote constitutional ideals: His ideas of liberty, freedom, patriotism, education of
women are relevant even today. In addition, it can be seen in the Indian Constitution under
Article 19(1a), 25, 51A.
• Radical views were the roots of religious philosophy: This idea makes people in this era to
think of old social traditions, customs, debate about the existence of God, and avoid blind
observance of rituals.
CONCLUSION
Though the young Bengal movement failed to extend it beyond their close circle, the ideas and
opinions of Henry Derozio still inspire Indians to think in the right direction.
3. “India’s subjugation was designed through the colonial scientific plans, but the country gained
its freedom through Indian scientific plans”. In view of the statement, bring out the role of
Indian scientists during the freedom movement.
Introduction:
The British rule in India began with their victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Eventually, over
a period of 190 years, they plundered $45 trillion from India. Science played a key role in their
Victory and also in India’s freedom struggle.
India’s subjugation was designed through the colonial scientific plans
• Industrial revolution- Inventions like Steam Engine, Spinning Jenny, and Telegraph.
o Eg- Telegraph played important role in containing the Revolt of 1857.
• Modern Weaponry: - Guns, Advanced Cannons, Modern ships, scientific strategizing, and
planning aided in conquering the subcontinent.
• Investment in botanical, geological, and geographical surveys from which they hoped to get
direct and substantial economic and military advantages
• Scientific Surveying-Industries needed natural resources for growth.
▪ Survey of India was established in 1767 to explore and map the natural riches of the
Indian Territory in a scientific manner.
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▪ The science was thus administered for the first time to plunder India’s natural wealth.
India gained its freedom through scientific plans.
• Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest scientist warrior. His non-violence and satyagraha was
a scientific resistance to British rule. People who were not involved in science directly used
the scientific means to fight for freedom.
• Spirit of the national movement: Patriotic fervor exhibited by several scientists in imperial
India added to the spirit of the nationalist movement
• National self-expression: To show the West that, in all realms including science, Indians
were equals. Eg- Works of Satyendranath Bose with Albert Einstein-Bose Einstein statistics.
Role of Indian scientists during the freedom movement

• Dr. Mahendralal Sircar- a successful medical practitioner and a science enthusiast
o Rose against the sheer British injustice and pledged to establish a swadeshi scientific
institution
o He established the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in 1876,
which was solely native and purely national.
o It was the beginning of the science movement with a swadeshi spirit that stirred up
genius young minds.
o One brightest star among the patriotic scientists who sprang up from IACS was Dr. C V
Raman (Nobel Prize in 1930).
• Jagadis Chandra Bose: - He was a pioneer in wireless communication.
o Faced injustice and racial discrimination and refused to accept a reduced salary for
Indians. Bose initiated a struggle with a new form of protest – Satyagraha by not
accepting the monthly salary cheques for 3 years. (first case of a ‘Satyagraha’, which
happened three decades before Mahatma Gandhi resorted to it.).
• Prafulla Chandra Ray: To raise the diminishing spirit of Indians he wrote the book, ‘History
of Hindu Chemistry’-highlighting the development of chemistry in India from early times.
o He successfully established the first science-based swadeshi industry, the Bengal
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works, in 1901.
• P.N. Bose preferred to resign when in 1903 he was superseded for the directorship of the
Geological Survey by T. Holland who was 10 years junior to him.
Conclusion
Along with Dr. Mahendralal Sircar, JC Bose, and PC Ray, the galaxy of leading lights of Indian
science initiated a vigorous and creative struggle in the domain of science to achieve Swatantrata.
Science was an instrument for development, awakening, and freedom during the independence
movement.
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4. The policies of Lord William Bentinck can be considered as an epoch of the social and
administrative reforms in British India. Elaborate.
Introduction
The advent of Lord William Bentinck in 1828 opened an era of monumental administrative and
social reforms in India. His seven years rule came to be known as an “Age of Reforms”. His rule
was the peaceful interlude between two periods of severe and costly campaigning and he made
the reforms which were long overdue. Thus, his reign stands in sharp contrast to the years that
proceeded or those that followed it.”
Main Body
Epoch of Administrative reforms
❖ Indianization of the government service- He started the practice of appointing Indians in
the Company’s service
❖ Judicial reforms
➢ In the judicial department, he abolished the provincial courts of appeal established by
Cornwallis. They were largely responsible for the huge arrears of cases. This step was
readily accepted by the Directors since it cut down their expenditure.
➢ Introduction of local languages in the lower courts and English in the higher courts in
the place of Persian.
❖ Policy towards the press - Bentinck’s policy towards the press was characterized by a liberal
attitude. He used it as a safety valve for discontent.
❖ Financial Reforms: - Immediately on his assuming the reins of office, Bentinck appointed two
committees Civil and Military to enquire into the increased expenditure and suggest means
of reduction.
Epoch of Social reforms
❖ Abolition of Sati- He became a crusader against it and promulgated the regulation on 4
December 1829 prohibiting the practice of Sati. He WAS determined to abolish this practice
which he considered an offence against natural justice
❖ Suppression of Thugs- A campaign was systematically organized by Colonel Sleeman from
1830 against the thugs. It was the most commendable measure which Bentinck undertook
and which contributed to the material welfare of the people was the suppression of the
'thugs'.
❖ Female Infanticide- Female infanticide was one of the horrible and heartless deeds
committed even by civilized people. He not only prohibited female infanticide but declared
them a punishable crime.
❖ Introduction of English Education-- the Government Resolution in 1835 made English the
official and literary language of India. In the same year, William Bentinck laid the foundation
of the Calcutta Medical College.
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Conclusion
Bentick left India in 1835 AD. His beneficent reforms, which he conceived in an enlightened and
humanitarian spirit, have earned for him a high place in Indian History. He holds a high position
due to his various reforms, which were important for Indian social reform movements. Dr. Ishwari
Prasad writes, “Bentinck’s glories were the glories of peace contrast to the glory of war of other
governor-generals.
5. Evaluate the relevance of the Gandhian ideology regarding Sarvodaya and Satyagraha in the
current time.
Introduction
From Nelson Mandela's Apartheid movement to the Arab Spring, Gandhian thoughts continue to
have an enduring global impact and are even most significant in current times. The concept of
Satyagraha and Sarvodaya are core of Gandhian philosophy and these are all-time relevant to
resolve socio-economic, cultural, and political challenges.
Main Body
Philosophy of Satyagraha: The core of this concept lies in ‘Pious Struggle for Truth.’ It means the
exercise of the purest soul force against all injustice, oppression, and exploitation.
Relevance in current times
❖ Relevance for global peace Conflict resolution through peaceful means and Deliberation-
It is defined as the absence of any kind of military threat from outside the sovereign
jurisdiction of any country.
➢ Gandhi Satyagraha which was based on non-violence can be used towards the
philosophy of disarmament and denuclearization.
➢ Example of use of Gandhian method for conflict resolution between Ethiopia and
Eritrea.
❖ Satyagraha in the context of rising protests the revolutions around the world
➢ Satyagraha guides those in authority when dealing with serious issues in the whole
world must have the humility to understand and accommodate the opposite point of
view.
➢ They should have love and regard for those who cry for justice and rights and even
those clamoring for separation.
➢ Including these philosophies in protests like
▪ Protest in Hong Kong for democracy
▪ Framers movement in India.
❖ Fighting evils like war, violence, corruption, injustice
➢ We are living in the age of tension, the tension between group and group, class and
class, nation and nation. Gandhi satyagraha holds key not only for the ending war but
living with co-operation and brotherhood.
❖ Relevance in the age of Naxalism and terrorism – Naxalism and terrorism claim to work for
justice but if they adopt the Gandhian method of demand for justice not using violence but
standing for truth.
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❖ Satyagraha for fighting wars and violent conflicts
➢ Gandhian Satyagraha means truth-force, love-force, or soul-force. It means to correct
the opponent's error by self-suffering.
It is a fact that non-violent Satyagraha sometimes takes a longer time but causes less damage to
people and property and does not leave behind any hatred or ill-will. Ultimately imbibed with
Ahimsa it is the pursuit of Truth and Truth always wins.
Philosophy of Sarvodaya: Sarvodya is a theory in which all the sections of society will treated
equal and will get equal chances to grow. He has given the philosophy of Sarvodaya inspired by
the book ‘Unto the Last’ of John Ruskin and translated this book with a title Sarvodaya.
Relevance in current times
❖ To reduce rising inequality: The concept of Sarvodya is the most relevant theory in present-
day society because of the sharp division between haves and haves not.
➢ Gandhian philosophy of Sarvodaya was against the concentration of wealth and he
considered rich people as trustees of wealth, not owners. Which can make the present
corporate world more compassionate and better distribution of wealth.
❖ Sarvodaya during pandemic Times-Recent Pandemic has been a defining moment for the
world it has exposed various faces of the world. Pandemic has affected different sections of
society differently. In this situation, Gandhian Philosophy holds the key.
➢ India through its “Vaccine Maitri” programme has saved millions of lives in African and
other neighboring countries which shows the philosophy of Sarvodaya.
➢ Government through the programme of Atmanirbhar Bharat provided financial as well
as food security to people which shows we are still not diverted from the philosophy of
our founding fathers.
❖ Sarvodaya in context of the Refugee crisis – Accommodation of the people who are stateless
and homeless can be most important in the philosophy of Gandhi’s Sarvodaya. In the state
of rising refugee crisis state can follow the idea of Sarvodaya.
Conclusion
Thus we can say that Gandhi's enduring legacy is his continued relevance to our thinking and
action on a broad sweep of issues, from protecting the environment, rising consumerism,
materialism, conflicts, and violence to promoting justice, from education to inequality. In all
these spheres following the Gandhian philosophy will certainly create the world a better place to
live ensuring justice and dignity for millions of people around the world.
6. Compare the features of the Ryotwari System and Mahalvari System, and explain how these
two systems are different from the Permanent Settlement system.
Introduction:
Land revenue was the major source of income for the agricultural sector. The basic difference in
these systems was regarding the mode of payment of land revenue. British introduced three land
revenue systems, such as the Permanent settlement system, Ryotwari, and Mahalvari system.
Body:
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Comparison of Ryotwari and Mahalvari system
Features Ryotwari system Mahalvari system
The ryotwari system was The Mahalvari system was devised
Initiation introduced by Thomas Munro in by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 and
1820. introduced in India by Lord William
Bentick in 1833.
Method of The land revenue was paid The land revenue was collected by
revenue directly by peasants. the village headman from all the
collection peasants in that village.
Peasants had ownership of the Peasants had ownership over the

Ownership land. land.
The revenue to be collected was The revenue was collected was

Revision revised periodically. Revised periodically.
period
The system was prevalent in The system was prevalent in the

Area Madras, Bombay, and in some Northwest frontier province,
under parts of Assam and Coorg. Punjab, and central province.
influence
The tax rate was very high and The tax rate was very high and thus
Impact only a bare minimum was left in they fell in the trap of Moneylenders,
the hands of the Ryots. lost the ownership of land, and
For example, revenue rates were became tenants.
50% For DRY Land and 60% for
irrigated land.
Permanent settlement system different from Ryotwari and Mahalvari system

• The Permanent settlement system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. Whereas, the
other two were introduced later.
• The land revenue was collected by the intermediaries known as Zamindars from the
peasants. The amount would be divided into 11 parts.
o 1/11 of the share belongs to zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India
Company.
• Zamindars were made the owners of the land and the actual farmers became tenants.
• The revenue to be collected was fixed permanently, the tax was to be paid even at the time
of poor yield.
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• This system was prevalent in the provinces of Bengal, Orissa, and Bihar as shown in the
figure.
Conclusion:
Thus, the high tax rate of Land revenue systems made land as just a commodity, made peasants
into a bonded-labors, consequently, the Ryots fled the countryside and villages became deserted
in many regions.
7. Trace the evolution of the Cooperative movement in pre and post Independent India as a
response to agricultural distress and indebtedness.
Introduction
Co-operatives have been important in reviving agriculture and making it sustainable over the
years. India is an agricultural country and laid the foundation of the World’s biggest cooperative
movement in the world.
Main Body
❖ Co-operative Movement in the pre-Independence era
➢ The Origin: The Co-operative Movement in India was born out of the distress and
turmoil that prevailed in the last quarter of the 19th century.
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▪ For Example-Farmers of Poona and Ahmednagar formed co-operatives and
spearheaded an agitation against the money lenders who were charging
exorbitant rates of interest.
➢ Early success: The agitation and the demand by the co-operatives led the Britishers to
pass three acts- the Deccan Agriculture Relief Act (1879), the Land Improvement Loan
Act (1883), and the Agriculturists Loan Act (1884).
➢ Legislative measures: By 1904, the Co-operative Society Act was passed on the
recommendation of the Famine Commission of 1901
▪ Under the Montague- Chelmsford Act of 1919, co-operatives became a provincial
subject, which gave further impetus to the movement. Various states passed
their own Acts to make the co-operative movement a successful one.
• The membership of the co-operative societies increased considerably during
this period.
▪ Madras Co-operative Societies Act of 1932 came into force aiming at the growth
of co-operative movement and developing the long-term credit.
➢ During World War II: In 1942, the Government of British India enacted the Multi-Unit
Cooperative Societies Act to cover Cooperative Societies with membership from more
than one province.
❖ Co-operative Movement in the post-Independence era

➢ Became part of the Five-year plan: After independence, cooperatives became an
integral part of Five-Year Plans (FYPs). Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru considered
cooperatives as one of the three pillars of Democracy, the other two being the
Panchayat and the Schools.
▪ National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC), a statutory corporation,
was set up under National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962.
➢ Success of the white revolution: The most important success story of co-operatives in
post-independent India for alleviating farmers’ distress and indebtedness was the
success of the white revolution.
➢ National policy: Government of India announced a national policy on co-operatives in
2002. The ultimate objective of National policy is to
▪ Provide support for promotion and development of co-operatives
▪ Reduction of regional imbalance.
▪ Strengthening of co-operative education, training, and human resource
development.
➢ Constitutional amendment: the 97th constitutional amendment, which dealt with
issues related to effective management of co-operative societies in the country
➢ Creation of Ministry of co-operatives in 2021 with the objective of making Co-
operatives as a true people-based movement reaching up to the grassroots.
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Conclusion
The ICA Blue-Print of Cooperative Decade lays emphasis on cooperatives emerging as the most
preferred model of development of the people by 2020. To achieve this objective, the cooperative
leadership today must have vision, dedication and commitment, and transparency that is visible
by the Creation of a separate Ministry for Co-operation.
8. Although India-China relations started on a positive note during the initial years of post-
independent India, the Chinese aggression of 1962 changed the course of the relation. Analyze
Introduction:
India and China mark the 1st April 2020 as the 72nd anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic
relations since 1950. Post-independence both the nations had good bondage but it took drastic
change post-1962.
Body:
INDIA-CHINA RELATION DURING INITIAL YEARS OF POST-INDEPENDENCE
• Good Diplomatic relation: India and China established diplomatic relations on 1st April 1950.
India was the first nation to establish diplomatic relations with the people’s republic of
china.
• People to people contact: The growing relation led to the catchphrase ‘Hindi Chini Bhai
Bhai’ becoming famous.
• International collaboration: In 1954, both nations signed Panchsheel. It focuses on five
principles of peaceful coexistence.
o India and China both attended the Asian-African Conference in 1955 and advocated
the Bandung spirit of Solidarity, friendship.
THE CHINESE AGGRESSION OF 1962 CHANGED THE COURSE OF THE RELATION
• Five-finger policy: Between 1958 to 1961, Chinese officers claimed they would liberate
Sikkim, Ladakh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh from wrongful occupation.
• Border dispute: In 1962, the Border dispute resulted in a border war between China and
India, which led to the defeat of India and China occupied part of Aksai chin and parts of
Ladakh.
• China’s aggressive activities: Relations between China and India deteriorated during the
1960s and 1970s. China supported Pakistan in India- Pakistan war of 1965 and supported
militant groups in the northeast parts of India to campaign against India.
o Clashes on border: In 1967, both India and Chinese forces had conflicts at their borders
known as Nathu la and Cho la clashes.
• India’s decision to give asylum to Dalai Lama: In 1959, the Dalai Lama spiritual head of Tibet,
established the Tibetan government-in-exile in Himachal Pradesh. The PRC accused India of
expansionism and imperialism in Tibet.
• Jawaharlal Nehru Opposition: Jawaharlal Nehru rejected Zhou’s compromise-based
solution to give Aksai chin to china, which is one of the reasons for the 1962 border dispute.
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• Visit of Atal Bihari Vajpayee: In 1979, Atal Bihari Vajpayee made a visit to China to re-
establish the relation but there have been continuous disputes along the India-china
border.
For example, in 2020, Chinese and Indian troops clashed in Nathu La, Sikkim, leaving 11
soldiers injured.
Conclusion:
Thus, for the mutual growth of both nations, it is necessary to revisit the original aspiration of
establishing diplomatic relations 70 years ago and effectively implement the Panchasheel
agreement.
9. “India perhaps needs a Bhoodan movement today to address the issue of poor farmers and
farmer suicide”. In this context, discuss the role played by Vinoba Bhave to bring about a
“Bloodless Revolution” in India's land reforms programme.
Introduction:
The Bhoodan movement (Land Gift movement), also known as the Bloodless Revolution, was a
voluntary land reform movement in India. Gandhian Vinoba Bhave initiated it in 1951 at
Pochampally village, Telangana
Body:
Background of the movement:
The Bhoodan movement attempted to persuade wealthy landowners to voluntarily give a
percentage of their land to landless people. It began on April 18th, 1951, when a local landlord
named Ram Chandra Reddy agreed to give his 100 acres to landless Harijans. This inspired Vinoba
Bhave to initiate the Bhoodan movement.
Role played by Vinoba Bhave:
• Philosophy behind the movement: Bhave was influenced by Mahatma
Gandhi's Sarvodaya movement and Gram Swarajya.
• Methods used: Landless laborers were given the small plots that they could settle and grow
their crops on. Bhoodan Acts forbade selling or any other use of land except for agriculture.
o Rishi-kheti: Bhave wanted peasants to give up using bullocks, tractors, or other
machines for agricultural purposes.
o Kanchan-dan: He wanted the people to give up using money in the form of Kanchan-
dan.
• Support: The movement had the support of Congress. JP Narayan withdrew from active
politics to join the Bhoodan movement in 1953.
Success:
• Areas of success: It gained a lot of success in India, especially in Northern India in UP and
Bihar. Over 4.5 million acres of land was given as donation by 1957.
o Maharaja Kamakhya Narain Singh Bahadur of Ramgarh Raj donated 200,000 acres of
land to Vinoba Bhave and others under the Bihar Bhoodan Yagna Act
• Nonviolent: It received political patronage due to its non-violent nature.
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• Gramdan: Bhoodan gave way to the Gramdan movement in 1952. A village is declared as
Gramdan when at least 75% of residents give approval in writing for Gramdan.
o It was a part of a comprehensive movement for the establishment of a Sarvodaya
society
• International attention: Thinkers such as Louis Fischer said, “Gramdan is the most creative
thought coming from the east in recent times”.
Lacuna:
By the 1960s, the movement had lost momentum. The Sarvodaya Samaj failed to build a mass
movement that would generate pressure for social transformation. Most of the land donated was
a wasteland and therefore couldn’t support the landless.
Other problems such as slow progress, bribery, greed to get more land, and in 1967, after the
withdrawal of Vinoba Bhave from the movement, it lost its mass base.
Why we need such a movement today:
• 55% of the agriculture workforce are landless farmers, most of them from marginalized
sections
• Small and marginal farmers (86%) own below half of the cropped area (47% approx.): This
has created great inequality in land ownership in India and prime regions for agricultural
distress
• Thus despite progress, the condition of farmers is still poor, especially landless ones, thus
the need for a new Bhoodan movement today.
Conclusion:
The movement made a significant contribution by creating moral ambivalence, putting pressure
on landlords, creating conditions favorable to the landless. Today it is important to encourage
cooperative farming or land pooling for better agriculture productivity.
10. Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914. Elaborate
Introduction
By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal
democratic sentiments of the first half of the century but became a narrow crew with limited
ends. Nationalism culminated into imperialism in the last quarter of the 19th century.
Body:
Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914
• Imperialism - a political system in which a rich and powerful country controls other countries
(colonies) which are not as rich and powerful as itself.
o Africa and parts of Asia were a source of contention among European countries prior
to World War I because of their raw materials. Increased competition and the ambition
for larger empires led to an upsurge in conflict, which pushed the world into World War
I.
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▪ Scramble for Africa- In 1870, less than 10% of African territory was under
European control. By 1914, it had increased to almost 90%.
o Expansionist Policy of Germany- In 1890, Germany's new emperor, Wilhelm II,
embarked on an international policy aimed at transforming his country into a world
power. Other states viewed Germany as a threat, destabilizing the international
situation.
o Intense rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies, naval might, and
military might. European powers such as Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-
Hungary were keen on opposing the hold of other powers over the Balkans for
extending their own area of control.
o Alliances-mutual defense agreement
▪ Triple Alliance-1882 linking Germany with Austria-Hungary and Italy.
▪ The Triple Entente, which was made up of Britain, France, and Russia, concluded
by 1907.
• Nationalism- The idea that societies should be organized into nation-states' came to be
accepted as natural and universal during the time.
o Serbian nationalism: The Serbs wanted to integrate the Balkan areas populated with
Slavs into a single Yugoslavia.
▪ The desire of the Slavic peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be a part
of Austria-Hungary and instead become a part of Serbia was at the root of the
war. In this sense, nationalism contributed to the outbreak of the war
o The Balkans in Europe after 1871- The Balkans comprised modern-day Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia,
and Montenegro.
▪ The Balkan States were fiercely jealous of each other and wanted to gain more
territory at the expense of the other.
▪ The disintegration of the ruling Ottoman Empire and the spread of the ideas of
romantic nationalism made this area explosive.
▪ The European subject nationalities started breaking from their control to declare
independence.
Conclusion
Nationalism stained with imperialism led Europe to disaster and resulted in World War 1(1914-
1918). Eventually, many colonized countries in the world started to oppose imperial domination.
The anti-imperialist movements developed as nationalist movements in later times.
11. It is considered that British dominion deliberately shattered the traditional and world-famous
handicrafts of India. Comment
Introduction
Till the first half of the eighteenth century, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the
international market in textiles. Due to their high quality and excellent craftsmanship, Indian
14
handicrafts, particularly textiles, became popular abroad and their demand kept on increasing.
These were often exchanged with precious gems, jewels, and goods. However, with the advent of
British rule, these handicrafts started to decline leading to the deindustrialization of economy.
Body:
Why Britishers deliberately destroyed Indian traditional handicrafts
• Bullion payments draining British wealth: The main problem which the European
companies faced was the financing of their Indian purchases. Since there was no demand for
British exports in India the purchases of Indian goods had to be financed by bullion
payments.
• Competition to British textiles: By the early eighteenth century, Indian textiles became very
popular in European countries. This aroused fear and anxiety among the textile
manufacturers in England. They compelled their government to check the inflow of Indian
goods.
• Industrialisation in Britain: In the same period Britain had begun its Industrial Revolution
and was rapidly expanding its industries by revolutionizing its technology. It was to be
protected in its formative years from foreign competition.
Policies adopted by the British

• Monopoly of right to trade.
o British tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth
trade, and establish more direct control over the weaver.
o Prevented weavers from dealing with other buyers e.g. the system of advances. Once
an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for
their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to
the Company. They could not take it to any other trader.
• Abandoning free competition to secure its goods in the local markets. The producers of
these handicrafts were forced to supply their produce to the Company at low prices
arbitrarily fixed by the Company and their services were hired below the prevailing wage.
• The British policy of exporting raw materials: Harmed Indian handicrafts by raising the
prices of raw materials like cotton and leather. This increased the cost of handicrafts and
reduced their capacity to compete with foreign goods.
• The high import duties and other restrictions imposed on the import of Indian goods into
Britain and Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries led to the virtual closing of the
European markets to Indian handicrafts.
• Cheap Imports of British industrial goods: There was a free flow of Industrial goods from
Britain without any duties and restrictions to India.
• Railways: The ruin of Indian industries proceeded even more rapidly once the railways were
built. The railways enabled British manufacturers to reach and uproot the traditional
industries in the remotest villages of the country.
Implications
15
• Lack of capital accumulation: The income of weavers and spinners were drastically reduced,
thereby restricting any possibility of capital accumulation and technological innovations in
this traditional industrial sector.
• Shrinking of local market: Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods
were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
o Rural crafts were affected by the capture of these markets by foreign goods.
• The traditional urban-based luxury crafts were badly hit by their customers (usually the
nobility) changing over to patronising foreign goods.
• Collapsing of the export market: sanctions against Indian manufactured imports into Britain
resulted in a progressive decline in the export of Indian cotton piece goods from the
Company account.
• Desertion of centers of manufacturing: By the 1850s, reports from most weaving regions of
India narrated stories of decline and desolation. The weavers went back to their villages and
started practicing agriculture.
Counter view
Though imperialist rule in India had a generally crippling effect on traditional Indian industries,
the impact varied from industry to industry.
• Peasant crafts which were practiced as a subsidiary occupation in the agricultural slack
seasons, using locally available cheap raw material such as basket weaving, and coir work
were the most immune to competition from machine-made foreign goods.
• Minor manufacturing in villages by potters, smiths, and carpenters was' only affected
marginally by the substitution of their products by foreign imports.
Conclusion
Thus when viewed in the context of an unequal exploitative metropolis-colony relationship, it is
clear even though minor manufacturing was immune to this exploitation, the traditional and
world-famous handicrafts industry of India declined with the advent of British rule in India.
12. In the 1st decade of the 20th century, the atmosphere was ripe for the emergence of
revolutionary groups to fill up the vacant space in the political map of the country. Critically
Examine
Introduction
The emergence of revolutionary groups is one of the major developments in the Indian national
movement. The events preceding and during the first decade of the 20 th Century led to this main
development in the freedom struggle.
Body
Conditions that led to the emergence of revolutionary groups:
• Partition of Bengal:
16
o Though the colonial masters cited administrative reasons, the Bengalis were convinced
that the Partition of Bengal in 1905 was a move to destroy the unity of the Bengali
people.
o To this, there was an increasing sense of impatience among certain sections of
Bengalis.
• Influence of the Swadeshi movement:
o The Swadeshi movement had notably swept up the people of Bengal, especially the
educated and the politically conscious.
o While this was a strength, the fallout of the Swadeshi movement towards the later
half of the first decade of the 20th Century was a breeding ground for the emergence
of the revolutionary movement by some of these newly awakened groups.
• Dissatisfaction with the mainstream parties:
o An increased dissatisfaction prevailed in regards to the overall performance of the
Congress and associated parties in the national movement.
o Some politicians within the Congress felt that the official Congress policy of pleading
with and petitioning the government had proven to be completely ineffective.
• Indifference of the British:
o The partition of Bengal and such insensitive moves by the British government and
their indifference to the Indian needs and demands became fuel for revolutionary
sentiments.
▪ The immediate aim was to destabilise the British administration through acts of
terror in preparation for the final revolution that would free India from colonial
rule.
• Ideological trigger:
o The revolutionary groups believed that passive resistance could not achieve the
nationalist aims.
o They, therefore, took to active resistance in the form of revolutionary activities rooted
in the cult of the bomb.
However, by end of the First World War, revolutionary activity cooled down due to the release of
prisoners held under Defense of India Rules, conciliation after Montagu’s August 1917 statement,
and the atmosphere of constitutional reforms.
Conclusion
As seen above, the revolutionary groups came in as an alternative force to fill the vacant space
in the political arena during the freedom struggle and functioned as a parallel force with a
redefined methodology. The intention that continued was to remove the fear of British officials
from the minds of the Indian masses and arouse them against the Britishers.
Additional Information: Background

Revolutionary movement:
17
• The revolutionary movement in India took place in two phases, one from 1907 to 1917 and
the other in the 1920s.
• It emerged as a potent political force in Bengal in the wake of the Swadeshi Movement in
the first decade of the 20th century.
• The initial steps to organise the revolutionaries were taken by Aurobindo Ghosh, his brother
Barin Ghosh, Bhupendranath Datta, Lal-Bal-Pal trio, and Subodh Chandra Mullick when
they formed the Jugantar party in 1906.
o Jugantar was created as an inner circle of the Anushilan Samiti, which was already
present in Bengal mainly as a fitness club.
• The movement grew as a radical strand within the Swadeshi movement after 1907.
o Thereafter, it worked alongside the mainstream nationalism that was represented by
the Congress party.
o Maharashtra, Bengal, and the Punjab were the nerve centres of a pan-Indian network
of revolutionary societies that emerged independently in the early 20th century.
Vacant space in the political map:
• The conditions during the first decade of the 20th century amidst the Indian freedom
struggle felt the need for a difference in approach than before.
• The progress so far was doubted and there was dissatisfaction among many factions.
• It was amidst this vacuum that revolutionary groups took shape.
o The idea was that India had to become independent of British rule and if the British
were not willing to grant independence to the Indians, then it had to be seized, by force
if necessary.
13. “India’s national movement not only empowered the women but also feminized the men”.
Commenting on the statement, also highlight the contribution of women leaders in India’s
freedom struggle.
Introduction:
Women played a pivotal role in achieving India's independence. They fought with true spirit and
unafraid courage and faced various tortures, exploitations, and hardships to earn us freedom.
Numerous women continued to contribute to the movement through military leadership,
political leadership, and social activism.
Body:
Indian National movement led to women empowerment and feminized men
• Non-violent nature of the movement: Each activity in the civil disobedience movement was
possible for women to do because it was non-violent,
○ Also, each act of constructive action was especially suited to women.
• Participation in protest politics: Emboldened with their success in the running of ashrams
and schools, women began to participate in protest politics.
○ They began to organize public meetings, unionize mill workers, picket liquor shops,
boycott foreign goods, and court arrest.
18
• Satyagraha swept aside old taboos and customs.
○ Organizing public meetings meant stepping out of the boundaries of home,
○ Unionizing mill workers meant overcoming the purdah,
○ Going to jail and running ashrams meant overcoming caste restrictions.
○ Boycotting foreign-made cloth meant spinning your own.
▪ Even the poorest and uneducated of women could spin yarn at home. Millions of
volunteers, especially women who could not leave home, could also participate.
• Feminized men
○ These actions changed women and also feminized the men: Men too learned to cook,
clean, wash, spin, weave, and stitch.
○ This role reversal embodied the possibility of women doing men’s work and men doing
women’s work; shared humanity that replaced the gendered polarization of the
dominant and the dominated.
○ Role of Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi consciously feminized India’s freedom struggle to
win against the brute masculinity of British power.
Contribution of Women in Indian National Movement can be divided into two parts
• Direct role – In revolutionary movement and other movements including Congress
movements.
• Indirect role – like the role of Tarabai Shinde, Savitri bai phule, Pandita Ramabai, Sarojini
Naidu, Annie Besant etc. in social, political and educational fields.
Revolutionary movement
• Women worked closely with men wore disguises, traveled alone or in the company of
strangers, and learned how to shoot, drive cars, and make bombs.
○ The revolutionary women have described themselves as sacrificing all the things a
woman wants – marriage, children, and a home – for the country.
• Passive role: But their involvement was mostly of a supportive or “indirect” nature, that of
giving shelter to fugitive revolutionaries or acting as couriers of messages and weapons.
• Active role: Bina Das fired at governor Jackson in Bengal, Pritilata Waddekar and Kalpana
Datta was associated with Surya Sen’s raids
○ Women also played a role in INA Movement
▪ Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan was Head of Department of Women’s Affairs under
provisional INA Govt. and she took charge of Rani of Jhansi Regiment,
▪ Janaki Davar was another important woman associated with this movement.
Other Movements
• The period after World War One witnessed the rise of two eminent women in Indian
politics.
○ Annie Besant: She launched Home Rule Movement in 1916 and became the President
of INC in 1917
19
○ Sarojini Naidu: Efforts of Sarojini Naidu led to the establishment of Rashtriya Stri
Sangh, a political organization with the goal of Swaraj and Women’s emancipation.
During 1920’s – S. Naidu was the president of this organization
Contribution in Congress-led movement (mainly in Gandhian era)
• Swadeshi movement,
○ They boycotted British goods and used swadeshi, crushed their glass bangles, and
observed non-cooking days as a ritual of protest.
○ Interestingly, the most powerful imagery that was used to mobilize women’s support
in Bengal around this time was Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity, who had allegedly
left her abode because of partition, and who had to be brought back, protected, and
looked after.
○ There were some remarkable exceptions, like Sarala Debi Chaudhurani, who got
involved in a physical culture movement for the Bengali youth, or a few women who
participated in the revolutionary movement.
• Under Gandhian leadership, the role of women became more conspicuous – in Non-
cooperation, in Civil Disobedience, and in Quit India Movements.
• Non-Cooperation movement,
○ When the Non-cooperation movement started in 1921, Gandhi initially prescribed a
limited role for women, i.e., that of boycott and swadeshi. But women claimed for
themselves a greater active role.
○ In December, Basanti Devi, the wife of the Bengal Congress leader C.R. Das, his sister
Urmila Devi and niece Suniti Devi, stunned the nation by participating in open
demonstrations on the streets of Calcutta and by courting arrest.
▪ Gandhi was concerned about their physical safety and chastity, but endorsed their
move, as it had a tremendous demonstration effect.
• From the Non-cooperation movement onwards women got associated with a specific
programme that was dharna on liquor shops.
• Civil Disobedience movement: It was during the Civil Disobedience movement that the
floodgates were really opened.
○ Women played a role in the picketing of Liquor Shops and demonstrations during CDM.
○ Sarojini Naidu organized the famous Dharasana Satyagraha in Gujarat during CDM.
○ Kamladavi Chattopadhyay, Krishnabai Rau, etc. played a role during CDM
○ Usha Mehta joined Vanar Sena (Monkey Army) during CDM.
○ Some women in Bengal got involved in a violent revolutionary movement, and this
time, unlike the Swadeshi period, they were not in supportive roles; they were now
actually shooting pistols at magistrates and governors.
○ Rani Gaidinliu: Follower of Gandhiji, she launched the movement against the British at
age of 16 in the Manipur and Naga belts.
20
• Individual Satyagraha:
○ Aruna Asaf Ali courted arrest by offering individual Satyagraha in 1941
○ Sucheta Kriplani played the role in Individual Satyagraha in 1940 – She was imprisoned
for two years.
• Quit India movement:
○ During the Quit India Movement, they got involved in the underground movement.
○ Sucheta Kripalani coordinated the non-violent resistance, while Aruna Asaf Ali gave
leadership to the underground revolutionary activities and this she did by politely
turning down Gandhi’s advice to surrender.
○ Usha Mehta also played an important role in the Underground Movement during the
Quit India Movement.
▪ She organized Congress Radio with the name Voice of India till November 1942.
○ However, the most important aspect of this movement was the participation of a large
number of rural women taking their own initiative to liberate their country.
▪ This engagement of rural women was further enlarged with the lifting of the ban
on the Communist Party in 1942.
Conclusion:
India’s national movement ended up creating an unmatched number of women leaders. Women
shouldered critical responsibilities in India’s struggle for freedom. Hundreds and thousands of
Indian women dedicated their lives for obtaining freedom of their motherland.
14. Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of the British in India from
mid-eighteenth century till independence.
Introduction
British political interests were driven by the economic interests. When the company gained
political supremacy in India, governance degenerated into a tool for maximizing profit resulting
into the exploitation of resources, destruction of Industries and agriculture, and impoverishment
of peasants and common man of India.
Main Body
According to Rajni Palme Dutta a historian there were three phases of the history of the economic
rule in India
❖ Era of merchant capitalism or Mercantilism- From 1757-1813
➢ Buy cheap and sell dear – Purchase of raw materials at cheap rate and sell at higher
prices
➢ Monopoly control – Control over trade and elimination of possible rivals.
➢ Political control – to use the coercion for economic benefit legitimised by the state
power.
❖ Era of Industrial capitalism – 1813-1857
➢ India thrown open to machine-made foreign goods (1813)
21
➢ The commercial policies of east India trade were now guided by the needs of British
Industries with the objective of transforming India into a consumer of British products.
➢ One-sided free trade- Indian products were subjected to heavy import duties and the
balance of trade tilted heavily in favour of the British.
➢ Indian economy turned into a colonial economy. A supplier for raw material and a
market for finished goods.
❖ Era of fiscal capitalism – 1857-1947
➢ British capitalist investment in India.
➢ Rush of foreign capital in India due to
▪ Prospects of high profits
▪ Availability of cheap labour
▪ Cheap and readily available raw material
▪ Ready market in India.
➢ British investors felt attracted to investment in tea plantations, jute coal mining, and
railways. Greatest investment was in railways, which was necessary for the
commercial and administrative needs of the British.
Changes in Indian agrarian structure
▪ Stagnation and deterioration of agriculture
o Cultivators had neither the means nor any incentive to invest in agriculture.
o Zamindars had no roots in the villages, so they paid little interest in agriculture.
o Government spent little on agricultural
All this, together with the fragmentation of land Thus, Stagnation & deterioration of
agriculture
▪ Commercialisation of Indian agriculture
• Agriculture' had been a way of life rather than a business enterprise Now
agriculture began to be influenced by commercial considerations.
• For the Indian peasant, commercialisation seemed a forced process.
▪ Impoverishment of peasantry
• Government, only interested in the maximisation of rent Enforced the permanent
settlement system.
• Transferability of land caused great insecurity to the tenants, lost all their
traditional rights in land
• Zamindars, resorted to summary evictions, demanded illegal dues, and begar' to
maximise their share in the produce thus overburdened peasants had to approach
the money-lenders.
• Peasant turned out to be the ultimate sufferer in the hands of the Government,
Zamindars, and moneylender.
Development of modern industry but the lopsided pattern and regional imbalance of
industrial development
22
▪ Core and heavy industries and power generation were neglected and promoted only
those industries, which were in the interest of Britishers.
▪ Regional disparity was also visible in the industrial development during British rule. The
industries were developed in the area where the abundance of the resource was
present and easy to exploit.
Economic drain or drain of wealth –
▪ It refers to a portion of the national product of India, which was not available for
consumption of its people but was being drained away to Britain for political reasons
and India was not getting adequate economic or material returns for it.
▪ Forms of drain of wealth
• Salaries and pensions of civil and military officials
• Stores purchased in Britain for civil and military departments.
• Interests on loans taken by the Indian government from abroad
• Profits on foreign investment in India
• Wars fought by the British outside India
These all together resulted into the Famine and poverty
▪ Food insecurity--Change in the structure of India’s trade and deterioration of agriculture
contributed to the food insecurity.
▪ Famines were not just food grain scarcity-based phenomena but were a direct result of
poverty from the loss of income from industry and agriculture.
Conclusion
According to historians at the beginning of the 18th century, India had 23 percent of the share
in the world economy which came down to 3 percent at the time of independence which shows
the level of exploitation of resources, de-industrialisation, and the worst impact like famine. It was
estimated that Between 1850 and 1900, about 2.8 crore people died in famines and the famine
became the regular phenomena during the later phase of the British rule.
15. What were the various ways in which Nationalism manifested itself in India during Colonial
rule?
Introduction
Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-
state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests. The Spirit of
nationalism evolved through the freedom struggle which resulted in freeing India from the yoke
of British rule.
Body:
Various ways in which nationalism manifested itself in India
• Religious nationalism-(relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief).
23
o Revolt of 1857- Sometimes also called the First War of Independence. It had seeds of
nationalism and anti-imperialism, but the concept of common nationality and
nationhood was not inherent.
▪ It was a Sepoy mutiny-began due to religious incidents, which spread to major
parts of North India. It began with the objective of overthrowing British rule and
bringing back the era of Mughals.
▪ Soldiers rebelled against the British and captured important places- Lucknow,
Delhi, etc.
▪ It laid the foundation for future Nationalism in India
• Liberal nationalism
o Pre-congress Organized efforts.
▪ British India Association- It sent suggestions for Charter Act of 1853: - Separate
Legislature of the popular character, Separation of Judicial and Executive,
Reduction in Salaries of higher officers, Abolition of Salt Duty, Akbari, etc.
• Resulted into an addition of six new members in the Governor General’s
Council for legislative purposes.
o The Indian Association of Calcutta:- Create strong public opinion on a political
question, Unification of Indians on common political ground
o Indian National Congress
▪ To form a secular and Democratic national movement, To Politicize and publicly
educate people, an All-India Leadership Group, Develop and propagate
anticolonial nationalist ideology, Formulate and present popular demands before
the government, Develop and consolidate the feeling of national unity and
Promote Indian nationhood.
o Moderate Phase
▪ Moderates were staunch believers in liberalism, constitutional agitation within
the law. They resorted to Petition, Resolutions, and Meetings. Create a strong
public opinion to arouse consciousness and national spirit and then educate and
unite people.
▪ To persuade the British government and the public to introduce reforms in India
on the lines laid by nationalists. Eg- Suderandra nathh Banerjee, Pherozshah
Mehta
▪ Constitutional Reforms and Propaganda in Legislature, Campaign for General
Administrative Reforms Such as:
▪ Exposed the True intentions of the British Government. Eg- Drain Theory by Dada
Bhai Naroji( Poverty and unBritish rule), Economic History of India ( R. C Dutt)
• Revolutionary nationalism (armed struggle)
o Extremist (Swadeshi movement- Against Partition of Bengal in 1905)
24
▪ New forms of struggle were introduced such as Boycott of foreign goods, Public
meetings, and processions, Importance to Self-Reliance (Atma Shakti)- Emphasis
was placed on honor, social and economic regeneration of the villages.
▪ Swadeshi enterprises, Corps of volunteers or ‘Samitis’- they generated political
consciousness among the masses.
▪ Students boycotted government schools and colleges, Indians quit government
jobs, Bonfire of foreign goods.
o Revolutionary Activity- Opted to follow in the footsteps of Russian nihilists or the Irish
nationalists.
▪ Organizing assassinations of unpopular officials and of traitors and informers
among the revolutionaries, the idea was to strike terror in the hearts of the
rulers. Eg- the Chapekar brothers- Murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona,
Rand.
▪ Revolutionary Activity Abroad- organized assassinations of officials, publish
revolutionary and anti-imperialist literature, work among Indian troops stationed
abroad, procure arms and bring about a simultaneous revolt in all British colonies.
▪ Eg- Ghadr Party by Lala Hardayal, Zimmerman Plan by Berlin Committee for Indian
Independence.
o Revolutionary Activity with Socialistic Tendency- extolling articles on the self-sacrifice
of revolutionaries, such as Atmashakti.
▪ Eg- Bomb in Central Legislative Council by Bhagat Singh. Raid by Surya Sen and his
group in Chittagong armoury.
▪ Thus Nationalism for them meant the use of force to overthrow the British.
• Liberation nationalism ( view that nations are being persecuted by other nations and thus
need to exercise self-determination by liberating themselves )
o Home rule League Movement- Nationalism was self-rule through political education
and discussion, public meetings, etc. Eg Tilak and Annie Besant.
o Gandhi Ji and Nationalism
▪ Believed in the capacity of the masses and took active measures to create
awareness.
▪ Gave powerful expression to Nationalism in the form of Ahimsa and Satyagraha
▪ This ensured masses can express their nationalism with these two powerful tools.
Eg- women picketing of liquor shops.
o Non-Cooperation Movement
▪ Meaning of Nationalism got more Concrete Form- Not cooperating with the
government will force the British to leave the country and go.
▪ Boycott of the Titles conferred by the Government, Boycott of civil services, army
and police, and all other Government offices, Non-payment of taxes to the
government, Boycott of foreign clothes and use of Swadeshi, Boycott of legislative
councils (C.R. Das and some didn’t like this idea), Liquor prohibition, etc.
25
▪ Educational institutions were organized under. Like Jamia Millia at Aligarh, kasha
Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, etc.
▪ They popularized the work of Charkha and Khadi. National schools and colleges
were set up where students were trained in a non-colonial ideological framework
o Civil disobedience Movement
▪ Demand for Purna Swaraj.
▪ Breaking the law of land to overthrow the British. Eg- Dandi Salt march to break
Salt Law.
▪ Focus on Internal purification of society- Removing the caste barrier. Gandhi Ji
Worked for the Upliftment of the Harijan. Removal of untouchability
▪ Constructive work- Ashrams sprang up where young men and women worked
among tribal and lower castes. They worked to boycott foreign clothes and liquor
▪ Significant work was done for Hindu-Muslim unity
o Quit India Movement.
▪ Demand for Complete Independence at any Cost. Gandhiji Mantra-“ Do or Die”
signifies the Nationalism of this time.
▪ People broke the law, Attacked Government Establishment.
▪ Jail Bharo Andolan, Made the functioning of the British in India virally Impossible.
o Indian National Army
▪ Under Subhash Chandra Bose- Believed overthrowing British by using organized
Army to recapture India. Eg- Imphal Campaign of INA with the help of Japanese.
• Cultural Nationalism
o Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar Sonar Bangla. Subramania Bharati wrote Swadesha
Geetham.
o Abindranath Tagore and Nadalal Bose moved away from colonial form Painting to
revive the Indian style. Eg- the painting of Bharath Mata.
Conclusion
Throughout the Freedom struggle, the meaning of Nationalism evolved continuously. It became a
stronger force with time and acted as a cohesive bond uniting the Indians in their fight against the
common enemy British. Ultimately it became a driving force for India’s Independence.
16. Despite the ideological difference in the views of Mahatma Gandhi, S C Bose, and Nehru, they
had deep love, affection, and respect for each other. Elucidate with examples
Introduction
The trio of Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose had some convergences and divergences in their ideologies
yet they remained committed towards the ideals of freedom and democracy.
Ideological differences among Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose
26
• Principle of Non-violence: Nehru and Bose had similar political leaning and often found
themselves frustrated by Gandhi’s commitment to non-violence.
○ Chauri-Chaura Incident: In February 1922, Gandhi had unilaterally called off the non-
cooperation movement on account of the outbreak of violence at Chauri Chaura.
▪ Both Bose and Nehru expressed disappointment and anger in knowing that the
movement they had worked so hard for, had been forced to wind up.
• Against Struggle-Truce-Struggle strategy: Both Bose and Nehru yearned to go forth into
battle to confront British rule while Gandhi throughout the 1930s was reluctant to call a mass
movement on the grounds that neither the Congress nor the people were prepared for it.
Differences between Nehru and Bose

• Differing attitude towards Gandhi: The political rivalry between Bose and Nehru developed
only from the later 1930s, and were a product of their differing attitudes towards Gandhi and
the nationalist movement.
○ Despite their shared frustrations, they both reacted to the situation differently. Nehru
yielded while Bose rebelled.
• Opposing views towards the Second World War.
○ For Bose, the war served as a golden opportunity for India to launch a civil
disobedience movement in order to win independence.
○ Congress working committee resolution reflected the views of Nehru which asked the
British government to clarify its position on the war with regard to imperialism and
democracy and till such time postponed the decision of the Congress on the matter.
▪ For Bose, the stance was completely unacceptable.
• Opposing views on Fascism and Nazism
○ Nehru had nothing but hatred towards Fascism and Nazism and sought for some
concessions from the British government to fight Mussolini and Hitler.
○ Bose was critical of the position of compromise taken by the Congress. When Bose
sought the support of the Nazi government in Germany, he found himself ideologically
at the farthest end to Nehru’s views on the matter.
Differences between Gandhi and Bose

• Tripuri crisis: Subhash Chandra Bose was twice elected President of the Indian National
Congress, (1938-Haripur and 1939-Tripuri).
○ Owing to political differences, he resigned from the Congress Presidentship in 1939
and organized the All India Forward Bloc, a faction within the Congress in Bengal. (
Pattabhi Sitaramayya was the preferred candidate of Gandhi )
• Stance towards the British: On several occasions in the following months, Bose wrote to
Gandhi, urging him to take a more adversarial stance towards the British Raj and help in the
reconciliation of the party that had been split apart ever since his re-election.
27
• Bose Seeking alternate Leadership: In March 1940 Bose organized the All India Anti
Compromise Conference in Ramgarh and presented the examples of Lenin and Mussolini as
leaders who seized the moment in history and provided decisive leadership to their
countries.
○ He ended the speech with ‘Inquilab zindabad’, a sign-off that would soon become his
trademark.
Despite ideological differences, they had deep love, affection, and respect for each other.
• Leadership and ideal of freedom: Subhas Chandra Bose was a key member and a frontline
leader of the Indian National Congress. He entered the anti-colonial movement under
Gandhi’s leadership in 1921 and rose to be the president of the Congress in 1938 and 39.
○ Despite certain differences of opinion with the Gandhian high command in 1939, he
remained true to the Congress ideal of freedom.
• Naming regiments after Gandhi & Nehru: Despite his disagreement with the Congress
leadership, when Bose took over the Indian National Army (INA), he constituted four
regiments, three of which were named after Gandhi, Nehru, and Maulana Azad.
• Respect towards Gandhi: In 1943, while Gandhi was in jail, Bose on the former’s birthday
gave a moving address over the Azad Hind Radio where he referred to Gandhi as ‘father of
the nation’.
○ Bose hailed Gandhi as the "greatest Indian" who aroused the mass towards the
freedom movement.
• Rise above personal differences for the unity of the country: Both Gandhi and Bose were
prepared to respect culture differences including religious differences and were able to rise
above personal differences in order to forge an overarching unity of the country.
○ Gandhi also acknowledged the contribution of Bose in changing the loyalty of Indian
soldiers towards Indian freedom rather than Britishers.
○ Gandhi also responded to Bose's Azad Hind Fauz where he built "cultural intimacy"
among religious communities.
Commonalities between Nehru and Bose

○ Both were left-leaning radical men, unswerving in their commitment to ‘purna swaraj’ and
to the forming of a socialist state in independent India.
○ On issues like the Chauri Chaura incident, they were very closely aligned.
○ At the end of the Second World War, Nehru put on his barrister’s gown and joined the
defense team for the INA prisoners at the time of the Red Fort trials.
▪ In January 1946, for instance, speaking on Bose’s birth anniversary, Nehru said that he
never for a moment doubted that Bose was a brave soldier in the struggle for
freedom.
28
Conclusion
• The parting that took place in 1939 was a temporary one and if we study the relationship
between Gandhi, Nehru, and Netaji, we will find that it was one marked with deep mutual
love, affection, and respect.
17. In contrast to China’s coercive one-child policy, India pivoted to education and persuasive social
campaigns to achieve population control since the 1970s. Commenting on the statement, assess
how far have India’s population measures been successful.
Introduction
At present, India hosts 16% of the world’s population with only 2.45% of the global surface area
and 4% water resources. According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
estimates, India’s population will reach 1.5 billion by 2030 and hit 1.64 billion in 2050. This would
make India become the largest populous country, overtaking China.
Body:
China’s Coercive one-child Policy
China introduced a coercive one-child policy in 1979 to regulate its population under then-leader
Deng Xiaoping. It was implemented by a strict system of certificates and tracking.
Achievements
o The birth rate in 2019 was at 10.48 per 1,000, the lowest since 1949.
o It did bring down the population by 400 million, according to Chinese officials.
Problems
o It is a human rights violation.
o Intrudes to people’s personal values and opinions.
o Increase in abortions and female infanticide.
o Extra babies end up being illegal and never becoming a citizen, due to fines.
o Gender imbalance due to the strong cultural preference of boys for labor and work.
In contrast to China’s coercive policy, India pivoted to education and persuasive social campaigns
to achieve population control since the 1970s.
• GOI announced the first National Population Policy in 1976. Some of the measures to check
the population growth as part of this policy include
o Increased age of marriage of boys to 21 and Girls 18, providing monetary incentives.
o Improving women’s literacy levels through formal and informal channels.
o Using the different forms of media to popularize family welfare programs.
o Introducing population education into the formal education system.
• The National Health Policy was passed in 1983, emphasizing that "through voluntary efforts,
we will secure the norms of the nuclear family and achieve the goal of stabilizing the
population."
• National Population Policy 2000.
29
o Encouraged voluntary and informed choices and citizens’ agreeability in order to
achieve maximum benefits from reproductive health services.
o Encouraging delayed marriage for girls (preferably before 18 years and above 20
years).
o Making available universal access to information/counseling, and services for fertility
regulation and contraception with a huge range of choices.
However, there was an element of coercion during the emergency period (1975-77), when forced
sterilization was used to bring down the population growth rate.
Evaluation of India’s Population Control measures.
• Positives
o The total fertility rate has declined from 4.3 to 2.2 from 1978 to 2015-16 (NFHS IV)
▪ The decadal growth rate has declined from 21.54% in 1990-2000 to 17.64%
during 2001-11.”
o In the 1970s, most states had a very high fertility rate. In 2018, 14 states in India had a
fertility rate below the replacement level.
• Negatives
o Disproportionately skewed- Fertility rates in 5 southern states have reached a
replacement level of 2.1. But northern states have still very high Fertility rates.
▪ The six states with higher than national fertility rate (and their TFR) in 2018 are
Bihar (3.2), Uttar Pradesh (2.9) Madhya Pradesh (2.7), Rajasthan (2.5), Jharkhand
(2.5), and Chhattisgarh (2.4).
o Dissatisfaction with the element of coercion during an emergency meant that no
political party was willing to take concrete measures for population control during
subsequent decades.
o Sex Ratio- Biologically normal sex ratio at birth is 1,050 males to 1,000 females.
▪ The SRS reports show that the sex ratio at birth in India, measured as the number
of females per 1,000 males, declined marginally from 906 in 2011 to 899 in 2018.
Conclusion
There is an urgent need to reach young people both for reproductive health education and
services as well as to cultivate gender equity norms. This could reduce the effect of population
momentum and accelerate progress towards reaching a more normal sex ratio at birth. Therefore,
long-term policies require a stable population that meets the requirements of sustainable
economic growth, social development, and environmental protection.
Additional Information:
Challenges in population control in India.
• Women Education- Women who lack education are more likely to marry young. Early
marriage not only increases the chances of having more children, but it also puts the
woman's health at risk.
o Fertility usually declines with an increase in the education levels of women.
• Socio-economic Factors- Son meta preference is one of the factors for higher fertility rates
30
o Patriarchy, gender stereotypes, discrimination based on gender, Dowry, Marriage,
Safety of girl child are factors responsible.
o The Economic Development of the region is also one of the detrimental factors- Low
per capita income is related to poor Family planning.
• Use of Contraceptives- Usage of contraceptives is very low-24.1% in Bihar.
• Family Planning- Lack of awareness about family planning, low population education.
• Cultural Factors- Many consider family planning as against their culture. Eg- Some tribes
believe it is against nature.
• Politicization of Issue- 84th Constitutional amendment act 2002, extended the freeze on the
state-wise allocation of seats in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to 2026. But the population in
northern states continues to rise. In absence of a further extension, it will be politically
destabilizing.
Way Forward
• Awareness creation- Population education, benefits of small family norms, Sex education,
community participation.
• Attitude Change- Cultivating a positive attitude towards Family Planning. Publicity
campaigns, Role of media, culture congruent message using local folklores in the local
language. Innovative methods like Street plays, Nukkad Natak can be adopted.
• Incentivizing- Instead of coercive approaches through compulsory 2 child norms, rewarding
the People for having 2 children. Eg- Rebate in property tax, Public recognition.
• Role Modelling- Positive role models, Leaders, Politicians, celebrities themselves having a
lesser number of children will have a huge impact on common people.
• Women Education- This has been found to be very effective when it comes to family
planning.
o For instance, illiterate women in the reproductive age group of 15-49 years have higher
fertility than literate women in almost all states
• Use of Modern Contraceptives- Injectable, less intrusive contraceptives, easy to adopt will
make it more acceptable. Eg- Recently launched the Antara contraceptive by Government.
• Emulating Success of Southern States- Proactive promotion followed by sterilization
through consent.
o Focus on male Vasectomy apart from focusing solely on Female sterilization measures.
18. Trace the rise of militancy in Punjab during the 1980s and discuss how it was resolved. Is the
current peace enduring? Give your opinion.
Introduction
Punjab was engulfed by a separatist movement in the 1980s that morphed into a terror campaign
and has been correctly defined by some as low intensity war and a dangerous crisis for the Indian
nation.
31
Body:
Genesis of the movement
• Sikh Nationalism- the two movements viz, the Singh Sabha movement and the Akali
movement helped in propagating Sikh nationalism through Khalsa schools
• Growth of communalism- the Akalis asserted that religion and politics cannot be separated
in Sikhism.
• Allegation of discrimination against Sikhs by Akalis
• Partition of India- Partition was a tragic event particularly for the people of Punjab who lost
their traditional lands to Punjab and also the loss of near and dear ones in post-partition
violence.
• Anandpur Sahib Resolution- which demanded autonomy for the state of Punjab. It also
sought the right to frame its own constitution.
• Khalistan movement- In which leaders like Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale propagated the idea
of the return of Khalsa or more orthodox form of Sikhism and separate Country Khalistan.
• Role of Pakistan- It provided training, Weapons, ideological indoctrination, and safe areas
for hiding a terrorist.
Rise of Militancy in Punjab in the 1980s
• Violence on Nirankari Sect: The terrorist campaign by Binhdranwale and his associates
began on 24th April 1980 with the killing of the head of Nirankari's sect
• Hindus become a new target: Terrorist’s killings till September 1983 were limited to
Nirankaris, government officials, and Sikhs who were opposed to Bhindranwale, but after
September, indiscriminate killings of Hindus started.
• Looting and robberies: They also resorted to lootings of banks, jewelry shops, and home
guard armories.
• Bhindranwale sheltering in Akhal Takht: In December 1983 Bhindranwale moved into the
safe heaven of Akal Takht of Golden temple, hoping to evade action by the state.
• Proving Indian state as incapable: All the activities of the terrorists were aimed at proving
that the Indian state was incapable of ruling in Punjab and hence separation was a logical
conclusion
Response of the government to resolve the issue
Hard Approach:
• Military response from the government- In June 1984, the government was forced to take
military action as the situation was growing out of control
• Operation Blue Star- in the military operation, terrorists were flushed out of the Golden
Temple which included the killing of Bhindranwale.
• Assassination of Indira Gandhi and anti-Sikh riots- Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two
Sikh bodyguards, followed by anti-Sikh riots in Delhi and North India
• Control of Militancy By Narsimha Rao Government- Took stern measures to control
Militancy
Soft Approach:
32
• Release of leaders- By Rajiv Gandhi including H. S longowal to build trust
• Punjab accord In 1985 Rajiv Gandhi and Longowol signed the Punjab Accord to find a solution
to the problem in Punjab.
o Transfer of Chandigarh to Punjab.
o Sharing of Water through tribunal between Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana.
o Compensation for those who suffered from militancy
o Revocation of AFSPA from Punjab
• State Elections in 1985- Akalis emerged victorious but were not very effective in controlling
Militancy
• By 1993 Punjab was virtually freed of terrorism.
Challenges to current peace.
• Sikh Diaspora- Person of Indian origin in Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, and
Germany demand for a separate Sikh homeland.
o Eg- Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, who is a US citizen, is the progenitor of a campaign
named ‘Sikh Referendum 2020’- separate Sikh Land.
• Radicalisation of youth – Present high unemployment and menace of drugs among youth in
Punjab have led to a rise in radicalization.
• Pakistan Support. Pakistani intelligence providing the logistical support that desperate men
require to forment trouble.
• Emergence of social media has facilitated the spread of ideas that drive fringe elements into
thoughtless actions
• Politicisation on communal lines- during elections especially.
The current peace is enduring because:-
• Security forces concerted action have completely weakened the terrorist outfits.
• Strong Democratic Government at Centre and State
• Incongruence between the Indian resident Sikhs and Sikh diaspora about the demand for
Khalistan. Indians are not in favor of a separate nation compared to the Sikh diaspora.
• Peaceful farmer protest against 3 Farm laws without any element of militancy involved is
proof of enduring peace.
Conclusion:
Thus Punjab crisis has taught India many valuable lessons. With smart perception management of
citizens, more participative governance, and cherishing diversity with a spirit of tolerance will go
a long way in maintaining unity and Integrity of the nation intact.
33
19. Assess the unique role played by India to maintain world peace during the superpowers’
struggle of the cold war era.
Introduction
The Cold War was a struggle for political power between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. “India
played a very important role in tamping down violent situations, Voicing for peace through NAM,
bringing down the temperature in hot conflicts like the Korean War, and with numerous
peacekeeping operations around the world.”
Body
• India was proactive in the Cold War, even though India’s role has classically been defined as having
been rather minimal.
• India could also contribute to world peace with its history of non-violent freedom struggle based on
Gandhian principles and to end of discrimination of oppressed people of South Africa. Hence, India
took leadership of the Third World by being a co-founding member of the NAM in 1961.
• India maintained a cordial relation with both the US and the USSR, thus ensuring the peaceful
development of the third world countries who were at the risk of being embroiled in the Cold War
and hence at risk of being a battlefield for the two world powers (like Korea (1950–53), Vietnam
(1961–75))
➢ India’s role in specific conflicts during the cold war era –

• Korean War – India under Nehru was actively involved in negotiating peace in the
Korean peninsula by engaging all the major stakeholders – the US, USSR, and China.
▪ India did play a vital role in effectuating the “Armistice Agreement, 1953”, that
ended the Korean War.
▪ One of the follow-up actions to the Armistice Agreement was the establishment
of a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission (NNRC). NNRC was to decide on the
fate of over 20,000 prisoners of war from both sides and India was chosen as the
Chair of the NNRC.
• Vietnam War – India actively worked to prevent escalation and was instrumental in
subduing the Vietnam war. India consistently and vocally supported the Vietnamese
cause despite India’s dependence on the United States for economic assistance. India
even supported Vietnam during its invasion and occupation of Cambodia, despite the
fact that this was not a particularly popular position internationally. It was constantly
in favor of de-escalation for the world peace.
➢ Role in UN peacekeeping - During the Cold War, India became a rule shaper for U.N.
Peacekeeping. India was at the forefront on initiating and establishing U.N. Peacekeeping.
India not only encouraged U.N. peacekeeping initiatives in the General Assembly but also
supported efforts in the field.
34
➢ India’s role as a leader of the NAM countries for world peace – As a leader of NAM, India’s
response to the ongoing Cold War was staying away from the two alliances and helped in
reducing the conflicts arising out of the struggle between the 2 superpowers.
➢ Role in Disarmament and Nuclear peace: Raised its voice against the arms race and drew
attention to the possibility of a nuclear war. By standing strong against the mess between
the two great superpowers, India instilled confidence in other third-world developing
countries to assert their autonomy in their affairs. For this objective India took steps like
• In the General Assembly, India submitted a draft resolution declaring that the use of
nuclear weapons would be against the charter of the United Nations and crime
against humanity and should therefore be prohibited.
Conclusion
To conclude, India’s role during Cold War was one of de-escalating the Cold War and of promoting
peace and development not just for itself but for the Third World as a whole. India along with the
NAM also strengthened the UN by giving voice to the newly independent nations which had high
stakes in peace rather than conflict.
20. World dominated by European empires in the 1770s was transformed through revolution into
a series of independent states by 1848. Identifying the factors that led to such transformation,
discuss its implication for the world.
Introduction
Throughout the first half of the 19th century, technological change was revolutionizing the life of
the working classes. A popular press extended political awareness, and new values and ideas such
as popular liberalism, nationalism, and socialism began to emerge. This resulted in a number of
transformations across the European Empires and the world.
Body
The factors that led to the transformation
• American revolution (1765-1783) and French revolution:
Common Factors which led to American and French revolution
• The widespread dissatisfaction with the political leadership.
• The demands for more participation and democracy.
• The demands of the working classes.
• The upsurge of nationalism and finally.
• The regrouping of the reactionary forces was based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the
army, and the peasants.
Impact of AR and FR:
• Emphasis on ‘Rights of Men’: This inspired equality to all and several further revolutions
in other parts of Europe
• Inspired nationalism and abolished state religion
• Industrial Revolution was the cause of Economic Revolution, AR and FR was the cause
of political revolution in the world
35
• Uprising by democratic forces E.g. - Uprising in Prussia occurred in Greater Poland.
• Communist Manifesto- Resulted in agitation in Germany following the March insurrection
in Berlin. Demands of the Communist Party in Germany- urged unification of Germany,
universal suffrage, abolition of feudal duties, and similar middle-class goals.
• Impoverishment of Peasantry- crop failures, particularly those of 1846, that produced
hardship among peasants and the working urban poor.
• Urban Workers-unskilled laborers toiled from 12 to 15 hours per day when they had work,
living in squalid, disease-ridden slums. Traditional artisans felt the pressure of
industrialization, having lost their guilds. Revolutionaries such as Marx built up on that:
o High Inflation-Urban workers had no choice but to spend half of their income on food,
which consisted of bread and potatoes. As a result of harvest failures, food prices
soared and the demand for manufactured goods decreased, causing an increase in
unemployment.
• Rural Areas
o In the years 1845 and 1846, a potato blight caused a subsistence crisis in Northern
Europe. The effects of the blight were most severely manifested in the Great Irish
Famine but also caused famine-like conditions in the Scottish Highlands and
throughout Continental Europe.
• Industrialization
o Parts of Prussia were beginning to industrialize. During the decade of the 1840s,
mechanized production in the textile industry brought about inexpensive clothing that
undercut the handmade products of German tailors.
• Revolutionary ideas
o Despite forceful and often violent efforts of established and reactionary powers to keep
them down, disruptive ideas gained popularity: democracy, liberalism, nationalism,
and socialism.
o Liberalism fundamentally meant consent of the governed and the restriction of church
and state power, republican government, freedom of the press, and the individual.
o Nationalism believed in uniting people bound by common languages, culture, religion,
shared history, and of course immediate geography; there were also irredentist
movements
o Socialism in the 1840s was a term that was typically used within a context of more
power for workers in a system based on worker ownership of the means of production.
Implications for the world.
• Democratic Principles:-Promotion of democratic principles across the world.
o Eg- Britain, America were the first few countries to adopt a democratic form of
government.
o The emergence of Democratic, Political structure- Republic, legislature.
o End to autocracy and rule of democracy. Eg- After the French revolution.
36
• Concept of secularism- Was more widely accepted. Reduction in the power of the church.
Separation of state and religion.
• Ideal for the modern world.
• Unification of Nations
o Unification of Germany
▪ German national unity, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly.
▪ The middle class and working-class components of the Revolution were very
important.
o Unification of Italy
• Idea of the constitution became a more accepted practice.
o Eg-Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848 was a revolution of sorts, laying the foundation
of Swiss society as it is today.
• Liberal Ideas- liberty, equality, and fraternity got a wider acceptance.
• New forms of Struggle- Passive resistance following the revolution led to the Austro-
Hungarian Compromise (1867), which event marked the birth of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
o Polish people mounted a military insurrection in the Grand Duchy of Poznań (or the
Greater Poland region) against the occupying Prussian forces.
• Migrations- When revolutions failed, many European radicals emigrated to America.
o Eg- Hundreds of thousands of German immigrants fought in the Union army during the
American Civil War.
• Revolutions in other parts of Globe
o Other struggles rippled across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East after 1865.
o Between the 1840s and 1870s, the Ottoman Empire was forced to attempt reforms to
meet the needs of its own middle class.
o In West Africa, the American colony of Liberia declared its independence in 1847.
o A little further along the African coast, middle-class merchants tried to create "liberal"-
style democratic nations of their own- The Fante Confederation of 1868-1871 (in
today's Ghana) was one of these movements
Conclusion
Thus, the genesis of the Modern concept of nations lies in the revolution of the 1800s. It has
reshaped the Polity, Economy, and society of countries across the world. It has truly empowered
the common people by removing powers from the hand of a few and giving it to the masses
making it a very powerful transformation.
• American revolution ( 1765-1783): Factors responsible for it were:
o Economic
▪ Mercantile Capitalism-prevented the Americans from developing their
indigenous industry
▪ British trading policy on Potato, tobacco, cotton ruined local agriculture
37
▪ Americans were not allowed in the secondary sector.
▪ Navigation law of 1651- mandated compulsory visit to British Ports.
o Political
▪ Increased taxes after 7 years of wars. Eg- Sugar stamp duty.
▪ Led to slogan no taxation without representation.
▪ No Representation in British Parliament:
o Social
▪ A diversified and liberal society whereas European conservative society.
▪ Considered America Motherland.
▪ Disappointed with Britain taking away fruits of their labor.
o Intellectuals
▪ Henry Patrick’s- Give me death or Independence.
▪ Benjamin Franklin’s- Philosophical society.
▪ Common sense pamphlets against navigation law by Thomas Paine.
o Immediate cause- Grenville’s Policy after 7-year wars.
• French revolution: Factors responsible for it were:
o Economic
▪ National Income under distress
▪ Weak agriculture, high unemployment, Military aid to America
o Political
▪ Weak ruler King Louis XVI
▪ Weak administration, high corruption.
o Social
▪ Absence of law and order.
▪ Difference between privileged and non-privileged classes-
• 3 Estates- Nobles and clergy had many special privileges. 3rd estate which
formed the majority had no privileges and had to pay taxes.
o Intellectuals
▪ Montesquieu- Idea of separation of powers
▪ Voltaire- freedom of expression
▪ Rousseau- Social contract.
o Immediate cause- Mistakes of Louis XVI, fall of Bastille.
38

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IPM/YLM

IPM/YLM 4.03.0 TEST

1. Introduction of western education transferred India in unforeseen ways. Critically Examine

Role of Indian scientists during the freedom movement

Peasants had ownership of the Peasants had ownership over the

The revenue to be collected was The revenue was collected was

The system was prevalent in The system was prevalent in the

Permanent settlement system different from Ryotwari and Mahalvari system

❖ Co-operative Movement in the post-Independence era

Policies adopted by the British

Additional Information: Background

Ideological differences among Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose

Differences between Nehru and Bose

Differences between Gandhi and Bose

Commonalities between Nehru and Bose

➢ India’s role in specific conflicts during the cold war era –

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