GEOLOGI

INDONESIA
PROGRAM STUDI GEOLOGI
FMIPA UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
LAST FEW WEEKS….
Hall, 2009
GEOLOGI INDONESIA DAN
POTENSI SUMBER DAYA
GEOLOGI
Hall, 2009
POTENSI HIDROKARBON
http://strata.blogfa.com/9505.aspx
 Basin Formation and Tectonic Settings
Pada kondisi tektonik yang mana cekungan sedimen dapat terbentuk?
(Ingersoll, 1988)

Divergent (Failed Rifting)

Convergent (Collision)

Convergent (Subduction) Transform (Transtensional)

 Basin Formation and Tectonic Settings

Allen and Allen, pg 13

 Basin Formation and
Tectonic Settings

Allen and Allen, pg 13

 VIETNAM
FOREDEEP 8 SUNDA STRAIT 25 PEMBUANG 42 SOUTH MINAHASA 59 AKIMEUGAH
ABORTED RIFT INTRA-ARC FORELAND 9 SOUTH WEST JAVA 26 BARITO 43 NORTH MINAHASA 60 CENTRAL IRIAN JAYA
PLATFORM Panay
10 SOUTH JAVA 27 ASEM ASEM & PASIR 44 BANGGAI-SULA 61 LENGGURU
Ho Chiminth
11 SOUTH BALI-LOMBOK 28 PATERNOSTER 45 SALABANGKA 62 BINTUNI

Cekungan Sedimen di Indonesia

12 SOUTH CENTRAL JAVA 29 UPPER KUTEI 46 MANUI 63 TELUK BERAU-AJUMARU PHILIPPINES
PULL-APART BACK-ARC THRUST FOLD BELT 13 SOUTH EAST JAVA 30 KUTEI 47 BUTON 64 MISOOL-ONIN
14 SUNDA 31 MUARA 48 BANDA 65 SALAWATI
15 ASRI
16 VERA
32 NORTH EAST KALIMANTAN
33 CELEBES
49 SAVU
50 TIMOR
66 WAIPOGA-WAROPEN
Negros PACIFIC
SUTURES outh China 17SBILLITON
ea Palawan
TRANSFORM MARGIN SUSPENDED 34 NORTH MAKASSAR 51 TANIMBAR-KAIS

This distribution of basin in Indonesia is not an official document. This map has been prepared and modified
OCEAN
from the previous PERTAMINA/BEICEP 1982 and 1985 non exclusive studies.

Mindanao

TH
T

AI
IND HAIL
Hall, 2009

LAY D
ON AN

SIA
L

AN
ES D

AN
IA

AIL
D

TH
MA
Sandakan

1
M

22
a

BRUNEI
la

Banda Aceh
SABAH
c

Lhokseumawe
c
a

M
PHILIPPINES
21
S

Brunei Darusalam
tr

INDONESIA
A
a
it

LA
M Y Natuna
IN AL
5 Medan
DO A
NE YSIA
SIA
Kualalumpur
S
33
IA
Anambas

AK

INDO SIA
Morotai

MAL
Toba Lake
A W

NESI
Natuna Sea
32

AY
AR
Simeule

S 43

A
Sulawesi Sea HALMAHERA
31 42 Manado

6 SINGAPORE Kucing
54 Halmahera Sea
Nias
2 Batam
Bintan
55

it
24

ra
Pekanbaru
SU

St
Padang
Pontianak Waigeo
Singkep
29 41
M

ar
Tana Batu 23 Samarinda
AT

ss
3 30 Mahakam
Total
M aluku Sea Bacan

56

ka
KALIMANTAN Biak
R

Palu

Ma
Banggai
65
A

Siberut
Yapen
34 63
K
Obi
Jambi Mangole

a
44 Talibu
66
ri
Palangkaraya Misool

36 SULAWESI
m
Cendrawasih Bay

a
Sakakemang

ta
Sipura Block

25 27 62
S
Bangka Seram Sea
26
Jayapura

tr
Palembang

a
Belitung
Pagai
4 53 64
it
Plaju
Banjarmasin
45 Buru
Seram

Bengkulu 14 Laut Ambon 61 I R I A N J A YA

7 28
Kendari

46
15 17
Java Sea 35 60
Ujungpandang Buton
Lampung
39 47 59
Enggano
16 52 Kai

18 37
Banda Sea
51
Wakem

8 Jakarta 19 Kobroor PAP

Cirebon 40 G
9 38 58

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Bandung Semarang Madura Trangan

JAVA
Surabaya
48 57

INDONESIA
r
ba
20 Arafura Sea

nim
12 Yogyakarta Bali Sea

Ta
Pasuruhan Flores Sea Wetar
Yos Sudarso

13 Bali
Denpasar Mataram
Lombok

Flores
Alor

Sumbawa
Dili Timor Sea
10 INDONES
IA

Sumba
49
Sawu Sea Timor AUSTRA
LIA

11 Kupang 50
I N D I A N O C E A N

AUSTRALIA
KILOMETERS
0 500
AU
Cekungan Sedimen di Indonesia
 VIETNAM
FOREDEEP 8 SUNDA STRAIT 25 PEMBUANG 42 SOUTH MINAHASA 59 AKIMEUGAH
ABORTED RIFT INTRA-ARC FORELAND 9 SOUTH WEST JAVA 26 BARITO 43 NORTH MINAHASA 60 CENTRAL IRIAN JAYA
PLATFORM Panay
10 SOUTH JAVA 27 ASEM ASEM & PASIR 44 BANGGAI-SULA 61 LENGGURU
Ho Chiminth
11 SOUTH BALI-LOMBOK 28 PATERNOSTER 45 SALABANGKA 62 BINTUNI

Cekungan Sedimen di Indonesia

12 SOUTH CENTRAL JAVA 29 UPPER KUTEI 46 MANUI 63 TELUK BERAU-AJUMARU PHILIPPINES
PULL-APART BACK-ARC THRUST FOLD BELT 13 SOUTH EAST JAVA 30 KUTEI 47 BUTON 64 MISOOL-ONIN
14 SUNDA 31 MUARA 48 BANDA 65 SALAWATI
15 ASRI
16 VERA
32 NORTH EAST KALIMANTAN
33 CELEBES
49 SAVU
50 TIMOR
66 WAIPOGA-WAROPEN
Negros PACIFIC
SUTURES outh China 17SBILLITON
ea Palawan
TRANSFORM MARGIN SUSPENDED 34 NORTH MAKASSAR 51 TANIMBAR-KAIS

This distribution of basin in Indonesia is not an official document. This map has been prepared and modified
OCEAN
from the previous PERTAMINA/BEICEP 1982 and 1985 non exclusive studies.

Mindanao

TH
T

AI
IND HAIL
Hall, 2009

LAY D
ON AN

SIA
L

AN
ES D

AN
IA

AIL
D

TH
MA
Sandakan

1
M

22
a

BRUNEI
la

Banda Aceh
SABAH
c

Lhokseumawe
c
a

M
PHILIPPINES
21
S

Brunei Darusalam
tr

INDONESIA
A
a
it

LA
M Y Natuna
IN AL
5 Medan
DO A
NE YSIA
SIA
Kualalumpur
S
33
IA
Anambas

AK

INDO SIA
Morotai

MAL
Toba Lake
A W

NESI
Natuna Sea
32

AY
AR
Simeule

S 43

A
Sulawesi Sea HALMAHERA
31 42 Manado

6 SINGAPORE Kucing
54 Halmahera Sea
Nias
2 Batam
Bintan
55

it
24

ra
Pekanbaru
SU

St
Padang
Pontianak Waigeo
Singkep
29 41
M

ar
Tana Batu 23 Samarinda
AT

ss
3 30 Mahakam
Total
M aluku Sea Bacan

56

ka
KALIMANTAN Biak
R

Palu

Ma
Banggai
65
A

Siberut
Yapen
34 63
K
Obi
Jambi Mangole

a
44 Talibu
66
ri
Palangkaraya Misool

36 SULAWESI
m
Cendrawasih Bay

a
Sakakemang

ta
Sipura Block

25 27 62
S
Bangka Seram Sea
26
Jayapura

tr
Palembang

a
Belitung
Pagai
4 53 64
it
Plaju
Banjarmasin
45 Buru
Seram

Bengkulu 14 Laut Ambon 61 I R I A N J A YA

7 28
Kendari

46
15 17
Java Sea 35 60
Ujungpandang Buton
Lampung
39 47 59
Enggano
16 52 Kai

18 37
Banda Sea
51
Wakem

8 Jakarta 19 Kobroor PAP

Cirebon 40 G
9 38 58

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Bandung Semarang Madura Trangan

JAVA
Surabaya
48 57

INDONESIA
r
ba
20 Arafura Sea

nim
12 Yogyakarta Bali Sea

Ta
Pasuruhan Flores Sea Wetar
Yos Sudarso

13 Bali
Denpasar Mataram
Lombok

Flores
Alor

Sumbawa
Dili Timor Sea
10 INDONES
IA

Sumba
49
Sawu Sea Timor AUSTRA
LIA

11 Kupang 50
I N D I A N O C E A N

AUSTRALIA
KILOMETERS
0 500
AU
 Potensi Batubara

www.bgl.esdm.go.id/index.php/webgis
POTENSI PANASBUMI
 Vulkanisme aktif di Indonesia
Hall, 2009

National Geographic.com, cited from USGS

95 Gunungapi yang mengalami erupsi Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) >4 = Sangat besar
semenjak tahun 1500 Krakatau (1883) = 6
Tambora (1815) = 7, bencana “year without a summer”
19 Gunungapi yang mengalami erupsi selama Toba (74.000 tyl) = 8, terbesar semenjak 2jtl
200 tahun terakhir
Batuan Vulkanik Kuarter dan Tersier

Badan Geologi, 2002

Batuan Intrusi Dalam dan Batuan Metamorf

Badan Geologi, 2002

 VIETNAM
FOREDEEP 8 SUNDA STRAIT 25 PEMBUANG 42 SOUTH MINAHASA 59 AKIMEUGAH
ABORTED RIFT INTRA-ARC FORELAND 9 SOUTH WEST JAVA 26 BARITO 43 NORTH MINAHASA 60 CENTRAL IRIAN JAYA
PLATFORM Panay
10 SOUTH JAVA 27 ASEM ASEM & PASIR 44 BANGGAI-SULA 61 LENGGURU
Ho Chiminth
11 SOUTH BALI-LOMBOK 28 PATERNOSTER 45 SALABANGKA 62 BINTUNI

Cekungan Sedimen di Indonesia

12 SOUTH CENTRAL JAVA 29 UPPER KUTEI 46 MANUI 63 TELUK BERAU-AJUMARU PHILIPPINES
PULL-APART BACK-ARC THRUST FOLD BELT 13 SOUTH EAST JAVA 30 KUTEI 47 BUTON 64 MISOOL-ONIN
14 SUNDA 31 MUARA 48 BANDA 65 SALAWATI
15 ASRI
16 VERA
32 NORTH EAST KALIMANTAN
33 CELEBES
49 SAVU
50 TIMOR
66 WAIPOGA-WAROPEN
Negros PACIFIC
SUTURES outh China 17SBILLITON
ea Palawan
TRANSFORM MARGIN SUSPENDED 34 NORTH MAKASSAR 51 TANIMBAR-KAIS

This distribution of basin in Indonesia is not an official document. This map has been prepared and modified
OCEAN
from the previous PERTAMINA/BEICEP 1982 and 1985 non exclusive studies.

Mindanao

TH
T

AI
IND HAIL
Hall, 2009

LAY D
ON AN

SIA
L

AN
ES D

AN
IA

AIL
D

TH
MA
Sandakan

1
M

22
a

BRUNEI
la

Banda Aceh
SABAH
c

Lhokseumawe
c
a

M
PHILIPPINES
21
S

Brunei Darusalam
tr

INDONESIA
A
a
it

LA
M Y Natuna
IN AL
5 Medan
DO A
NE YSIA
SIA
Kualalumpur
S
33
IA
Anambas

AK

INDO SIA
Morotai

MAL
Toba Lake
A W

NESI
Natuna Sea
32

AY
AR
Simeule

S 43

A
Sulawesi Sea HALMAHERA
31 42 Manado

6 SINGAPORE Kucing
54 Halmahera Sea
Nias
2 Batam
Bintan
55

it
24

ra
Pekanbaru
SU

St
Padang
Pontianak Waigeo
Singkep
29 41
M

ar
Tana Batu 23 Samarinda
AT

ss
3 30 Mahakam
Total
M aluku Sea Bacan

56

ka
KALIMANTAN Biak
R

Palu

Ma
Banggai
65
A

Siberut
Yapen
34 63
K
Obi
Jambi Mangole

a
44 Talibu
66
ri
Palangkaraya Misool

36 SULAWESI
m
Cendrawasih Bay

a
Sakakemang

ta
Sipura Block

25 27 62
S
Bangka Seram Sea
26
Jayapura

tr
Palembang

a
Belitung
Pagai
4 53 64
it
Plaju
Banjarmasin
45 Buru
Seram

Bengkulu 14 Laut Ambon 61 I R I A N J A YA

7 28
Kendari

46
15 17
Java Sea 35 60
Ujungpandang Buton
Lampung
39 47 59
Enggano
16 52 Kai

18 37
Banda Sea
51
Wakem

8 Jakarta 19 Kobroor PAP

Cirebon 40 G
9 38 58

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Bandung Semarang Madura Trangan

JAVA
Surabaya
48 57

INDONESIA
r
ba
20 Arafura Sea

nim
12 Yogyakarta Bali Sea

Ta
Pasuruhan Flores Sea Wetar
Yos Sudarso

13 Bali
Denpasar Mataram
Lombok

Flores
Alor

Sumbawa
Dili Timor Sea
10 INDONES
IA

Sumba
49
Sawu Sea Timor AUSTRA
LIA

11 Kupang 50
I N D I A N O C E A N

AUSTRALIA
KILOMETERS
0 500
AU
Cekungan Sedimen di Indonesia
POTENSI ENDAPAN MINERAL
• Ore Deposit Type and
Associated Tectonic
Setting
(Galley et al, 2005)
Au Cu districts, deposits, and prospects with related magmatic arcs and orogenic belts in Indonesia

Garwin et al, 2005

Sumber Daya Mineral Lepas Pantai
POTENSI SUMBER DAYA AIR
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth111/
Sumber Daya Air
POTENSI WISATA
Sebutkan potensi wisata geologi
• Pantai
Sebutkan potensi wisata geologi
• Pantai • Tebung
• Gunung • Mata Air Panas
• Danau • Geyser
• Kaldera • Laut
• Gua • Terumbu karang
 GEOPARK

http://ciletuhpalabuhanratugeopark.org
 Geopark
Keragaman Geologi Keragaman Hayati Keragaman Budaya

http://ciletuhpalabuhanratugeopark.org/keragaman/keragaman-geologi/
 Geopark Ciletuh
A1. Pantai Karang Naya Ikan Sidat
A2. Geyser Hotspring Cisolok E1. Suaka Margasatwa Cikepuh
A3. Kasepuhan Cipta Mulya E2. Komplek Batuan Ofiolit Tegal Pemakanan
A4. Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi E3. Komplek Batuan Metamorfik Pasir Luhur
A5. Kasepuhan Cipta Gelar E4. Komplek Batuan Ofiolit Gunung Beas
A6. Situs Pangguyangan F1. Curug Cimarinjung
A7. Situs Cengkuk F2. Curug Sodong
A8. Titik pandang Teluk Palabuhanratu dari F3. Curug Cikanteh
Cikakak F4. Titik pandang mega amfiteater dari
B1. Titik pandang Teluk Palabuhanratu dari Mekarsakti
Puncak Habibie F5. Curug Awang
B2. Pantai Karanghawu F6. Curug Tengah
B3. Pantai Cimaja F7. Curug Puncakmanik
B4. Inna Samudera Beach Hotel F8. Titik pandang mega amfiteater dari
B5. Pantai Citepus Panenjoan
B6. Rafting S. Citarik F9. Makam Mbah Durak
B7. Cagar Alam Tangkuban Parahu F10. Hutan Konservasi Cipeucang
B8. Gua Lalay F11. Titik pandang mega amfiteater dari Cekdam
C1. Jembatan Bagbagan F12. Titik pandang mega amfiteater dari Puncak
C2. Pantai Loji Tugu
C3. Vihara Dewi Kwan Im G1. Curug Puncakjeruk
C4. Pos Pengamatan Bulan G2. Curug Luhur
C5. Perkebunan Teh G3. Curug Nangsi
C6. Perkebunan Buah Naga G4. Gua Cukcrukan
C7. Titik Pandang Teluk Palabuhanratu & Teluk G5. Gua Monyet
Ciletuh dari Cikalapa G6. Gua Maung & Lava Bantal Cikarang
C8. Titik Pandang Teluk Ciletuh dari Puncak G7. Bunker Jepang
Darma G8. Kekar Kolom
D1. Pantai Palangpang G9. Curug Puncakjeruk
D2. Tanjung & Gua Sodong Parat G10. Curug Gentong
D3. Pantai Cikepuh H1. Konservasi Penyu
D4. Batu Naga dan Batu Batik H2. Pantai Ujunggenteng
D5. Pantai Batununggul H3. Reruntuhan Dermaga Belanda
D6. Komplek Batuan Unik H4. Pantai Muara Cikarang
D7. Komplek Melange Gunung Badak H5. Kampung Batik Purwasedar
D8. Pulau Karang Daeu H6. Curug Lugur Cigangsa
D9. Pulau Mandra H7. Gua Gunungsungging
D10. Pulau Manuk H8. Curug Cikaso
D11. Hutan Konservasi Mangrove dan Budidaya H9. Pantai Karang Bolong
Batu batik
 GEOLOGI INDONESIA DAN
POTENSI BENCANA GEOLOGI
Hall, 2009
https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/
Daerah Rawan Bencana Gempabumi
Peta Indeks Rawan Bencana Indonesia Tahun 2012 (BNPB)
 There is alternative reconstruction…

0-5 Ma
5-10 Ma
10-15 Ma
15-30 Ma
30-40 Ma
Replumaz and Tapponier, 2003
Tapponier et al, 1982
Geologi Islandia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland
Comparison of the
size of Southeast
Asia to US and
Europe
Rekonstruksi Tektonik Indonesia
2001 2009 2012
• 2019???
• Not yet.
(Hall, 2011)
 (Hall, 2017)
The principal blocks in Southeast Asia

The principal blocks in Southeast Asia (modified from Hall & Sevastjanova 2012). Ophiolitic/arc sutures are shaded in green. Western
Sundaland blocks are based on Metcalfe (1996, 2011) and Barber et al. (2005). West Sumatra and Indochina–East Malaya formed part
of a Cathaysia block that was added to Asia during the Paleozoic. Sibumasu (SIno/SIam, BUrma, MAlaya, SUmatra) was added in the
Triassic. The Woyla Arc was accreted in the Cretaceous. The Dangerous Grounds is largely underlain by a Triassic–Cretaceous
accretionary complex. Southwest (SW) Borneo, East Java–West Sulawesi, and Sabah–Northwest (NW) Sulawesi were rifted from
Australia in the Jurassic and added in the Late Cretaceous. The block including South Sulawesi, Flores, and Sumba was probabl y linked
to the Argo–Inner Banda block and greatly extended during the Neogene
 Teori berbeda mengenai zona suture Meratus

(Hall, 2009a; Hall 2009b, Hall, 2012)

(Soesilo et al, 2015)

Hall, 2017
• Geologically, SE Asia is a particularly complex region that remains relatively
understudied because of difficulties of access, vegetation, and climate.
• It is important because it is a region in which the active tectonic processes
that occurred in older mountain belts can be observed
• The interpretations proposed here will undoubtedly be challenged or
modified by new studies.
• The application of modern laboratory techniques, particularly high-quality
dating, will improve our geological understanding,
• and methodologies such as seismic tomography will test and improve
tectonic models that interpret the subduction history of the region
• However, there is still much to discover, and new field studies are required
to provide the basic facts that underpin these studies and fill the many
gaps in our knowledge
Phillipine Islands
Papua New Guinea
https://ars.els-
cdn.com/content/image/1-
s2.0-S0012825216300502-
gr1.jpg
 from Hugh L. Davies, The
geology of New Guinea -
the cordilleran margin of
the Australian continent,
Episodes Vol. 35, no. 1
(2012)

https://sites.google.com/site/
pngmanam/_/rsrc/147287393
1278/geology/geo%3Bap.png
Figure 1. Tectonic map of New Guinea, adapted from Hamilton (1979), Cooper and Taylor (1987), Dow et al. (1988), and Sapiie et al. (1999).
AFTB—Aure fold and thrust belt, FTB—fold-and-thrust belt, IOB—Irian Ophiolite Belt, TFB—thrust-and-fold belt, POB—Papuan Ophiolite
Belt, BTFZ—Bewani-Torricelli fault zone, MDZ—Mamberamo deformation zone, YFZ—Yapen fault zone, SFZ—Sorong fault zone, WO—Weyland
overthrust. Continental basement exposures are concentrated along the southern flank of the Central Range: BD—Baupo Dome, MA—Mapenduma
anticline, DM—Digul monocline, IDI—Idenberg Inlier, MUA—Mueller anticline, KA—Kubor anticline, LFTB—Legguru fold-and-thrust
belt, RMFZ—Ramu-Markham fault zone, TAFZ—Tarera-Aiduna fault zone. The Tasman line separates continental crust that is Paleozoic and
younger to the east from Precambrian to the west.
Australia
Malaysia (Peninsula & Borneo)
Indian Sea
Pacific Sea
Hall, 2009
Bacaan lanjutan:
Hall, R., 2009. Indonesia, Geology. In: Gillespie, R. & Clague, D. (Eds.).
Encyclopedia of Islands. University of California Press, 454-460.
Hall, R., 2012. Late Jurassic–Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian
region and the Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 570, pp.1-41.
Hall, R., 2017. Southeast Asia: New Views of the Geology of the Malay
Archipelago. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-
020633
 REFERENCES
• Darman, H. and Sidi, F.H., 2000. An outline of the geology of Indonesia. Indonesian Association of Geologists, Jakarta, 192.
• Doust, H. and Noble, R.A., 2008. Petroleum systems of Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 25(2), pp.103-129.
• Hall, R., 2002. Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of
Asian Earth Sciences, 20(4), pp.353-431.
• Hall, R., 2009. Indonesia, Geology. In: Gillespie, R. & Clague, D. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Islands. University of California Press, 454-460.
• Hall, R. 2011. Australia–SE Asia collision: plate tectonics and crustal flow. In: Hall, R., Cottam, M. A,. And Wilson, M. E. J. (eds). 2011. The SE Asian Gateway: History
and Tectonics of the Australia–Asia Collision. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 355, pp. 75–109
• Hall, R., 2012. Late Jurassic–Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 570, pp.1-41.
• Hall, R. and Wilson, M.E.J., 2000. Neogene sutures in eastern Indonesia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 18(6), pp.781-808.
• Hamilton, W.B., 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian region (No. 1078). US Govt. Print. Off..
• Ingersoll, R.V., 1988. Tectonics of sedimentary basins. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100(11), pp.1704-1719.
• Katili, J.A., 1980. Geotectonics of Indonesia: a modern view. Printed by the Directorate General of Mines.
• Replumaz, A. and Tapponnier, P., 2003. Reconstruction of the deformed collision zone between India and Asia by backward motion of lithospheric blocks. Journal
of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B6).
• Spakman, W. and Hall, R., 2010. Surface deformation and slab-mantle interaction during Banda arc subduction rollback. Nature Geoscience, 3(8), p.562.
• Garwin, S., Hall, R.. and Watanabe, Y., 2005. Tectonic setting, geology, and gold and copper mineralization in Cenozoic magmatic arcs of Southeast Asia and the
West Pacific. Economic Geology 100th anniversary volume, pp.891-930.
• Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A.Y., Armijo, R. and Cobbold, P., 1982. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with
plasticine. Geology, 10(12), pp.611-616.
• http://geospasial.bnpb.go.id/category/peta-tematik/ (Peta Kebencanaan)
• www.bgl.esdm.go.id/index.php/webgis (WebGIS Potensi Sumber Daya Geologi)
• https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/ (Monitoring Potensi Bencana Geologi)
• https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ring-fire/ (foto ring of fire)