E L E M E NTA RY

RU SS IA N GRA M M A R

(0 By

E : P R O K O SCH
Br é n M aw r Co ll ege

TH E U N IVE RS ITY O F CH ICA G O PRE SS

CH ICA G O , IL L IN O IS
 COPY RI GHT 1 920 BY
THE U NIV E RS ITY 01? CHI CA GO

A ll Ri ght s Re serve d

P ubli she d Se pt em ber 1 9 2 0

Co m p o s e d andPri nte d B y
The U n i vexs i ty o f Chica go Press
Chi ca go . Ill ino is . U . S A .
.
 P R E FA CE

A b o ut a ye ar ago t he U niv e rs it y of Chi cago Pre s s i nv i t e d m e

t o w ri t e a bri e f e l e m e nt ary gram m ar Ru ss i an w i t h t he pri m e
of

j
o b e ct o f i nt ro d u ci ng t he s t u de nt s in a re aso nab ly s ho rt t i m e t o t he

re adi ng o f s i m p l e t ext s , s u ch as are acce s s i bl e , fo r i ns t an ce , t hro u gh

Harp e r s ad ap t at i o n o f B o ye r Sp e ranski
’
Ru ss i an Reader -
’
s .

Whil e I u nde rt o o k t he i nt e re st i ng t ask w i t h so m e e age rne s s , I

w as w e l l aw are o f i t s d i fficu lt y It w o ul d hav e b e e n e asy i nd e e d t o
.

co m pi le a s at i s act o ry f t ab ul at i o n p arad i gm s fo r curs o ry

o f ru l e s and

s t u dy and s ys t e m at i c f
re ere n ce , an d s u ch a b o o kl e t m i ght have

p ro ven fai rly u s e fu l fo r t he nee d s o f t rad i t i o nal re ad i ng

”
by m e ans
of t ransl at i o n B ut m y i ngrai ne d co nv i ct i o n o f t he li m i t at i o ns o f
.

s u ch a s t u dy o f a m o d e rn f o re i gn l angu age t u rne d m e fro m t hat li ne

o f l e as t re s i st an ce an d m ade i t i n cu m b e nt u p o n m e t o e m b o dy eve n

i n t hi s m o d e st b o o kl et t he m o s t e s s e nt i al fe at ure s o f w hat i s ge ne rally

“
t e rm e d t he d i re ct m e t ho d ,
”
re p re se nt i ng b o t h m y t he o re t i cal v i e w s
and t he re s u l t s o f e x p e ri e n ce i n t he t e achi ng o f sev e ral
’
t w e nt y ye ars
f o re ign l angu age s ,
Russ i an am o ng t he m . Thi s i m pli e d a nu m b e r o f

p e cu l i ar co m p l i cat i o n s .

The firs t re q u i re m e nt co n s i s t e d in Ru s si an p ro
an e x p o s it i o n o f

nu nci at i o n o n a p ho ne t i c b as i s , u nav o id ably co nne ct e d w it h p ho ne t i c

t ransl i t e rat i o n . The e l u s iv e e l as t i ci t y o f Ru ss i an art i cu l at i o n o n
t he o ne han d , and t he ne e d of t he gre at e s t s i m p l i cit y at t ai nabl e

on t he o t her han d , i nv o l v e d m any e m b arrass i ng p ro bl e m s an d

d e m and e d co ns i d e rabl e d ev i at i o ns f ro m t he s t an d ard o f t he A s s o ci a

ti o n p ho né ti qu e, whi ch I s ho u l d hav e p re fe rre d t o ad o p t in it s

e nt i re t y .

A no t her fe at ure
t he di re ct m et ho d , t he i n d u ct i v e p re se nt at i o n
of

o f gram m at i cal p ri nci p l e s , t ho u gh app are nt ly be s e t w i t h se ri o u s

di ffi cu l t i e s i n t he . st u dy o f Ru s s i an, re s u l t e d in s o m e rat he r i nt e re s t
i ng s i m pli fi cat i o n s o f t radi t i o nal gram m ar, e s p e ci al l y i n t he v i rt u al

e li m i nat i o n o f t he nu m e ro u s d e cl e ns i o nal cl ass e s an d t he re d u ct i o n

to a m i ni m u m of t he i nt ri caci e s of t he Ru ss i an v e rb . The f re qu e nt
co n fli ct sbe t w e e n p e d ago gi cal e x p e d i e n cy an d p hi l o l o gi cal accu racy
hav e al m o st u ni f o rm l y b e e n d e ci d e d i n f av o r o f t he f o rm e r ; fo r

i nst ance , t he i m p e rfe ct iv e f o rm of t he ve rb is co ns i s t e nt l y qu o t e d i n

vi PRE FA CE

t he firs t pl ace , al t ho u gh t he p e rfe ct i v e as p e ct i s e xt re m e ly o ft en t he

p ri m ary , t he i m p e rfe ct iv e as pe ct t he d e ri v e d , f o rm .

The t hi rd e ss ent i al f e at ure of t hi s m e t ho d i s t he o ral ap p ro ach

to an e l e m e nt ary v o cab u l ary t hro u gh j

o b e ct t e achi ng . Giv e n s u ffi
ci e nt t im e and s p ace , t hi s o u ght
t o p ro v e u nu s u ally at t ract ive i n
t he cas e o f Ru s s i an, p art ly o n acco u nt o f i t s app are nt re m o t e ne s s
fro m t he Engli sh v o cab u l ary, p art ly o w i ng t o t he m o rp ho l o gi cal
v i go r o f t he Ru ss i an l angu age . Ho we v e r i n t he,
narro w co m p as s o f

t hi s p ri m e r bu t m e age r at t e nt i o n co uld be d ev o t e d t o t hi s i nt ri n
s i cal ly i m p o rt ant firs t p has e o f v o cab ul ary b u i l di ng The very fe w .

m o nt hs ge ne ral ly all o tt e d t o e l e m e nt ary gramm ar are al so o bv i o u sl y

i nsu ffi ci e nt fo r t he se co nd p has e , t he accu m ulat i o n o f a m o re e xt en
s iv e v o cab u l ary t hro u gh t he st u dy o f co nne ct e d t e xt s ; t he bri e f
se l ect i o nsp re s e nt e d i n t hi s b o o k m u s t be s u p pl e m e nt e d by co pi o us
re adi ng fro m o t he r so u rce s .

N o t w i t hst andi ng t he se hand i cap s t he au t ho r ho pe s t hat hi s

b o o kl et m ay i n a m e as ure he l p t o acco m pli s h t hese end s : a co n
s ci o u sly co rre ct p ro nu nci at i o n, an i nt ui t i v e f e eli ng fo r gram m at i cal

s t ru ct ure , and , ab o v e al l , t he fo u nd at i o n o f an e nd e av o r t o re ad

fo rei gn lit e rat ure , fro m t he s i m pl e st t o t he m o st i nv o lv e d st yl e ,

wi t ho u t t he crut ch o f t ranslat i o n . Of co u rse , t hi s p re s u p p o se s t hat
t e ache rs and s t u d e nt s co Op e rat e -
fro m t he o u t se t i n t he av o i d an ce

of t ransl at i o n, re p l aci ng t hi s by i nt e nsi v e s t u dy and pract i ce of t he

t e xt s .

The t yp o grap hi cal side o f t he bo o k s ho u ld be j u dge d w it h so m e

l e ni ency, s i nce t he t yp e se t t i ng w as d o ne by t he au t ho r hi m sel f , fo r

w ho m t hi s w as t he firs t v e nt u re i nt o G u tt e nbe rg s bl ack art
’
Hi s .

cru d e w o rk m an s hi p w as happily m e nd e d by t he s ki ll and p at i e nce

o f t he e x p e rt s t aff o f t he U ni v e rs i t y o f Chi cago Pre s s , and he t ak e s

pl e as u re i n e xpre ss ing hi s t hank s fo r t he i r e ffi ci e nt hel p Li ke wi s e , .

he ack n o wl e dge s a d e bt o f grat i t u de t o t he o ffici al s and i nst ru ct o rs

o f t he Lans t o n M o no t yp e Co m p any o f Phil adel p hi a fo r t hei r v al u abl e
ai d i n t he co m p o s it i o n o f t he b o o k .

E . PR OK OS CH
SAU K CI TY , WI S .

J u ne 1920
 GO N TE N TS
—
.

PA RT ON E LESSON S

N A LPHAB E T
S E CT I O N

1 . St o p s and
Spirant s
2 Vo ice d and Vo i c e le ss
.

w Ch arac te ri st i c s o f Russian Co nso nant s

h
l Sc rip t F o rm s
Tabl e Co nso nant s
of
l

Q The Vo wel Triangl e

Q Ru ssian A ccent ed Vo wel s
Q The Sibilant s
D
C U nacce nt e d Vo wel s
O D ipht hOngs
x
.
5

Review
HH Co ns o nant Ch anges
HN Vo wel Variat io n

SCHOOL

Reading
—
G ende r Hard E dings n
A greeme nt
Quest io ns
Pal at al iz at io n
So f t Vo w el s
Pal at al iz at io n of Co ns o nant s
U nacc e nt e d So f t Vo wel s
Final Palat al Vowel s
The Hard and So f t Signs
Pal at al iz at i o n o f Vo wel s
Review

SCHOOL (conti nued)

Re adi ng
22 . Ge nde r —So f t En ings d
23 . A dj e c t ive s , A tt ri b ut iv e Endings
 CONTE NTS

TE ACHE R A ND PU PIL
15 Re ading
5P
,

16 2 . re se nt Indi cat ive

26 . Im p e rat iv e
17 Quest io ns
OB J E CTS I N THE CLASSROOM
18 Re adi ng
19 27 . Lo cat ive
28 . D at iv e
Ques tio ns

Readi ng
Geni t ive
Vow el Variat io n
A ccu sat iv e
Ins t ru ment al
Vo wel Variat io n
Que st io ns
Rev i e w

M ORNING
Re ading
34 D e c le nsio n of A d j e c t iv e s
5D
.

3 . e cl ensio n o f Pro nou ns

36 . Re flexive s
28 Que st io ns
VII THE HOU SE
.

29 Readi ng
30 37 . Pl ural o f N o u ns
38 . Plu ral o f Ve rb s
39 . Plu ral of A dj e c t iv e s
4 0 Pl u ral
. of Pro no u ns
Quest io ns
D IVI SIONS OF TIME

Reading
4 1 The Cardi nal s
.

42 The Ordinal s
.

43 . Le ngt h e ne d N o u n St ems
Que st io ns
Reading (THE WINNE R)
 CONTE NTS ix

A WINTE R—B THE RU SSIAN LANGU A GE

. .
m am

38 Reading
39 44 Irre gul ar Pl ural s
5P
.

4 . e rs o nal Pro no u ns

46 . D e fi nit ive Pro no uns

40 Review

X . Tw o A NE CD OTE S
41 Re adi ng
42 47 . Fo rm at io n o f t he Present
43 48 . Fi rst Co nj u gat io n, Vo c ali c Class
49 Fi rst Co nj u gat io n, Co nso nant i c Clas s
5
.

0 C o nso nant So f t e ni ng
5
.

1 P c re di at iv e Co mp arat ive
5
.

2 A dve rb s
5
.

4 Ques t io ns
PE TE R I A ND THE PEASANT
46 Reading
47 5
3 . Se c o nd Co nj ugat io n
5
4 P . t wi t h C n
rese n s o s o nant So f t ening
5
5Imp t i e ra ve

5
.

6 I fi iti n n ve

5
.

7 A t t ib t i C mpr u ve o arat iv e

5
.

8 P i A dj t i
o ssess v e ec ve

5
.

0 Ques t io ns
THE SI CK TSAR
5
1 Reading
5
2 5
9 I rregu l ar Prese nt s
5
.

3 60 The Past Tense

5
.

4 Que s tio ns
XIII
. THE SQ U I RRE L A ND THE WOLF
5
5 Readi ng
5
6 6 1 The A sp e c t s
5 nV b
.

7 6 2 Sim pl e and Co m p o u d er s

5
.

8 Q u e s t i o ns
TH E WOLF A ND THE CA T
5
9 Re ading
60 63 . St em Variat io n
61 64 Verb s of Si ngl e A sp e c t
5D
.

6 . e fi nite and Ind e fi ni t e A s p e c t

Ques tio ns
x CONTE NTS

XV M OTHE RS TE ARS
.
’

63 Re adin g
64 66 The Fut ure
.

XVI THE Tw o PE ASANTS

. A ND THE CLOU D
6 5 Reading
66 67 . Verb Pre fixes
67 Que st io ns

XVII . A PI CTU RE

68 Re ading
69 68 . The Ve rb al A dj e c t ives
69 . The Russian Verb Syst em

—
PA RT TWO S Y N OPSIS OF GRA M M A R

LE TTE RS A ND SOU ND S
S E CT I O N

1 . The Ru ssian Language

2 . The Rus s ian A lp h ab et
3 . Ph o ne t i c Trans c rip t io n
4 Pro nu n c iat i o n
5S
.

. Ch anges
o u nd

6 . The Ru ssian A cc ent

D E CLE NSI ON—THE N OU N

7 . G e nd e r
8 .
Case
9 . Num b e r
10 . Hard So f t N o u ns
and

11 Tabl e o f Endi ngs

.

12 Paradigm s
.

13 . Le ngt he ne d N o u n St ems
14 M as c uli nes
5F
.

1 . e m ini nes

16 . N eut ers
TH E PRONOU N

17 . Pe rso nal Pro no u ns

18 . Po s se s sive Pro no u ns
19 . D emo nst rat iv e Pro no uns
 CONTE NTS xi

S E CT I O N PA GE

20 Int e rro gat iv e Pro no u ns

.

21 Re l at iv e Pro no u ns
.

22 Inde fi nit e Pro no u ns

.

23 D e fin i t i ve Pro no u ns
.

24 Pre di c at ive D e c l e ns i o n
2 5A t t ri b u t ive D e c l e nsi o n
.

2 6 Po sse ssiv e A dj e c t iv e s
.

27 . Co mp ariso n

THE N U ME RAL
28 The Cardinal s
.

29 The Ordi nal s

.

THE PRE P OSI TION

3 0 Prep o si t i o ns
.

CO NJ U GA TI ON —TH E VE R B

31 . The Two Co nj u gat io ns

32 . The Fi rst Co nj ugat io n
33 . The Se c o n d Co nj u gat io n
34 . Irregul ar Pre s ent s
3 5Th
. e Im p erat iv e
36 The In fi ni t ive
.

3 7 The Past Te nse

.

3 8 The Ve rb al A dj e c t iv es
.

3 9 Pe rfe c t ive and Im p e rfe c t iv e A spe c t

.

D e finit e and Inde fi nit e A spe c t

VOCA B U LA RIES

Sp e c i al Vo c ab ul arie s fo r Te x t s I—
VIII
Yo cabul ary fo r Lesso n XXXVII
,

Ge ne ral Vo c ab ul ary
PA RT ONE

L E S S ONS
 TH E R U S S I A N A L P H A B E T

i
Pr nt N am e ‘ N am e

1 Ph o ne t i c Si gn s ; s ee
 II EPB LII/I V POR B
'

Fi rs t L ess on

P ho net ic Trans cript i o n . In Rus s ian , as i n m o st l a

n guages , t rad i t i o nal spell ing

rep rese nt s t he so und s o f t he l angu age i n a very i m perfect w ay Fo r t hi s re aso n, .

t hi s bo o k uses a p o net h ic
t rans r pt o n, ci i based on t he s yste m o f t he I nternati Ona l
Phoneti c A ss ociati o n Ea . ch
l ette r o f t his s yste m deno tes ap p ro ximate l y t he same

so und u nd er all co nd it i o ns an d in al l l angu ages .

Pho net ic t rans cript i o ns are set in brackets : —A ccented v o we l s are set in
bo l d face t ype
-
.

Re ferences B o l d face fi gures refer t o t he sect io ns

.
-
of Part One , l ght i -
face fi gures
p reced ed by 1 I t o Part N o o f t he b o o k
, .

THE NORM A L CON SON A NTS

1 St o ps
. and Spi rant s —Co nso nants are call ed s top s if t he breath
i s ent i rel y st o pped i n the mo u th, ei ther b y cl o si ng t he l i ps , or by press i ng
the t o ngue agai nst the t eeth or t he ro o f of the m o u th . The Engl i sh
s t o p s are : p, Q m;
,
t, _d , n ; k, 9 ,
ng . With S pi rants , on t he o ther hand ,
t he breath passes thro u gh a n arro w p ass age i n t he m o uth . The Engl i sh
Spi rant s are: w, f, v; i h, s , z; s h; l, r; l and r ar e o ften cal l e d li qu i ds ;
s , z, and s h are
_
t erm e d s i bi lants .

2 Vo i ce d
. and Vo i ce l e s s .
—B efo re enteri ng t he m o u th t he b reath
passes bet ween t he vocal chords , a pai r o f cu shi o n
-
l i ke , el ast i cl i gam ent s
i n t he thro at (larynx) . If t he v o cal cho rd s t o u ch o ne ano t her, t he
breath cau ses t hem t o v ib rate ; the s o u nd Of t hese v ibrat i o ns is cal led

Speech s o unds t erm e d

‘
vo ice, acco m p ani e d
’
an d by s u ch v i b rat i o ns are

voi ced s o unds ; i f the v o cal cho rd s mo ve apart ,

t he breat h passes b et ween
t he mwitho ut v ibrat i o n and pro duces voi celes s s o u nds .

The Engli sh co nso nants b d g m n ng v th (i n , , , , , , ,

then) , 2, l, r are

voi ce d; p , t, k, c, f, ih (i n thi n) , 3 , s h are voi ce less .

3 . Charact e ri s tics of Ru ss1an St o ps and S pi rants .

N OW L—Pro nounce Russ an a 1 [a] l ike a in far , y [u ] l ike 00 i n foo t, 0 [0]

l ike 0 i n Lord H [i ] l ike cc i n
, meet .
'
I> is never p ro no u n e d c . Bo l d face
-
t ype
deno tes accent .
 4 E LE M E NTAR Y RUSSI AN GRAM MAR [4

(1) Engli sh p , t, k (c) , es peci al l y i n i ni t i al p o s it io n , are aspi ra ted

vo i cel es s s t o ps , i e , they are fo l l o w e d b y an au d ibl e b reath, l i ke a
. .

w eak h: p o o l , to o l , co o l B ut Ru ss i an
II, T, It , like French, It al i an , S p ani sh [p , t , k ] , are p u re, or w i t ho u t t hi s h:
IIOJI B
'

,
TaM B , R aR b [ po l , t am , kak ]
' '
.

(2) 6 [b d g] d w i th m o re v o i ce
‘ ’
, II, I
‘
, , are u t t ere than E ngli sh
b, d , g: 6yny, JIOM B , Far a [bu du , do m , gaga] ’
.

(3 ) The Ru ss i an Spi rant s

l
B , c, 3 co rres p o nd exactl y t o E ngli sh

f, v, s , z : ( byTB '

,
B o ny, COHL
'

,
3 HM a [fut ,
v o du ,

(4) Ru ss i an v o i ce d st o p s (except t he nas al s M, H [m ,

n ]) and

Spi rant s b eco m e v o i cel ess when finaL o r befo re v o i cel es s co nso nant s :

r y6L pairs M OPb p as s , r y6R a, B o lIR a, p as rca, JI aB K a [gu p

' ' ' ’ '

,
B OIIB , , , ,

v o t , rat , m ok , ras , gu pk a, v o t k a, rask a, l afk a]

(5
.

) Ru ss i an ,n [t d n] are p11re dent al s :

‘
t he t i p of t he
’
T ,
11 , ,

t o ngu e t o u ches t he (o r u p per and l o w er) t eet h i n French,

’

u pp er as

i nst ead of the ro o f of t he m o u th, as i n A meri can Engli sh .

(6 ) x [ x] i s l i ke S pan i sh j in baj o (so m ewhat w eaker than Germ an

ch i n To l earn i t , pro no u nce hoo t and Sharpen t he h by s l i ght l y
B ach) .

rai s i ng t he t o ngu e t o w ard s t he so ft p al ate :

'
xyIIB .

R be fo re T and II is al s o p ro no u n e d [ c x] : E TO [xt o ] .

In a s m all nu m ber hen

o f w o rd s , e g , i n . . B o ra 6Har o ‘
w el l
’
,
Ro ma
‘
w ,
’

T has t he s o u nd bo gen l ike g i n No rt h Ge rm an wagen

To l earn it p ro no u nce -

—
.
, ,

f— v s e,
i h (i n thi n —
) i h (i n then ) and add t he anal o go us p ai r o f v o ice less and
, ,

v o ice d gu tt u ral Sp i rant s [x

‘
b
[ yo a b l ava k ay d a —
] r befo re vo ice less co nso
’ ~
, ,
.

nant s and i n t he w o rd B O L Go d has t he s o u nd [ x] : JIe I R O

‘
[li xk o ]
’ ‘
P
’
.

()
7 Th e L i q u i d s — Ru ss i an JI resembl es Am eri can l : The t i p of t he
t o ngu e art i cu l ates t o w ard s t he ro o f o f t he m o u th, behi n d t he u p per

gu m s , b arel y t o uchi ng i t , an d t he b ack o f t he t o ngu e i s st ro ngl y (mo re

s o t han w i th A m eri can I) rai s ed t o w ard s t he so ft p al ate Th . fro nt
hal f of t he t o ngu e i s deci ded l y ho l l o w
‘ ’
: JI OB b
'

, CTOJI b
’

,
HOH B '

, 0
Ty JI B
'

— lo f , s to l , po l , stu l ] .

Ru ss i an p i s trill ed t o ngu e t i p r : The t i p o f the t o ngu e i s presse d

‘ ’
-

agai nst t he U pp r gu m s , an d a f o rcefu l cu rrent o f b reat h cau ses i t t o

e
v i b rat e : pas s , p OT B ,
’

p HT , Ppy6 B
'

[ras ,
ro t , t rut , gru p] .

4 Scri pt Fo rm s
.
— The w ritten fo rm s o f A , D , E , K , M , 0, a, e , i , o , z '

are t he s am e i n t he Engl i s h and Ru ss i an al phab et s The scri pt fo rm s .

o f E ngli sh B , C, P , T, U , X , b c, g, m , n , p ; r , u , x , y o ccu r w i t h d if
ferent
'

m eani ngs . The o ther scri pt charact ers are pecu li ar t o t he Ru ss i an

al phabet , al tho u gh s o m e o f t hem res em bl e cert ai n E ngli sh l ett ers
'

.
5
] LE SS ONS 5
Read and co py t he fo l l o wi ng several t i m es , f
re erri ng to the t abl e
of the Russi an al phabet on page 2 :

fi at m /
,
6m m dam / e,

W ,
M
W

5T bl
. a e of Co ns o nan t s

RU S S IA N IN S TAN CE S
SOU N D
Ph o net ic

[ p]

[f]
[V ]
[m ]

[t ] rat e

[d ] date
[ s] s eal

[z ] z eal

[1] l ot
ro t

[11] no t

[k ] l ak e R yrIa, p rs
'

[ku pa druk]
,

lg] gi ve r y6 a

[x ] (baj o ) x (R, r ) Myxa ,

HTO, B o rB '

[m u x a ,
x to , bo x]
(wagen) B o ra [bo ra]

i s h ng does xist i n Rus s ian

l

The s o un d o f Engl , as i n s i ng, no t e .

6 ELE MENTARY RUSS IAN GRAMMAR [ 7
6 —

II

B TOPOI/I V POR I)
’

S econd Less on

THE N ORM A L VOWELS

6 The Vo we l Tri angl e
. .
—
In the f o ll o w i ng d i agram t he pl ace o f each
v o wel Si gn des i gnates t he p O
'

S i t i o n t o w hi ch t he b ack of t he t o ngue i s
rai sed i n t he p ro nu nci at i o n o f that v o w el .

Ins t an ce D es crip t io n
Ger n i e, Fr di t
. . N arro wer t han ee i n deed
Ger S ee , Fr é té
. . N arro wer than a i n mate ,
an d w i th
o utd i phtho ngal gl i d e
Ger . recht, Fr bé te . B et wee n e i n bed and a i n bad
Engl far .

Fr mo rt, Ger M o rd
. . S i m i l ar t o o i n L o rd
G er B o o t, Fr beau
. . o a i n bo at b u t w i t ho u t d i pht ho ngal

gl i d e
Ger M ut, Fr. . ou ao i n moo d
Russ 1an LI S o u nd bet ween Ger u i n Glu ck an d
.

Fr e i n le
.

7 . Ru s s i an A ccent e d Vo we l s

A rt icul at i o n Russ i an accente d v o we l s are art icu l ate d w i t h m o re te ns i o n o f t he

.

t o ngue and l i p s t han E ngl i s h v o we l s , bu t w it h l es s te ns i o n t h an French v o w e l s .

They co me cl o sest t o Ge rm an acce nte d v o we l s, e xcept t h a t w i t h Rus s i an y t he l i p s

are no t ro unded as m uch as w t i h Germ an u .

Q uant it y
Russ i an acce nte d vo we l s are ge nerall y h al f l o ng (ab o ut as i n A m er
.
-

ican man) , unaccente d v o wels are rat her s ho rt The d ifference i n q uant ity i s much .

l ess m arked t h an i n E ngl i s h .

A ccent Ru ss i an accent i s o ne o f st res s , as i n E ngl i s h , no t o f p itch , as i n French

. .

Th is means t hat accented syll abl es are s t ro nge r (l o u d er) t han u nacce nte d o nes .

The pl ace o f accent i s vari ab le; a number o f general ru l es w i l l be given i n s ubseq ue nt

l ess o ns .
8 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN GRAM MAR

The s i b i l ants 111, m (but no t 0, 3 , ) have a m u ffli ng effect

H, 111
fo ll o w i ng I]
u po n a , gi v i ng i t a so u nd bet w een [i ] and [H ] resembl i ng ,

Germ an w i d e it i n Glitch In E ngli sh, m any s peakers u s e

. a Si m il ar
so u nd fo r i before [ S] , es peci all y aft er r and i n u naccent e d s yll ab l es :

Fri s i an , attri ti on , chi ld s h; i al so befo re l : mi lk, chi ldren . Ou r t ran

scri pt i o n i nd icates thi s m u ffl ed H by the s i gn
Pro no u nce

[t sat sa, t suk , t s 1rk , t s 1kl ] Hana , Hyrs , II pR B , II

f
I/I
'
I/IK JI B
'

[ Sak , Sapk a, Sko l a, Si na, S l l o ] HIar B , '

m aHH a, mN OJI a, mHHa, mHno .

[ i ab a, Zarko , i i v o , i i i a, i l l ] Ht a6a, mapR o , JRI/IB O, E mma, Ham s '

[ é as , East o , i ndo , Gu gu n, Gi n] t
Iac I ,'
) HacTo , Hyno , HyryHB '

,
‘I IzIHB ’

ro s ca, p i si a, b o rs c,
v ' ' '

m] Il lyrca, p o ma, mani a, 60 pms ,

f
IIIH .

Co py

9 . U nacce nt e d Vo w e l s —In Rus si an i n Engli sh, u naccent ed

, as

v o wel s are m o re or l ess Sl u rred

‘
.
’
M u ch depend s u p o n the rat e o f
s peech and u po n e mphas i s ,
b ut the fo l lo w i ng bro ad s t at em ent s fairl y
represent t he av erage u s age

(1) Wi th u naccente d v o w el s , the m u scl es of t he t o ngu e, cheek s , an d

li ps are l ess tense than w it h accented o nes .

S i nce al l acce nted v o we l s are set in b o l d—

face t ype , i t w ll be i u nde rst o o d t hat
v o w el s i n l i ght t ype are m o re or l es s s l u rre d , and n o Spe ci al S igns are ne ess ary c to
i nd icate t his .

(2) In \u nstress e d s yll ab l e s t he t o ngu e t end s t o ass u m e the Ru ss i an

‘
bas i s o f art i cu l a ti o n (the
’
fav o ri te po siti o n of the t o ngu e , With
b ack v o w el s (co m pare d i agram on p age 6 ) t he t o ngu e i s apt t o be
l o were d , w i th fro nt v o wel s it i s apt t o be rai s e d . Theref o re
U naccent e d 0 t en d s t o b eco m e [a] : no cHa [ daska] .

U n accent 0 t en d s t o b eco m e [i ] : Hep o [ pi ro ] .

U naccent ed fter m u ffied

‘ ’
a a II, III , Ht m o v es i n the d i rect i o n of t he
v o wel [i ] mamo rrs , Et apa [ Si i o k ,
i i ra] .

U naccented a a fter H ,
111 ap pro aches o r at l east [e] ; o ur t ranscri p
tion u ses t he Si gn [I] ,
to re pres ent t hi s s l u rre d , i nt erm ed i ate v o w el

Haco m ,
10] LE SS ONS 9

(3 ) Thi s weak eni ng 1s l eas t no t i ceabl e w i th fin al v o wel s an d m o st

m arked wi th v o wel s t hat precede t he accent by m o re than o ne s yl l abl e .

Fo r i nst ance, t he w o rd CJI OB O (no m i nat iv e) can b e eas i l y d i st i ngu i shed

fro m OJI OB a (geni t ive) if pro no u nced Sl o wl y : [Sl o v o sl o v a], , . B ut i n
fluent s peech the t w o fo rm s are pro no u nced al i ke [sl o v a] ; ,
FOJIOB a

i s pro no u nced [go l o v a, gal o v a, gal av a, ge l av a] (e e i n mo ther) ,

acco rd i ng t o t he rate o f s peech .

N OTE —The d ist ibut io n o f accent appea ing i n t he l ast exam ple d iffers f o m
r r r

Engl i s h h abit s In Russi an OJI O a t he rat i o o f s t ress i s

. w hi l e i n E ngl i s h
F B

grenadi er i t i s 2 :

The v o wel s y and 9 re mai n pract i call y u nchange d in u naccent e d

po sit i o n .

Pract i ce
(1) [ d aska ak u o , , (pat o l o k petal o k ) ast ro v s rs ako eta
p at al o k , , , , ,

(et c) , s l o v a (Sl o v o ) x araSo, (xaro So xe raSo ) pi ro kafidra i i rna , , , , ,

I
cIso k , i i l ta, Scri n, SIZOk é i ra t s i rapal dai a k asa nasa t o t e]
‘
’

, , , , , ,
.

(2) no crt a, OR HO , HOTOJIOR b o cr po , B BICORO , e To , CJI OB O, x 0p o m o ,

’

Hep o , h
R at enpa , He pHa, Haco rcs Ht eJI Ta, Hi avR y napanam ) , Haq a,
'

,
1A
R am a, Ham a, To me .
g; 3 x o .
m , my a pa
10 D iphtho ngs L—The
. seco n d el em ent of all genu i ne Ru ss i an
o s R p aTR o H [i j]
‘
d i pht ho ngs i s ii , call ed H Sk rat k o cc w i t h t he b rev e
' ’

co rres po nd i ng t o y i n Engl i sh boy: M afi , M OI/1, Ho man yfi , HameH [m aj

’

m o j , p ai al uj , naSe j] .

IV
t
I ETB E PTIIII/I YPOR I)
’

RE VIE W

Co ns o nants

1 . U nas pi rated H, T, R HOJIB , ’

HaJIE , '
II OTOJI OR B
'

,
Tam ) , é TOTB , '

E yn a ,
R apaHHams, R f

yu Ho .

2 . Pu re dent al s (11 T , ,
H ) TOT L , é TOTB , IIOM L , Ho cR a, HalIB , try
’ ' ’ ’
.

3 . St ro ngl y v o i ce d 6 , H, r: 6yny, 6 é 6R a, HaM a, Far a, I OB Op B ‘ '

.

4 . Vel ar s pl rant s , x, r: xOpo m O, XOJI OIIHO, HTO, B o rn) , B Or a,

6HaFo Ro ma
5U
.

. nv o i ci ng o f fina
l ,
v o i ce d st o p s an d Spi rants : p a6
'
s ,
r py6 I)
'

p airs , I Op OlI b , p PB , M OP B , H a B R a, p atm a

' ‘ ' ’ ’ -
.

6 . Tri l l ed t o ngu e t i p r : p airs , pas t , p - ' f

rs , p a3 FOB Op B
'
.

7 . Very ho ll o w JI : HOME , Han na,

10 E LE M EN TA RY RUSS I AN GRAMMAR [ 11
A cce nte d Vo we ls

8 The Vo wel Tri angl e — tense art icu l at i o n

.
‘
[ i — e — e
— a o — u]
’
m
.

9 Ru ss i an 0 i s Open : IIOM B , CTOHB

. Ru ss i an 3 i s l i ke a i n far ' '
.

cant , H a
'
nn a The so u n d o f epEI i s between [i ] and [u ] , bu t s li ghtl y l o w er
.

CLI HEI , pI§I 6LL

10 . H a t er f H, 111, Ht resem b l es LI o r G m an w i de
er u: Hams '
.

Unacce nte d Vo we l s

11 U naccente d v o w el s are (the m u scl es are rel axed ) ;

‘ ’
. wi de co m pare

i i n bi t, u i n bu t, a in arti s ti c, o p era .

12 . Changes :
U naccented o s o u nd s l i ke [ a] : Ho cRa x 0p o m 6 , .

U naccented d s l i ke e so u n [i ] : nep o Hep Ha ,

.

U naccent ed a and e after II 111 DR hav e the so u nd [ 1] map a , , .

U naccent ed a after H In has t he s o u nd [ I] o r [e] : HacORE ,

'
.

Fi nal weakene d u naccent e d vo wel s are l es s s ub ect j t o weakeni ng

t han v o wel s in o ther po s i t i o ns .

Pract i ce
i

(1) to m , m u i l k, vo s , z daro v a, d ru ga , d rav a, dru go j , t ak , t a yda, '

t am , z at BI l o k , padum al
m al ado j , pro m srsl af, paSla, m are s ,
, S praSi v al ,

bb l l O, v dru k , zaa I kal a, gal ubu Ska, gav ari t , sl u i bu , pakrbl l , bo x,

p at am u , p apal , pakazal , i 1v 0tnLIx , v s rstu pal , xv o st , drai i t]
’

(2) TO MB '

,
M v HR B
'

,
B O3 B
'

, S HOpOB a, p r a, JIp OB a, p ro H, Ta m )

TOPIIE
L, TaM B
'

, s ar mn o n s ,
f
I
I OIIyM aJI B
’

, CHpaIIIHB aJI B
'

,
M OH OHOH, Hp o

MH CJI OB B , Ho n
’
ma, M 0pO3 b ’

,
B npyr s ,
'
3 aXHBIR aJI a, r OJI y6ym Ha,

O
F B Op HT B ,
'
cJv R 6y, IIOR p BI JI b
’

,
Bor s , '
II OTOM y, HOHaJI L , '
HOR aS aJI B , ’

Ht HB OTHBIxs B BI cTyHaJI B XB o cTB Hpo mHTT

' ' '
.
, , ,

11 Co ns o nant Change s
. .
— Nei ghb o ri ng co nso nant s i n fl u ence e ach

o ther in all l angu ages (co m pare Engli sh grabbed and wrap p ed
wrap t) , but p art i cu l arl y s o i n Russ i an .

1 A ss i mi lati o n o f nei ghb o ri ng co ns o nant s , no t

. o nl y w ithi n wo rd s
bu t al so bet w een prepo s i t i o n and no u n :
(a) r , B , 3 b eco m e v o i cel es s b efo re vo i cel ess co ns o nant s (3 , 4
H aB R a, p as rt a) .

(b) c [z] befo re 6 , 11, F: c6BIB aJIB , '

cHaJI B ,
'
cr o p aHB
'

[s i va L
z dal , z garal ]; cs
'
6paTOM B , '
Cb HapOM B
’ '

, CB Do na
'

[zb rat am ,
z daram ,
zgo d a]
 !

12] LE SS ONS 1

(c) T [ d] befo re 6 , II, D, 3 ,

JR ( no t f
b e o re B ): OTHaJI B
'

, OT6OH,

OTB
'
6paTa, OTB
’

HOHRH, OTL
’
s apH adbo j ,
ad brata, ad

do ck i , ad z ari ]
'
.

(d) K [g] [7 ] bef o re 6 , II, E : R 1 6paTy, R b Homy, R B ’ '

or : FOpOIIy

[gbratu , gdo m u , ggo ra d u ] o r [ 7 b rat u , y d o m u , 7 go rad u ] ; see 2a .

(e) c 3 [ S] befo re E III III: B o s ut en an s M3

, [ 2] b efo re 916, , ,
'

B OB I HR B CB m aIIK OII, CL
‘ I Op TOM B
’

, [v ai i i l aL i zv o Sé i k SSapk o j
'
/
’
‘ ’

, ,

Sco rtam ] (it al ics w i l l be ex pl ai ne d l ater)

'

2 . D i s si mi lati o n and Si m il ar changes .

(a) It and r are frequentl y pro no u nce d [x] befo re T and R and [7 ] ,

befo re 6 , H, i s t o ps b e fo re st o p s t u rn t o S pi rant s : HTO JIel R O ‘

r, . e .
, ,

[xt o , l i xko ] ; To ma ,
Ro ma ,
It s
'
6paTy [t avda ,
k ay da, ybratu] .

(b) q and III are o ften pro no u nced [ S] befo re H: cR yt I Ho , H3 HIIIHBI H

[ Sku Sno , i zj aSnBIj ] . A l so i n o ther po s i t i o ns ften pro no u nce d

111 i s o

[ S] , es peci all y w hen t he fo l lo w i ng v o w el is u naccente d : cymecTB o

—
HTO
‘
w hat i s
’
al w ays pro no u nced [ Sto ] .

JI is s ilent in COH HHe [s o nt s e]

‘
sun .
’
A l so final HE (20) i s o fte n s ilent : p yOJI b
[ rup II ] . and T are s i lent i n t he gro up s mm , mm Hp aB IIHHR B , B Hac THLIfi '

[praznik ,
V l as nEI j ] .

12 Vo we l Vari ati o n
.

N OTE —This p a ag ap h need no t be stud ied unt il referred t o i n t he lesso ns o n

. r r

declens i o n w he e e xam p l es w i ll be fo u nd ,
The e xp l anat i o n o f t hese o rt ho grap hic
r .

and p ho net ic p ecu l i arit i es bel o ngs t o t he fie l d o f hi st o ic al gramm ar r .

A . A fter t he vel ars ( K, I , x

‘
) and t he s i b i l ant s II, In, m m, I!
(b ut
no t a ft e r c 3 ) , cert ai n v o wel s are i nad m iss ibl e
1 . a and 10 cannot s t and a fter any o f them .

2 . L m ay s t and after s ibil ant s b ut no t after v el ars , .

3 . 51 m ay s t an d aft er 11 b ut no t after any o f t he o ther o nso nants

p ,

m ent i o ned .

4 . O in u naccent e d en d ings i s perm i ssi bl e a fter the vel ars , bu t no t

after the s ibi l ants .

Where i nad m i ss ibl e these v o wels are repl aced by a y T » II e , , , , , .

B 1; after i i s repl aced by II

. Aft er v o w el s ii i s u sed i nstead o f L .
, .

C Vo wel Ins ert i o n Whenever t w o co nso nants befo re final T o r L

. . :

wo u l d f o rm a gro u p t hat fo r Russ i an habi t s o f s peech w o ul d be , ,

d i fficu l t t o pro no u nce 0 o r e i s i nsert ed between them ; generally , ,

o i s u se d befo re o r aft e r R r x unl ess t hese are pre ce de d b y a .

, , ,

p al at al s ibi l ant .
 12 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R [13
V

HHTBIF
I V POR I)
'

TE T I X
A B

IIIIcOJIa Sko l a
3 Ta HOMHaTa m o rca H B H COR a . et a ko m nata Si raka i V LIs aka .

ORHO B LI COR o ; IIOTOJIOR B B BICOK B akh o V BI s ako p at al o k V BI SOk

’ ’
. . .

B OTB R atbenpa H CTyJI B'

B OTB '
.
’
vo t kafi d ra i s tu l vo t.

IIIHaIIB
'
. B OHB '
OR HO . B OTB '
IIOJI B
'

,
Skap . vo n akno . v ot po l ,
B OTB p at al o k v o t d aska i
'

BOHB ’
HOTOJI OR B
'
.
'

nocHa H vo n .

Han na . CTYJI B ’
HeeJI TB '
. Radienpa pal k a s tu l zo l t
. kafi dra to t e .

To me HceJI Ta . i i lta .

B OTB '
HapaHIIaIII E , Hepo H HOHcHHB
' '
. k arandaS, pi ro i no i l k
vo t .

S TOTB R ap aHIIamB JR C a s t at k aran daS é o l t , a et a

'
JI TB 9 TO
' '

Il o crca i pi ro i o rno d as ka to t e c i rna

’

Hepo Hep Ho . To nce Hep Ha . . .

M o tt HapaHnam B TyIIB , Ho 9 To Hep o

' '
m o j karandaS tu p , no et a pi ro
oc Ew ara m anna
o . . CTOJI L ’
ast ro bu maga gl atka
. s to l .

To me r nanom) . to t e glad ak .

1 . Re ad c o l um n B m any t i mes Co ve r c o l um n A w it h a st ri p o f p aper d u ri ng .

t he first few t imes ; be gi n t o c o m p are i t w it h c o l umn B w hen yo u r p ro nunci at i o n

i s bec o m ing f airl y fluent .

2 . Re ad co l umn A m any t i mes , at fi rst c o nst ant l y c o mp arin g it wit h B , b ut

l at er w it h o ut t hi s .

3 Co py te xt A
. i an script
se veral i
t m es i n Russ .

4 B o t h w he n read i ng and writ ing a se nte nce vi s uali ze i t s meaning: Co ncent rate
.
,

your t ho u ghts u po n t he pe rs o ns o bj ect s and act i o ns me nt i o ne d B ut d o no t , , .

i ndul ge i n t he w o rse t h an use less p ast i me o f t rans l at i ng t hese s i m p l e sente nces

‘ ’

i nto E ngl i s h The ap p ro xim ate Engl i s h e qu iv ale nts o f al l w o rd s are gi e n i n

. v

t he w o rd l i st s at t he end o f t he b o o k fo r o ccas i o nal refe re nce bu t i t w o u l d be a m i s

-
, ,

t ake t o mem o rize t ho se l i st s M em o rize se nte nces and w ho le te xts as m uch as yo u

.

can, b ut no t i so l ate d Wo rds .

VI

IIIE CTOI7I YPOR L

’

13 . G e nd er .
—Hard‘
En d i ngs .
’

CTyJI L , HIR aII b , HapaHnam E , HOHt HR B , HOTOJI OR L , II OJI B are masculi nes
' ’ ' ' ' '
.

ROMHaTa, Hadienpa, no crcé , 6yM ara, Hanna are femi ni nes .

OR HO, nep6 are neu ters .

The gen der o f Ru ss i an no u ns i s determ i ned pri m aril y by thei r

end i ngs ; L , a, 0 are ca l led t he hard term i nat i o ns o f t he m ascu li ne,
‘ ’

femi nine ,
and neuter res pect i v el y .
14] LE SS ONS

14 A gre e m e nt
.

HI R aII L— B BIcOR L
' '
.
’
O TOT L m R aH B ' '
.

—
IIo cRa B BIco xa . S
’
Ta no cmt
’

OHHé — B BIOOR O TO OR H6
’
. S .

B OTB HapaHIIaIIIB ; OH L Tyu b

‘
' ' ' '
.

B OTB no ci ca; o ne m o Ré
'
.

B OTB OR HO; 0116 B LI c0R 6

'
.

The p redicat e adj ect i ves— B H cORT a, 6; m OR b a, 6 t he

- - ’ - -
, ,

—
dem o nstrat iv es sTOTB , é Ta, é To '
and r n r n n —
t e pe so a p o o u s o m ,
h l )

—
O a O
H HO are i n a reement as t o
, g gend er and nu m ber w i t h t he no u n
whi ch t hey m o d i fy o r re er f to .

N OTE — A d ash i s o ften u se d between su bj ect and pred icate no u n o r adj ect ive ,

w here Engl i s h w o ul d u se i s o
‘ ’ ‘ ’
a e r r .

The accent and o t her pecu l i a it ie s o f p ed icate adj ect i ves c anno t b e determ i ned r r

by de finite ul es bu t must be l e a ne d by p ac t ice ; o bse ve care fu ll yt he fo m s

r , r r r r

give n i n t he w o rd l i st s at t he e nd o f t he b o o k
-
.

Wi th the no uns and adj ecti ves contai ned i n the text fo rm as many ,

s enten ces o f the typ e OR HO B BICOR O (s u bj e ct + predi cate ad ecti ve j ) as the

s ense p ermi ts S p eak each se nten ce befo re yo u wri te i t M ark the accents
. . .

OR HO B BIcOR O OR HO III I/Ip OR O OR H O FJI aIIR O )

. . .

VII

CEIIL M OI/I YPOR B

’

—
Q ues t o s B o npé cm
i n

These quest io ns serv e a t wo fo l d p u rp o se : A s i de fro m fam i l i ariz i ng t he st u de nt

w it h t he m o re c o mm o n t ypes o f Ru ss i an ques t i o ns , t he y are i nte nde d as a b as i s
'

fo r a t h o ro u gh pract ice o f t he te xt E ach Russ i an quest i o n s h o u l d s u gges t o ne o r .

several Russ i an se nt ence s as p o ss ib l e answ ers .

Afte r h av i ng read t he text o ft en and c arefu ll y, read and answer t he qu es ti o ns

repeate d l y . When yo u can ans wer t hem w it ho ut hes it at i o n ,
co p y t he m and wr te i
t he ans wers .

M ake it a habit t o m ark t he a ccent s i n writ ing .

1. q TO 6m ? (9 m 2 . RaROB a
sTa R oM HaTa? 3 R aR OB B
'
é TOTb ’
HI K alI L ?
’
4 K aR OB O
5R
. .

é To OR HO? . aR OB B
'
é TOTB '

(IIOTOJI OE B R apaHnaIHT
cTyJI B
' '

, ,

HOJR HR B , IIOJIb ' '

)? 6 . RaR OB a é Ta no cR a (Han na Hatbenpa 6yM ara) ? , ,

7 . RaHOB O é To nep o? 8 . q TO m OR O? HTO B BICOR O —Hcé JI To

T y —Ono
CTp O— rn anno ?
14 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN GRAMMAR [15
VIII

B OCB M OHYPOR B
’

1 5. Pal at ali z at i o n — In
. every l angu age there ex i s t s a habit u al
preference fo r a cert ai n po s i t i o n o f t he t o ngue b ot h when at rest and
d u ri ng the utterance o f s peech s o u nds In Engli sh, es peci ally as s po ken
.

i n A m eri ca, the t i p o f t he t o ngu e i s apt t o be w i t hdrawn fro m the teet h

and rai s ed i n t he d i rect i o n o f t he fro nt pal at e, w hi l e t he bo dy o f the

t o ngue i s co m p arat i vel y i nert , bei ng nei ther rai se d no r l o were d to

‘

any

m arked ex tent .

S uch p referred p o s it i o n of t he t o ngue i s call e d t he bas i s

‘
a o f art i cu
’
l ati o n o f that l angu age .

In Ru ssi an the t o ngu e ten d s to be pu she d fo rward The t i p i s l i kel y .

t o be presse d agai ns t t he l o wer t eeth o rgu m s , and t he fro nt t hi rd o f t he

t o ngue ap pro aches o r t o u ches the fro nt p al ate al o ng a co ns i derable
s tretch . The fo l l o w i ng d i agrams ill u strate thi s co ntrast bet ween the
A m erican an d Ru ss i an b as i s o f arti cu l at i o n :

‘
A
’
Sho ws the art icu l ati o n o f A merican n (t , d, l ) , B
‘ ’
, that o f a very

frequent type Ru ss i an H (T, 11, JI ) , d es cribed bel o w

of .

Po s it i o n B i s the t ypi cal pal atal po s i t i o n o f the t o ngue : It s t i p

‘ ’ ‘ ’

t o u ches t he l o wer teet h o r gum s , and i t s back i s i n co nt act w i th a rather

l arge po rt i o n o f the hard p al at e .

The tendency t o w ard s p alatal arti cu lati o n , i . e .

, t he i ncl i nat i o n of the
t o ngu e t o ass u m e t hi s pal at al p o s it i o n , i s t he m o st co ns pi cu o u s charac
t eri st i c o f Ru ss i an s peech Fo r a fu ll u nderst and i ng o f i ts effects i t i s
.

es sent i al t hat i t i s generall y no t restri cte d t o o ne so un d , bu t

to real i ze

Spreads o v er who l e gro u ps o f s o un ds , s o that we m ight s peak o f palatal

s yl lables rat her t han o f pal at al s o u n ds .

It i s ab so l u tel y neces s ary to acqu 1re thi s habi t of pal at al izati o n, fo r

thi s t endency, m o re t han anyt hi ng el se , l end s t o Ru ss i an t hat pecu li ar
wel l kno wn pho neti ci an the
‘
pli abi l ity whi ch has been cal led by a -

i ns i nuating grace o f Rus si an

’
.
 16 E LE M E NTAR Y RUSS IAN GRAMMA R [17
Pro no un ce
WW a l u m “
c
.

[11m , 1l Jl m l , I/IM B , HMH , I/IXB

' '

[j ev a j er j edu j est j et Ij ]
, , , , E B a, ep B ,
'
Buy,
”
Ennifi
"

[j a j ak af j abl ako . j am a]
, , , H, HR OB B ’

,
HOJI OK O, m a

[j o S j o l ka j o l adka j o rS j o k
,
‘
, , ,
I j] EDK B , é HR a, é JI O
’
t
IR a, e pIII B , eMR IH
'

[j uri j j u pk a j uk j uri st] IOpi H, Io 6R a, IO PB Io pHcTT

'

'

, , , , , .

IX

IIEB HTBIII YPOR b

’
/

17 . Pal atal i z ati o n fo ll o wed

o f Co ns o nan t s —When a co ns o nant is
by a so ft v o wel t he t o ngue assu m es p al at al p o s i t i o n d u ri ng o r befo re
,

t he pro nu nci at i o n o f the f o rm er Thi s affect s co nso nants i n d i fferent .

w ays

1 .
‘I
,
111, m, m are ent i rel y o r p artl y p alatal anyw ay ; co ns equ ent l y,

a fo l l o w ing s o ft v o wel do es no t i n flu ence t hem .

Thi s i s rec o gni ed by spe l l i ng i na m uch z s as t he l ette rs H and 10 are rep l a e d c by

a and y aft e t hese c o ns o nant s ; see 12 A 1
r .

2 The D entals , T, 11; H, JI , beco m e genu i ne p alatals , w i th t he t o ngu e

5
.

i n the po s i t i o n descri bed i n 1 In the t rans it i o n t o t he v o wel t he

.

co nt act w i th t he t o ngu e i s gradu al l y rel eased s o t hat a rap i d [j ] gl i de -

i s pl ai nl y au d ibl e b efo re the v o wel Pal at al T , 11, H, n are t ranscribed .

by [ t, d , n , l] , t he i t al i c t ype i nd icat i ng b o th the pal at al qu ality o f t he

nso nant fo ll o w i ng l i de
and t he
co
g
.

To l earn t he p o nu nci at i o n Of [t d n I] pl ac
r e t he t i p o f t he t o ngue agai n t t he, , ,
s

l o w e t eet h o r gum s and b i ng t he b ack o f t he t o ngue i n c o nt act w it h t he f o nt

r r r

p alat e as Sh o w n i n 15
, ; t y t o p o no un ce [t d n 1] as wel l as t hi s p o s it i o n pe m it s
r r , , ,
r ,

and t he res u l t w i l l b e t he art ic l at i o n o f [t d n l] Pro no un ce : [ti di u i l i ;

u , , , .
, , ,

te , de , ne , le ; ta, da, na, l a] .

The art i cu l at i o n o f p i s no t percept ibl y i nflu enced by a fo ll o w i ng

so ft v o w el , bu t a s l i ght gl i de i s o ften au d ibl e : [re , ra, ro , ru ] .

dent al befo re ft di ffer fro m ha

‘ ’
The s ibi l ant s , c and 3 , so v o w el s rd

0 and 3 m erel y b y a sl i ght l i s pi ng; the t i p o f the t o ngu e t o u ches t he

l o wer t eeth The gl i de i s hard l y no t i ceabl e : [s i , si , s e, ze, s a, za, s o ,
.

20, s u , eu ] .

Pro no u nce

[ti xo , di ta, n i , l it so , r i s , s i x , zi ma] To , nHTH, 1111 , 3114 110 , pHc B , CMXL

' '

[ tel o , d e l o , n et , l et o , r et k o s ert s s ] T BJI O, nhu o , H BT B , JI BTO, pi snrt o

’ ’ ’ ' ’
18—
19] LE SS ONS 17

[tapka So na lasBI rat sak] THIIR a, COHH, JI HCLI , pHJI B , OHHL

’

, , , ,

[to t ka kl ado t lo gak bi ro t so l a]

, , , ,
Té TR a, K JI aJIé TL , Her o n ,
'
6epeTB , cena '

[ turma du i i na nu xnu ru m k a] , , ,
TIO p B M a, nIOHcHHa, HIOXHy, pIOM K a .

3 . The L abi als , II, 6, M , (I

), B, do no t change thei r art icu l at i o n pro per
bef o re so ft v o w el s . N evert hel es s ,
t he t o ngu e as s u m es p al at al po s i t i o n
dur i ng t hei r u tterance , p al at al gl i de i nt erv enes bef o re H,
and a e, i s, 6, IO

bef o re H it is pract i call y i m percept ibl e .

Pro no u nce

[pi v o p e ck a pat aj e po tr] IIeTp s

'

IIe HH a, HHTo e ,
'

, , ,
III/IB O ,

[b i l bel BIj bo dra bu st ] OHJI B , 6i 3H BI H, 6é np a, 6IOCTB

' '

, , ,

[m i r m era mas o mo rl Ij ]
, , ,
MHp B ,
'
M s pa i
,
M Hco , M é p s n mfi

[ fi zi k a fep fo dar V i na vest] di n s HR a, (De6s (Deno p s , B HHa, B ee r s

' f '

, , , , ,

4 . After t he Velars , R, r , x , t he s o ft v o w el s H a nd 10 do no t o ccur

(12 A 1) e a fter v el ars is al w ays pro no u nced [e , ,

e ] ,
never t he

gli de i s befo re e, i s, b ut hard l y ev er bef o re H

au d i bl e

[gerp , k em , l u ge , dux s] r e p 6B , H BM E , Hyri s, nyxi s

' ’
.

18 . U nacce nt e d S o f t Vo we l s

U naccente d Io ret ai ns it s so un d: Io n a, cIo na [j ul a , su da] .

A ll o t her u naccent e d s oft v o wel s app ro ach m o re or l ess t he s o u nd

[11] i f i ni t i al , [i ] a fter co nso nant s . U naccented H, l ike u naccent ed a

a fter H, In (9 , is v ari abl e : A cco rd i ng t o t he rat e o f s peech it ranges

fro m [j s e] ,
i n sl o w , care u l u tt erance f to s l u rre d [j i i ] ,
. Ou r t ranscri p
ti o n u ses t he Si gn [j I I] , .

Pro no unce

[j i e pa j i m u j i dv a j i zda] , , , E B p o n a, eM y, eg B a, S ena
[de ri v o diri u ni m u ne é it ] nepeB o , net y, HeMy, B e HeTB
'

, , ,

a r —
[j d a d ro j IZ bIk j Irm o ] , , a a— a o , H3 BIH B
'

, Hp M O

[j o S j i i b l , so l a s i l o s to kl a]
, , , evict , ent sI , cé n a, ceJIo , cTé HJI a

19 Fi nal S o ft Vo we l s generall y preserv e t hei r qu al it y ev en w hen

.

u ns t res s ed , t ho u ghi n rap i d sent ence co nnect i o n final u naccent e d e , i s, and

even H, m ay s o m et i m es ap p e ar as [i ,
I ] . Fi nal accent e d e is al w ays

[j o ] w ith t he except i o n o f mice [u he]

’
al ready
‘
, .

[j i s 60 m aj o mina dada
'

po l e, u c 1li s c s ,
'

j ]
'

, , , , gav aru , ci t a u

ci ne, M oe, H o ne, yHHJI HIIIe , meHH, HHIIH, FOB o pIO , HH Ta

18 ELE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN GRAMMA R [20
X

IIE CHTLIII V POR I>

/ .
’

20 The . Hard and S o ft S ign s —1; and L , call ed em) o r TB epIIBIH

s nares [j er, t vo rd BI j z nak ] , an d em o r MHrR i H 3 HaR B [j er, mak j z nak ],

'
. I

are m ere s i gns o f p ro nu nci at i o n . In an earl y peri o d of the l angu age

"
I> w as a hard v o w el , s l u rred u , and B a s o ft v o wel , sl u rre di . A t present ,
'
I> deno tes t he no n al at al — hard , no rm al — art i cu l at i o n o f t he preced
p
-

i ng co nso nant , B i t s pal at al qu ali ty .

N OTE—The funct io n o f T be n a me el y negat ive o ne namel y t o Sho w t hat

. r , ,

t h p reced i ng c o n o nant i s no t p al at al i ze d it m i ght as w ll be d i sc a de d al t o get he

e s , e r r

as has been t he p ract ice o f s o me Ru ss i an p u b l icat i o ns fo m any ye a s In 19 18 r r .

t he S ov i et go ve nm ent decl a ed i ts c o m p l et e ab o l it i o n t o get he w it h o m o t h

r r ,
r s e er

se ns ib l e s i m pl ificat i o ns o f pe ll i ng b t fo an e l em nt a y b o o k i t seem s p ef
S ,ab l u r e r r er e,

fo t he t im e be i ng t o ret ai n t he o l d Spe ll i ng
r , .

With few except i o ns 1 o ccu rs at the end o f w o rd s Its effect i s t he

,
) .

s am e as that of a p al at al v o wel : The t o ngu e i s i n pal at al po s i t i o n d ur

i ng the u tt erance o f t he preced i ng co ns o nant The resu l t s are .

1 . The dent al st o p s , T and II, f o l l o w ed b y L b eco m e genu i ne pal at al

,

s t o ps , i n the sense des cribed i n 17 , 2 The [j ] gl i de , which i s v ery m arked ,

-
.

beco m es v o i cel ess i n final p o s it i o n ; i t i s i nd i cat ed by i n o u r t ran

scri pt i o n . Thi s v o i cel ess gl i de cl o sel y resem bl es a weak Germ an ch

as i n i ch, or Engli sh h i n hu man . M ed i ally i t i s ,

a very rap id hal f,

v o i ce d gl i de : cyTB , 6ynB , cyIIB 6a [su t , bu t , s u d b a] ; 6ynL Te

‘ ‘ ‘
[bu t s] .

2 . A l so II an d JI beco m e pu re p al at al s , j u st as befo re pal at al v o wel s,

bu t a sl i ght pal at al gli de (no t i nd icat ed i n t he t ranscri pt i o n) precedes
t hem : co m ) , p o m) ,
TOJI B R O , TOHB IHe , JI yHB , R OHB , HOHB R H [So l , ro l ,
‘

t o lko , t o n Se, 1un , k o n , ko nki ] ; co n s ,

R OHB s o u nd al m o st l ik e s oi l , co i n,

wi t h the i b arel y su gges t e d .

3 .
pb (rare) i s w eakl y t ri l l ed o r al t o gether u nt ri ll ed ,
'
and o ften pre
ced e d by a s l i ght gli de, li k e JI B and Hb : nyp b , naps [ du r ,
t sar] .

4 . Cb and 3 b are hard l y d i s cern ibl e fro m hard 0 and 3 There i s .

no perce pt ibl e gl i de , bu t o nl y a sl i ght pal at al affect i o n o f t he prece d i ng

v o wel The s am e i s t ru e o f HB , 6 B , (1 15 ,
B E, MB : . M o cs rca, Pyes ,
R p OB B , O65
, ce
M B [ m o s k a, ru s , k ro f, 0p , s e m ]
5 Aft
.

. er r , R , x , 11 t he so ft Si gn d o es no t o ccu r ; a fter Ht ,
111, H, In i t

is very rare and has no ef ect f what ever .

Prono u nce :
“

(1) [su t dat m at do c ro S il lubof ]

‘
ro l , dan, krof,
‘ ‘ ‘
, , , , ,
ko n , ui ,

(2) cyTB naTB M aTL JIO I B , , ,

‘
, po ms , R OHB , pOJI B , naHB , R pOB b ,

y HHTL , JIIO 60B B .

21] LE SS ONS 19

21 The Pal at ali z ati o n

. o f Vo w e l s .
—The p al at al i z i ng i nfl u ence o f
t he so ft v o wel s and t he so ft S ign ex ten ds even b eyo nd t he p rece d i ng

co nso nant : It affect s the v o wel o f t he preced i ng s yll abl e .

1 .
pro no u nce d [ e ]
3, e, is are i nstead o f [ e] , thu s m o v i ng i n t he
di recti o n o f [1] w i thi n the v o w el t ri angl e :
‘ ’
. 3 To , ceHTa, hows
”

,
deny
[ et o ,
j est j edu ] but am ceM epo ceM B ecTL i scTB S neM T
s ekt a, , , , , , , ,

[ e ti s e m i ra s e m j e s t j e s t j e di m ] ‘ ‘
,
.
, , , ,

2 V ry m any Rus i ans p o no un ce a be fo e h a d v w l s (i n t he n xt syll ab l e)

. e s r r r o e e

l ike Fr nch a i n pas but a b fo

e s o ft v o w el s l ik F
,
nch a i n l a Wit h t he fo m e
e re e re : r r

s o u nd t he b ack o f t he t o ngu e i s s l i ght l y rai sed w it h t h l at te

, t he f o nt O t an , e r, r . ur r

s c ipt i o n d oes no t i nd icat e t hi

r d i t i nct i o n w hich i b y no m eans gene al ly bs s ,
s r o

se rve d ; ho w eve a t ai ne d ea w i ll o fte n pe ce ive t he d iffe en ce be t w n b ack a

‘ ’
r, r r r r ee -

i n a c T g ap o M
B H o na and f o nt a i n aJI 6yM nap HHHH
'
B ,
'
B ,
r
‘
r -
’
B
'
B ,
s , .

3 .
y, w el l m arke d p al at al gl i de (20, 2) bef o re p al at al
0, e , 10 s ho w a -

H and JI , b u t b efo re o t her co nso nant s the i r p al at al affect i o n i s hard l y

no t i ceabl e ; t he co nt rast bet w ee n B OHL and B OH B , B OJI B an d B OJI B , i s ’ ’

qu i te obv i o u s, bu t t he shade of d i fference bet ween 0 61. an d C6L , To rrR a

and TOIIB , i s hard t o d etect : [v 0n ,

v o n , v o l , v o l , Op , 0p , t o pk a, t o p ] .

The v o wel s H an d LI are no t affecte d by any fo ll o w i ng so u nds .

B efo re H and III t he pro nu nci at i o n o f accent ed e , is is al w ays [e ] ,

nev er [ e] ; befo re Ht , 111, II, JI R i t i s al w ays [ e] ,

nev er e [ ]
B e Hep B
'

, He HR a, pB
’
‘I
R a, B eIIIB , 6 13H1Hm s , 6 13m m, 6 13JI R H
’ ’

[v e c i r
'

p e é ka, re c k a, be i IS, bel k a, bel k i ]

' ' '

, ve s c, .

Pro no u nce

[e ti , t ekst , ti p e r, d av o lno ]
et at , 3 TH , 9 TOTB
'

,
TeRCT I)
'

,
TenepB , HOB OJIB HO
[ abet , ve t , xate t , s m atre t ] EJIL ,
‘ ‘ ‘
XOT BTB , CM OTp BTB
’ ’
B
’

[sm atr el , za me ti li , m n s , at vet ] cM OTp BH L , M H E, O TB

’
BTB
' '

[ atve ti t di re v na, de ri v a, BTHTB , nepeB HH , nepeB o , neHB

‘
, de n] OTB
'

So n, s o na, dan, dan] 1113310 , Infan t , COH I) , OOHH, Hans , naHB ' f
.

XI

OIIHHHA IIIIA TBIH V POR I)

’

RE VIE W

I The General P ri nci p le o f pal at ali zat i o n : The t o ngu e t en ds t o

.

’—
as su m e t he p al at al p o s i t i o n t i p t o w ard l o w er teet h, su rf ace t o u chi ng
‘

the fro nt hal f o f the hard p al ate .

II S oft or P alatal Vowels : H, e , i s, H, e , 10

. . .
20 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RA M MAR [21
A . Init i al— A ccented [j i j e j a j o j u ]
, , , , . U naccented : H [j I] ,

[j i ] z
’
HM b ’

, ep s
f

,
E Hy, 111
1s
'

, ears , Io r c
s; a o, eprfi
r, S ena .

(e i s al w ays accent e d; in u n accente d p o s i tio n i t i s re pl ace d by e

B .
—
M ed i al Pal at ali zat i o n o f Co nso nant s .

1 . T, n, JI , H fo l l o wed by so ft v o wel s beco m e genu ine pal at al s ,

t ran
scri be d by [t, d , n, l] ; the i t alic t ype s i gni fies b o th t he change o f art i cu »

l at i o n and t he p al at al gl ide a fter the co nso nant .

2 .
p, c, 3 ,
H, 6, I
( ), B, M re m ai n v i rt u al l y u nchange d , b ut a s l i ght

[j ] gl i de i s heard bef o re t he v o w el (i ndicated by i t ali c t ype fo r the co n

-

s o nant : ) p i snrco , IIé Tps 3315

61 1171, M Hco , [r et k0
'
B eCTB
'

, ,

po t r, be l BIj , mas o , fo d ar, ve st ] .

3 The gli de b efo re [ i ] i s hard l y percept ib l e ,

. except a ft e r T, n, H
[ ti x o , di ta, ] bu t [piL
w o , s i x] .

C . Fi nal— Fi nal so ft v o w el s are u nchange d even w hen u ns tress e d

IIHHH, s n
aHi e , [dada ,
z dan i e, j po l e, d el aj u] .

III The S oft S i gn The hard

. . s i gn ,
'
L, m erel y d eno t es the ab sence

o f p al at ali z at i o n ; t he so ft s i gn, B, p alat al i zes fi nal (rarel y m edi al )

co nso nant s :

Vo i cel es s gli de after TB , mu , 6yHB [j e s t

‘
1 .
,

2 HB and H E are d i st i nctl y p al at al , p L , 0L ,

. 3 E are sl i ght l y pal at al ,
t he o t her co nso nant s befo re L are no n pal at al -
.

3 The p al atal aff ect i o n o f

.
[O ,
u ] i s d i st i nct b efo re HB , 31 5 bu t
,
v ery

s li ght b ef o re o ther co nso n ant s an d 5 .

IV . P alatali zati o n o f Vowels . A cce nte d e, B,

"
3 b efo re p al at al s
[j e ] befo re p al at al s i s Oft en fro nted (l i ke French
‘ ’
, e . .
A ccented a, H
i n l a) Other v o wel s Sho w a sl i ght p al at al gli de : STH, BcTB ,
"
a . ecTB ,

ceM B , naps , HHHH , TOJI B HO, PyeB .

Practi ce

[l o S , dv e ri , 21vu Sé ij e, s lo z sr, z vo d I, s pas i , m i na, t o lko , j ij o j e j

, ,

JIODR B , nB epH , Ht HB yIIIee , cné s B I , 3 B 1

3 B IIBI , cnac
’
'
H, M eHH, TOJI B HO, ee , eH,

pti t s , m n e , pri j ut , ti ba, ve ti r, z aSci ti ,

’

[ pi i alnaj a pu ti ,
‘
, s e rt s e, pu t ,

He HaH B HaH, cé pnne, HyTB , nyTH, HTHIIB M R E, HpIIOTL , Te6H, B e Ti spB , 3 a

' ’ ' '

[prasba ba, znaj iS, v dv aj o m , atve ti li , bu diS, gl av o j u , sto i t]

‘
, su d

IIIH TH, Hpo cs 6a, cynB 6a, 3 Haem s , BIIB o eM s , OTB BTI/IJI H, 6ynem s , FJI aB OIO ' ’

{tv ai m , j imi ,
ani , at é a I a s , j nacI l o ,
V

nai al o , gav ari l i , bratI m ,

CTOI/ITL TB OHM B , HMH, OHH , OT HaHH i e , HaHaJI o , Ha HaJIo , F OB OpHJI H,
’ '

[st anl s ,
zi m la, ze m lu ]
6 paTB HM B , ’
cTaHem B , s eM JI H, s eM JI IO .
22] LE SS ONS 21

XII

IIB B HA JIIIA TLII/I V POR B

’ ’

X
TE T II
YHHJIH Ine i l i s Ce
'

ut
V

OTO 6OJI I>Ino e s naHi e —IIIR OJI a HJI H et a b alSo j e z dani j e Sko l a
H— yHH TeJI B M o e i li ué i liSé —
j a u ci ti l m aj o
'

y HHJI HnIe . . e . .

HM H M OH ( aM HJI i H b i ma Vl adi m i r ; m aj a fam i li j a

t
Iexo s s '
. B BI— y HeHHN B ;
'
OHa é exaf . V LI u é i ni k . ana

H u é i ni t s a j a ni u a V b I u c i ti s
'

y HeHHIIa .
y Hy, a B BI y HHTeCL . .
, .

B LI p yccR iH H BLI R B V BI x ati t e i z u é at j j IZ b l k

’
‘
x OTHTe H 3 y HaTL ru SkLI
'
. .

B OTB ’
M OH HHHr a . Or a HHHra vot m aj a kni ga; et a kni ga
pyccR aH paMM ét THRa B OTB pycc ru s k a a j gram ati k a v o t ru s k a
‘ '
I . .

R o aHFJI i HcR i HOJI OB apB

-
. M OH FpaM angl i s kB I j s l av ar m aj a gra
.

M aTHR a TOHR a H n e FHa, Ho MOII cn o/ m ati k a t ank a i li xka, no m o j -

B ap L 6OJI B III OH B am a Ter panB . TOH s l av ar balSo j . v aSa ti t rat t anka

‘

N a H H erR a . i l i xka .

I/I MB’

,
IZIXB
'

,
HJI H, XOTHTe , R HHFa j i m j i x i li
, , ,
xatj t s , kni ga
ecTB , TCTL , fairy,’ "
R ance , s naHi e j e s t j est j edu kako j e z dan1j e
‘
, , ,
’

H, HM H, M OH, pyOCR aH, 6OJI B IHaH j a i ma m aj a ru skaj a balSaj a

, , , ,

CB OGM B , Ht eJI TBIH m aj o j iSé o s v aj o m o l tBI j

’

M o e , eIIIe ,
g
’

, , ,

Hal o , R aR o , Hi an aro , FOB o pIo . d aj u k aku j u d el aj u gav aru

, , ,
.

Read bo th text co lu mn s rep eatedly;

the p ho neti c p racti ce fo ll ow read

i ng them; retu rn to the tex t and read i t u nti l you have achi eved p erfect
flu en cy Then cop y the left hand co lu mn
.
-
.

XIII

TPHHA IIIIA TBIH V BORE

— So t End in s H
G e nd e r .
f g .
( ard en dings ,
s ee

M ascu li nes Femi ni nes

y HHTeJI b TeTp anB
CJIOB apb nB epL do or
di aM HJI i H
’

re p OiI hero
6 o h fi ght apM i H army

N o u ns i n b o r ii are m asculi nes '

.

N o u ns i n a o r H are fem i ni nes .

N o u ns i nb are ei ther m ascu l i nes

’

or fem ini nes .

N o uns i n o e , MH are neuters , .

 E LE M E NTARY RUSSIAN G R AMMA R —
22 [23 24
23 . A d j e cti ve s —A ttri buti ve End ings .
(Pre di cat iv e e n d ings , se e

M asc . CHOB apB TOJI CTB

’
. TOHcTBIH cHOB ap B , H
c Hi H cJI OB apB .

Fem . RHHFa TOJIcTa TOJI cTaH R HHFa, oHHHH R HHFa . .

N eut BHaHie B BICOK O B u ccmo e s naHi e, cHHee s naHie

’

. . .

A BHaHie B BICORO The bui ldi ng i s hi gh

. .

Predi cat iv e adj ect i v es hav e pract i cal l y t he s ame en di ngs as no u ns

T, L —a ,
H— o , e .

a The pre dicat ive fo rm o f so ft ad j e ct ives , es pec i all y fo r t he m ascul i ne , 1s use d

.

very rarel y B OJI B IHOH and adj e ct ives i n cR i H (p yccrci H, aHr Hi Hcrci H) h ave no
.
-

pred icat i ve fo rms .

b N o t ice t hese accent t ype s o f p re d icat ive ad j ect i v es

.

The accent rem ai ns o n t he st m : no p O S HOp O a s no p O o heal thy e s

'
BE, B ,
B .

The fe m i ni ne s t res ses t he e nd i ng: M OJI OJIB M o n o na M OJI OIIO y ung; r n ano rcs ’

, , o
'

Tn anrca rn a nno ; HOB HO a HO O n ew '

,
B ,
B ,
B .

The ac ce nt i s o n t he l ast syl l ab le i n al l fo m s : m OR m OIca m OK O; B H COR B r

’
L, ,
'

B BIcORa B BIco rco; THQRé Jl b THHceJI a TM OJI O OCTé p B , o c a, o crp o; Tyna

' '

; TyII B
’

, , , , ,

TyIIO.

B B OTB TOJI GTBIH CJI OB a

’
.
pB .

TOHcTBIH i s an attribut i ve adj ect i ve . A ttri but i ve j

ad ect i v es hav e
these endi ngs fo r the N o m S i ng .

Hard : u h, (i ii ) o ii

S o ft : i ii

TOHcTBIH, TOJIcTaH, TOHcTo e

m OR i H, m OR aH, III I/Ip OR OO

60315
1116171, 6o n m aH, 6 OJI L IHOe

c Hi H, oH
H HHH, c Hee H

a . ccent o f att ribut ive ad j ect ives rem ains o n t he s ame syll able i n al l fo rms
The a .

b The h ard m ascu l i ne end i ng i s o ff if i t i s acce nte d

.
,
.

0 . A fte r r R x and III Ht H 111 t he e nd ing H E i s rep l ace d by i ii i n acc o rd ance

, , , , , ,

w it h 12 A 3 B ut b y anal o gy t hi s i H i s ge ne ral l y pro no u nce d [LIj ]

. Ve ry m any .

Russ i ans p ro no unce t he end ing LIH (i n) w it ho ut t he d ip ht ho ngal gl i de : [t o l st LI ,

Si ro k m] i nst ead o f B1j ] ,

-
.

24 . Po s s e s si ve Pro no uns

MOH MO H TeTp anB my

’

l st perso n cno s aps Ho e Hep c)

Ha m Hama name our

2d perso n Ba l m . Bé ma 3 3 me yo ur
3d pers o n each w as? onc e hi s , her, i ts .
24 E L E M E N TARY RUSS I AN GR AMMA R [2 5 —26

N OTES
B ce rna: B befo e v o icel es s s o unds [f] ;
r t he s uf fix -
rna i s generall y pro no un ced
[y d a] : R o rna, To rna .

Ho manyfi cr a: Co nt racte d t o [p ai al st a] i n p ro nu nci at i o n .

Practi ce
[i ] yHHTeJIB , y HeHHR B , II O HT H, HH TaeMB , cHacH60
' '
.

[e ] é TH , Tenep B , Hp 0H3 H0m é Hi e , M é nJIeHHo , éa .

[ e] 3T0, Ham e , TeR CTB '

,
FOB o p HTe .

[a] Hano , B cerna, H, HOHHM aeTe, cn pam HB aTB .

[0] cHOp o , yp OR B , OHeHB , HTo , ll aé TB

' ’
.

[u ] pyccrci H, on ym aro p neHB , FOB o pIO, 6J1ar o nap10

' '

, .

[b l ] no a
B BI, fiI , Rc HBIH .

cnp am HB a .

N 0TE —H be i ng t he t yp ical
.
,
'

p al at al v o w el , is alw ays so ft ,
BI al w ays hard .

XVI
IIIECTHA IIIIA TBIH YPOR b
’

2 5 ; Pre s e nt Ind i cati ve —Learn these parad i gm s ; ex pl anat i o n wi l l

fol l o w .

0HT , 0Ha, 0 H6

' '
ILB JIae M B nh n ae r e
’ ’ '

6yIIe M B '
6yne To
naemL naeTe
' '

'

~
r 0B 0p HM L '
r0 B 0p HTe
End i ngs

26 Impe rati ve
.

’ ’ ’
’
ni a n aiITe , HOHHM aiITe , FOB o p IITe .

Wri te the s ame forms for the fo llowi ng verbs

a . Li ke nt
’
n aro : cJI yIH a cIIp aInHB a O TB EHa O
II HHM a HHTa

OOL HCH
'
H Hs yHa B s rs bI B a

b . Li ke I OB OpIOZ
‘
6J1ar o nap yH (the latter i n -
y, i n s tead of
-
10 ,

acco rdi ng to 12 A 1; the accent is on the endi ng in the 1s t s i ng , . on

the s te m i n the o ther forms)

’
 LE SS ONS 2 5
XVII

CE M HA JIIIA TBIH V POR L

’

B o npé cu

RTO yHHTE , y HHTeJI B ?

t ’
1 H HTO y HH TcH ? 2 ITO nt n ae TB
'

5T
. .

3 .HTO nt '
n aeTB y HeHHIIa?
'
4 . q TO B BI XOT HTe H 3 y HaTB ? . O

B Op HTB JI H y HHTeH B IIO aIIFJI i HcN H ? 6 q

' - -
. TO B BI

Ho rna y HHTeJI L HTB ?

’
HS JI aeTe, To B Op 7 OTB B‘I é eTe H H B BI
' ’
. . 110

pyccrt H ? 8 . OTB EHaeTe JI H B EI Ho -

aHrJI i HcR H? 9 . Hart s '
Hano
HO HTH B cer na? I OB o pHTB y HHTeJI L
‘
cnbp o ?
’

FOB o pII TL 10 .
'
JI H 11 .

no mmrfiI
t '
ITO B BI JI lS JI aTB , é cJIH
’
B LI He H OHHM ae Te ? 12 .
r
I TO B BI

FOB o p HTe , Ro ma B BI He HOHHM aeTe ? 13 HTO ni a n aer t y HHTeJIB , ’

5
.

R o r naB BI cnp amHB aeTe ? 14 . HTO B LI FOB o p HTe HOTOM B? 1 Hart s '
.
'

OHb H
’
STOT B yp OR b ? p neHT JI H JI H Hero n s ? 16 t
ITO nia n a
' ’ ’ '
. B BI

eTe, R o m a B B I H3 y HaeTe yp OR B ? 17 IIepeB OIIHTe JI H B BI RaHt HBI H

'
.

yp ORs ?
'
18 . XOpOIII OJI H TenepB B am e Hp 0H 3Ho mé Hi e

XVIII

B OCE M LHA IIIIA TLII/I V POR B

’

TE T IV X
B e IIIH B B III IcOJI I; f
'
’
Sc 1 Sko l a
’V
' '
ves

BE Ham e HR o MHaTB Hatbenpa ’

, cTOJI B ,
'
v naSej ko m nat s kafi dra, s to l ,

K n accHaH no crca H . T .
11 .
(H Tam ) na kl as naj a d as ka i t ak dali j e .

Jr he ) Ha . S TOM b
’
CTOJI B R HH r a,
’
Na na et a m st al e kni ga, k arand aS
paHHaIIIB H Hepo
'
. Bs '
CTOJI
’
B HHII/IR B , '
i p i ro f st al e j aSci k , i
.
'

v et am

H B B S TOM B HHI I/I R B M BJI B H 6yM ara j aSé i k e m el i bum aga

' ' ’ ' '
. .

V HHTeJI B CHHK TB Ha cB o é M B 60311 ué i ti l s i di t Ii a sv a o m j bal

' '
.

IIIOM B R peCJI
' ’
B; H ont Ha M aHeHB R o H So m k r e s l e ; j a si i u na m ali nk o j
cR aM eHR h HHH Ha IIp OCTOM B cTyJI i s Sk ame j ke i li na pras to m s t u l s
’ '
. .

Y HH TeJI B B cTaé TB H JIé T I R T HJI acc ué i ti l fst aj o t i '

I/I
'
) ) i do t k kl as no j
Ho H no crrh OHb net HTB B b pyR T d as k e
. o n d eri i t v ru k e m el ;
’ ' ’
. .

OHB HI/IIII OTB Ha S TOI/I no crci s o n p i SI t na et o j d ask e

' ‘

' '
. .

Y HeHHR B II I/IIII OTB Ha OlSJI OI/I 6yM ari ; u é i ni k p i Si t na bel o j b u maga i li

’
' ’ ’

HJI H B b cB o eH TeTp anH ’

Ro ma M EI f sv aj ej ti tradi k a yd a m i p i . .
'

HHI IIOM B , Hama 6yM ara H emHTB Ha Si m , n aSa b um aga l i t l t n a na

' '
' '

HaIHOM B CTOJI lS ’ ’
. Si m st al e .
26 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GRAMMAR [ 27
CTOJI B ’
CTOHTB
'
Ha Ho a
ry . E T) on s to l s t ai t na pal u . v adno m

HO B M ’

yrny CTOI/ITB
’
HI K aI Ib ’

,
H BB
’
ugl u st ai t Skap , i v et a m Skapu
6yM ar a, li i l t bu m aga, p i ro i k arandaS
' '

S TOM B IIIR aII y JI eHcH TE Hep o

’ '
.

B yM ara bum aga pri nadli i l t u ci ni ku ,

’

H R ap aHIIaIIIE '
. Hp HHaIIJI e

HcHTE y HeHHR y,
'
a R ap aHIIaIHE HpH
'
a karandaS pri nadli i l t u é i ti lu .

HaIIJI t ’
I/IT I: y HHTeJI Io . Y HHTeJI E U i i ti l d aj o t k arandaS et a mu
naeTE
'
R ap aHIIaIII E
'
3 T0My y HeHHR y; u é i ni ku ; on d aj o t p i ro et o j ui i
OHL naé TE IIep o 3 T0H y HeHHIrh ni t s e
’ '
. .

Ro rna M EI IIp HXOII I/IM B

'
R b HaIIIeMy
’
k a7 da m EI pri xo di m k naSIm u
y HHTeJI Io HJI H Rb npyry, M EI FOB Op u i i ti lu i l i g d ru gu , m EI gav ari m
’

i k a7 da m EI u xo
“ ” “ ”
E MT: 3 np c TB yHTe ,
H Ho rna M EI z dras tv u j t s ,
“ “
di m , m EI gav ari m d a sv i danij a
’
yo IHM E , M EI
'
POB OpI/IM b
’
IIO
,
OB Hna

Hi H
”
H H H “
IIp o nIaHTe
”
. i li

N OTES
BE '
CB o e ME , B cTae Te , IcE
' '
npyry: A ss i m i l at i o n (11 , 1 a, d) .

CTO HTE : Remember h

t at H i s p ro no u nce d w it h [j ] gl i de
-
o nl y i n t he w o rds
E xE , HM E ,
'
HM H '
.

S HpRB cTB yHTe : In t he gro up HGTB , t he fi rst B i s general ly s i lent .

Pract i ce
6—[b] 6yM ara, [b] JI EI H, [ p] r py6E
'
.

P— [g] R HrI r a [7 ] R o ma [ k] M OPB [x ] JI ePR O

’
’
.
, , ,

—
JI [ d ] no cR a [d] OHHHTE [t ] Ham [ t] , ,
)
,
TeTp anE .

B — [v ] B B H am eH [f] B E cB o é H
' '
.
,

3 — [z ] 3 np c TB yHTe [ s] II B b
’
/ .
,

—
II [p ] H HTE .

K —[k] HapaHnam E [x ] HTO ,

.

T — [t] 3To [t] y HHTeJI E ,

.

A CCE N T — Co ns t ant , c are ful o b serv at i o n and p ract ice are t he o nl y s afe w ay
o f l e arnm g t he Ru ss i an acce nt Re ad t he ri ght h and c o l u m n o ver and o ver agai n .
-

co vering t he p ho net ic t e xt w it h a st rip o f p ape r, unt i l yo u p l ace all accents

c o rrect l y w it ho ut hes it at i o n .

H H II Y R
’
L
‘

IIEB T A IIIIA TLI / PO

27 The Lo cati ve Case i nd icates the pl ace w here s o m ethi ng i s ; i t i s

.

al w ays u s e d i n co nnect i o n w it h cert ai n p re p o s it i o ns and i s t heref o re

al so call e d the P rep os i ti onal Cas e .

28] LE SS ONS 27

M as c . N eu t .

N OU N S
(Ha) Ha R pé cH I;
’
cr o n h
’ ’
BE

cc h y HII JI HIIII;
’
B E K na
’ '
BE

BE HIIIHH I; '
Ha

Ha Iro n y B E s naHi H
"

BE yIU I ) 0 6E EM eHII

PRON OU N S A N D A D J ECTIVES

Ha Ha é rofi
BE BE

BE BE
’ '

BE Ha 6E JI 017I
BE Ha

End i ngs
M N . .

N o uns
Pro no u ns and A dj ecti v es

The fo ll ow i ng t ake H
a . Fem ini nes i n E and neuters i n MH (Te TpanH HMeHH) ,
.

b Fe m i nines i n i H and neut ers i n i e acc o rd i ng t o 13 B ((baMHJI i H s naHi H)

.
, , .

The e nd i ng i al w ays acce nt e d o cc u rs w it h a nu m ber o f m asc u l i ne s after t he

, ,

p re p o s it i o ns B E an d Ha (B E yr ny Ha 6ep e ry On the s ho re)

, .

28 The D at ive i s the

. case o f t he i nd i rect j
o b ect ; it is al s o requ i re d
by cert ai n prepo s it i o ns .

M as c . N eu t .

N OU N S
Hard : y HeHHRy R pé cny
5
y HHJI HIIIy
y HHTeJI Io II OJI IO

PRON OU N S A N D A D J ECTIVE S

é To my STOH
Ham e My, cB o e M y 1
Ham e fi , CB Oé H
IIIHp OR OMy IIIHp OR Oii
 E LE M E NTA R Y RUSS I AN GR AMMAR

E nd i ngs M N . .

N o u ns
Pro no u ns , A d j ecti v es

Fo rm the lo cati ve and dati ve s i ngu lar of all n ou ns i n texts I , a nd II ,

add i ng a su i table adj ecti ve or p ron o u n to each no un RE Ham eM y

CTOJI y ,
Ha HameM y

lIB A JIIIA TLIP

I V B ORE
B o npOcEI
'

THE B EI TeIIé p E ? 2 HTO eCTE B E HameH

1 R JI QCCHOI/i R oM Ha
i

5H
. .

3 HTO ecTE Ha cTOJI E ? 4 F111; HIIIHR E ?

'
TE? . . . TO eCTE BE

HmHRE? 6 . THE cHIIHTE y HHTeJI E ? 7 . CHHHTe JI H B EI TOHt e Ha

Hpé cJI E? 8 . Ryna HneTE y HHTeH E ? 9 .

t
ITO OHE né t HTE BE

pyreE ? 10 E TO HHIIIeTE Ha no cHE , H HTO HHIII eTE Ha 6yM ar E?

’ ’
.

II HIII eTe JI H B EI Ha no c
’
11 . ? 12 THE B am a Ter p anE , R o rna .

H
B EI H IIIeTe ? 13 THE CTO HTE CTOJI E ? 14 I
I TO cTo HTE BE yrn y?
5
. .

1 . HTO n emHTE B E IIIR aIIy? 16 . ROMS’ HpHHaIIJI t HTE 6yM ar a BE

mR aIIy? 17 . ROM y II pHHanJIt HTE ROM )? R ap aHnamE ? 18 .

ROMy naeTE y HHTeJI E R ap aHnaInE H ’

nep O? 19 . q TO B EI TOB Op HTe,

R o ma B EI HpHXOIIHTe R B B am eM y p ry ? 20 Ro rna FOB OpHTe
’
. B EI
“ ”
IIO CB HnaHi H ?

JIB A IIIIA TL IIEPB EIH V B ORE

X
TE T V
IIHcaHi e p i sanl j s

BE HaHaJI E ypOR a v n acal e u ro k a u c1ti l V EIZ EIv a

'

y HH TeJI E B EI

3 EI B aeTE H E K n accno H 110c y HeHH t u i i ni ka i li u é i n i ts u k kl as no j

R a HJI H y HeHHIIy . V HHTeJI E OTOHTE d as k e . u é i ti l st ai t v o z l e akna .

B OR Ha
B OBJI Z OHE OTR pEI B aeTE cB OIO o n at k rEIva j it sv aj u kni gu i fs lu x
'
.

é i taj it p i SIt at u é i ni k
' '

R HI/IPy H HH Tae TE B cJI yXE B o np o cE . v apro s .

Y HeHHR E Ro rna k a7 da o n d e l aj i t aSi p ku ,

'

HH IneTE OTB ETE . vet .

HEJI aeTE OIIIH 6R y, ué i ti l p aprav laj i t j i j o

‘

OHE y HHTeJI E no .

p ato m u é i ti l apat zakrEI vaj i t

‘
n p aB JI HeTE ee IIOTOM E y HHTeJI E
.

OHHTE 3 aR p EI B aeTE HHHFy H O6E Hc kni gu i a i sna j it nOV EI j u ro k

HHeTE HOB EIH yp OR b

’
6e3 E bes kni gi .
29] LE SS ONS 29

V y HH TeJI H pyccR iH y He6HHR E H u ui i ti la ru s kEI j u é e b ni k i

i H e6 ru s k EI j s l av ar ; u u ci ni ka u é e b
'

pyccrc cJI O B ap E ; y y HeHH R a y H

HHHE , TeTp anE H IIep o . M EI HHIIIeM E ni k , ti t rat

i p i ro
‘
. m EI p i Si m
B E TeTp anH IIe p OM E , a Ha 6yM M E Ha ‘
f ti t radi p i ro m , a na b u m aga

p i SIm k arand aSo m v m est o

'

cr o IIHIIIeM E Hap aHnaIIIOM E B M EcTo cas t o

Ha iro a M EJIOM E p i ra; n a d as k e p i Si m m el am

'

IIep a; HHIIIeM E . .

Ro ma M EI IIHIIIeM E ypOR B , M EI ’
B EI ka7 da m EI p i SIm u ro k , m EI
V EInIm aj i m j as ci ka ti t rat i li
v v

HH M aeM E H 3 E HU IHR a TeTp aIIE

‘
HHH 1z

6yM ary H R n ané M E ee Ha cTOJI E . II H bu m agu i kl ado m j i j o na sto l .

IHeM E IIp aB o H pyHo H H nepHcHM E 6y pi Si m pravo j ru ko j i d eri i m bu

M AI y HEROE p yR OH Y Me m agu l ev o j ru ko j u mi na f k ar
’
‘
. I BE Hap .

M aHE HOHcHR E ; Ro ma M OH R ap aH m an e no i i k ; k a7 da m oj k aran

namE TyII E , H B EIHHM aIO HOHQHRB H3 E
’
d aS tu p , j a V EIni maj u no i i k i s
Hap maHa H HE EIO R ap aHnamE HOHQH k arm ana i ci nu karandaS no i i
' '

RO ME . kam .

N OTES
PRE P OSITION s —B E , Ha re qu re t he locati ve w en rest i s de no t e d , b ut t he
. i h
h
a ccus ati ve w en m o t o n i s de no te d : i
R ap aHnamE Ha CTOJI E , B E R apM aHE
’
.

K n any R ap aHnamE Ha CTOJI E , B E Hap M aHE

'
.

i i
RE re qu res t he dat ve : V He HHR E Hné TE R B HHé COHo H no cIt E
’ '
.

B o ard }, 6 e 3 E , H3 E , B ME cTo , y re qu re t he ge n t ve :
' ’ '
B OB JI E OR Ha,
6e3 E R HHFH, i ii
H 3 E R ap M aHa, B M E cTO Hep a V M eHH I have, y y HHTeJIH the teacher has
’ -
. .

Pract i ce
— — HHH, y HHTeJI E , TOJI EHO
JI [l ] HaHéIJIo , HJI accE [l] HaHaJI E, .

—
p [r] p yccR i H, 3 aR p E1B ae TE , R ap a
M HE —
[r] Hap E , Xap E N OB E .

— Hap aHnam E — [n] E H, R HHr a, y HeHH

H [n] Ha ,
HaHaJIO , R apM aHE , HE ,

Y I COHH R b
’
I
u

M— [m ] —
[m]
’ ’
M EI , 6yM i1r a, B EIHHM aeTE B M E cTo , M E JIOM E .

XXII

II II I
B A I A TE B TOPOI/I V B ORE
29 . The G e ni ti ve co rres p o nd s t o t he E ngli s h po ss ess i v e and is
requ i re d by cert ai n prep o s it i o ns .

M as c .

Hard : BE HaHaJI E yp ORa

H3 E R apM aHa

So ft : y y HHTeJI H
H
y rep OH
 End ings

Hard
S o ft

Neuters i n MH t ake H: HMeHH .

30 Vo we l Vari at i o n
.

No m .
no cx a, R HHr a, py6axa (s hi rt) , naHa (vi lla) , R Oma (s ki n) , Rama (po rri dge) .

Gen .
no crcII , HHHI H, p y6axn, 11
’
'
,
R OHcH,m Ba um .

f
A t er all vel ars (H, r , ) and x afte r t he s ibi l ant s H ,
111, m , H: (but f ) i
no t a te r 11 Er s
c
rep l a ed b y H Co mp are 12 A 3
. .

3 1 The A ccu s ati ve i s the

. case o f t he d i rect o b ect ;j it i s al s o re

qu i red by cert ai n prepo siti o ns .

Thi ngs Perso ns

M YHHTeJI E OTR pEIB aeTE OJI OB apE
yHeHHRfi
.

B E13 EIB a
.

OHE eTE
Y HHTeJI E HHTaeTE B OIIp OCE
.

F Y HHTeJI E OTR pEIB aeTE HHHFy

y eHHny
. .

OHE B E13 E1B aeTE H

V HHTeJI E OTN pEIB aeTE TeTp anE
.

N Y HHTeJI E OTHpEI B aeTE OR HO

. .

En d i ngs :

Thi ngs
A ni m at e B ei ngs

Fem inines i n E have t he ac cusat ive l ike t he no m inat ive .

32 The Ins trume nt al

. deno t es the m eans by which so m ethi ng

d o ne ; i t i s al so req u i re d by cert ai n prepo s it i o ns .

M . F .

pyR OiI 610 )

’

Hap aHnaIII OM E -

y H eJI e E
H T M'
f
( i aM HJI i e H (ero )
Hapté ME Te Tp aIIEIo

E nd i ngs

Hard
S o ft

Fem ini ne : The abbrev iate d end ing c h ,

e ff i s mu ch m o re fre quent t han t he full
e nd i ng 010 ero Fem inines i n E t ake E10
,
. .
32 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GRAMMAR

1 . Wri te the si ngu lar p aradi gms of the fo llowi ng no uns : Hep o, CTyJI E ,

s naHi e , Hap aHnamE , CTOJIE , HMH, HOTOJI OR E (gs . II O TOJI R a; o i n the

l as t syl l abl e is o mi tted in all o bli qu e cases ) ,
Hanna, RH Hr a, no cR a,
IIIR OJI a, y HeHHIIa, OR HO, Te Tp aIIE .

2 . A dd a s ui table ad ecti ve j to the n o mi nati ve, l ocati ve, and dati ve o f

each o f thes e no uns; s u bs ti tu te a p ossessi ve o r demons trati ve p ro no un for
e ach adj ecti ve .

3 U s e the fo llo wi ng no un and verb fo rms i n sentences

. HHHFy ,

Hep OM E HH Tae TE III R aHE IHR aIIy ne t

, _ y y HHTeJIIO FOB o pIO MEJI E
, , , , , , ,

M E JI OM E , JI E B OH, p yHOH,
’ ’
naeTE , Hp HXOIIHTE , OR Ha, yp OHa, 6y a E,
M I‘

HOHt I/IR L , TeTp anH , OTR p EIB aeM E

’
. .

IIB A IIIIA TE IIHTEIH V B ORE

TE T VI X
YTpo u t ro

H 0 6EIR H0B e HHo B cr aro BE m eo r E ja ab Ik nave n a fs t aj u f Ses t

‘

HaCOB E yTpa . I/Iny BE B aHHo H é rs o f u t ra . i du v v annu u j i

R yIIa cE HJI H M OIOCE XOJI OIIHOH B o ku paj u s i li m o j u s x al o d no j va

IIOHJI ETOM E , a Té IIJI OHB OIIOI/I 3 HM 010 j v ado j zi m oj u . d o j l et am , a tOpl o .

‘
q y 3 y6EI 3 y6Ho i1 IneTO HR o H II E IO é i Sé u zu bEI z ub no j Si o t ai k o j p u
’

. .

OTaR a HE HHcTo H XOJI OIIHOH B OHEI s t akan é i s t o j x al o d n o j v adEI . .

E p hIOCE 6e3 01I acHo H 6p HTB o H H IIp H

’
bre j u s biz apas no j b ri t v o j i p ri
Hé CEIB aIO B OJI OcEI 60JIEIIIHM E r p e 6 COS BI V aj U v o l as sI b alSIm gre b
V ' '

HeM E H FOJI OB HOH IIIé TR OH M ent ny nim i gal av no j Sco t k o j m eé du

’
'

. .

T BM L H OTOIO Hep enE p

’ ’
I JI b IM b s ep t ern j a st aj u p i rit k ru gl EI m z e r
‘ ’

HaJI OM E R OTo p o e B HCHTE Ha cTEHE k al am k ato raj e vi s i t na s ti n e

, ,

B aHHo H . v anno j .

OnEB aIOCE B E CB o eH cnaJI E HE adi v aj u s f sv aj ej Spaln e . .

OHEB a HHcTo py 6 ax y H HH cT EI H a d i v aj u é i s t u j u ru b ax u i é i s t EI j
B Op OTHIIR B R asIt no e yTp o B E 06 v aratni k kai d aj e u t ro v 0p
'
/ . .

meM E TyaJI eTE y M eHH II po IIOJIHt aeT Sé i m t u al et u m i na pradal i aj it

CH IIOJI Haca IIOCJI E TyaJI eTa H s a pa161sa
.
po s l e t u al et a j a z a .

s axo my B E cTOJI OB o H cancc 3 a x ai n f s t al o v u j u i s ai ns z a s to l .

CTOHE EcJI H 3 aB TpaRE eIIIe He r o

. j e s li zaftrak j i Sé o ni gato f j a ,

ci t aj u u tri nnu j u gaz et u

’

TOB E H HHTaIO yTp eHHIOIO ras eTy

,
. .
 LE SS ONS 3

3a 3 aB Tp aR 0M E H 0 6EIR HOB eHHo z a z aftrak am j a abEIk navenna

é aSku tOpl av a caj u i li s takan
‘
Ham R y
'

H E IO TenJI ar o M OJI OR a HJI H p u

EM E nB a garacrv a m al aka i j em d v a
’

cTaR aHE r o pH Har o Haro H

HHna H B c RE XJI E6a cE M acJIOM E .

t s a i ku so k x l eb a s m as l am .

H B cerna H EIo CB OH HaH 6es E cax ap y; j a fs i7 da p u sv o j i aj

‘
bi s s axaru ;

He 111061110 cJI anHaro Haro ni l u blu sl at k av a Caj u

'

. .

N OTES
yTpa A t s i x
’
BE III e CTE HaCOB E o clo ck i n the m o rni ng .

HH (B aHHaH , 0 6E1HHOB é HHo ) is ge neral l y p ro no u n ce d as a l engt hene d co ns o nant

(s i m i l ar t o fi nal n i n man ,
can ) .

116 10 :
3 111 Ins t ru m e nt al of t mei (HocHOH in s p ri ng, Oce H E Io i n fall ) .

bet ween co nso nant and v o wel

II B IO : E i s p ro no unced as a d i st i nct [j ] gl i de , -

hal f vo iceless after a v o ice les s co nso nant :

-

He 11106 1116 cnanxaro Halo : (1)

~ I
5
1 110 , caxapy, i rrre gul ar ge n t ves , see 1
] 14, 4 ii .

(2) Wit h negat ive verbs t he d i rect o bj ec t st ands i n t he gen t ve nste ad o f t he ao ii i

cu s at i ve; 2b .

Practi ce

1 . The S i bil ant s : III ecr E , 60 11EIHHME ,

. Hanm a, HEI H, Mé c y, Rc

s axo m y , cam c ,
HacOB E , Hp HHé cEI B aro , IIOJI Haca, FOpHHi H, HaH,

HHIIIy , Iné TO HR a, 06111eM E , ci ne:

2 . e: H
I e TR a, IneTO HR a, H p HHeCEIB aIO , e me .

e 1s generall y pro no u nced [j o ] when i t i s accent e d and f o l l o w ed by

a s yll abl e w i t h a hard v o wel , Fi nal accent ed e is al w ays [j o ,
o ] w i th
t he exce pt i o n o f t he wo rd s yHt é
‘
al rea dy ’
and B o o 61né
‘
i n general
’

[ u i e , v a- ap i é e ] .

N OTE .
—I
co unt s as a ha d vo wel :
’
> r Hne TE , HHaHe TE . E xcept io ns fro m t he rule
are chie fly t he no u ns i n en : R yHé n -
E E m erchant [k u p e t s] There are al s o a few
.

i o l ate d cases such as 6e3 E wi thout

s , [be s] (unacce nted HeTB é p r E Thu rs day
[ é i t ve rk ] , IIé p B EIH firs t [p eTV EIj ] or [p e ri and a few o t hers , .

i s i s pro no u nced [j o ] i n ’ ’
‘
abo u t t en w o rds , g, e . . 3 BE 31
1E1 st ars ,
’ "
(s i ngu l ars
’
FHE s na H pi o 6pE 11E
‘
nes t s 3 3 13 3 1
13 , FHEs no, with
bl o s s o m ed
’
he recei v ed
‘ ’ ’
IIB E JI E
‘
, .

H has the s o un d [j o ] in gs . o f OHS

.
‘
s he ,
’
TpHcE Sho o k
‘
,
’
3a a FE
‘ ’
yo k ed .
 34 EL E M E NTARY RUSS IAN G RAMMAR [34
XXVI

IIB A lIIIA TB IIIE0T0H V B ORE

D e cl e ns i o n of A d j e cti ve s :

Less o n XIII (23 )

No m . E BaHHo
’
6E 11ar0
’

aHHo iI
Lesso n XVI (27 28 )
N

xo n onHo fi B o no fi

HA RD SOFT

arc , o ro

RE M A RK S

1 . The a ccent rem a ns o ni t he same syll a b le in al l cases : RiH m

III Hp O ,
ORaro ,
60 11EIII6H, 60 11EIH0F0
. . .

2 A d j ect ives w it h acce nt ed e nd i ngs h ave 611 i nstead o f EI H i n t he 110m S i ng

. . .

m asc and 6m i nste ad o f aro i n t he gen s i ng m as c and neut : 6 0 11E 1116H, 60 11E
. . . . . . .

m Oro Their d at iv e e nd s i n ( my: 60 11EII16 My

. . .

3 . N o s o ft ad j e ct i ve has t he ac cent o n t he e nd i ng (u nl ess t he p o ssess ive pro no uns

M o tt , TB OH, CB OH are c o ns i dere d as ad j ect i ve s ; 1 ]
4 The end i ng aro , ( no o f t he gen s i ng m asc and neut i s p ro no u nce d [ av a, o v a]
5
. . . . . .

.A s w it h no uns , t he i ns t r fe m has al s o a l o nge r, l ess co m m o n, fo rm i n 010 , e ro

. .
- -
.

6 The ru les o f vo w e l v ari at i o n mu st be o b se rve d Co m p are 12 A fo r t he fo l lo w

“

. .

I ng f o rm s : IIIHpOIci Ii , m OR HM E , xo p Om i ii , xo p Om aH, xo p Om e ME , 6 0 11Em HME ,

‘
'
.

6 0 11maH, b ut 6OJI EIH6 H, 6011E1116My

. .

7 . The u se o f ad j ect ives as no u ns i s very c o mmo n; t he i r dec l ens i o n i s t he s am e

as w hen use d att r ibut ivel y: r o cT HHaH gu es troo m, cTOJI OB aH di ni ng room,
-
BaHHaH

bathroo m— se R OMHaTa M o st Ru ss i an fam i l y names are s u bst ant iv i zed adj ec

. .

t i ves , e g , TOJI cTOH—TOJIOTOFO,

. .
Ho cTo é B cRi H Ilo cToé Bcrcaro , Ré p eHcIci H -

Iié pe Hcrcaro .
 3 536]
— LE SS ONS 3 5
1 . D ecli n e the si ngu lar f
o : BaHHaH , CTOJI OB aH, HHCTaH B o na,

p r JIo e 3 é p1ca110 , xo n OnHo e M OJIOR O, HHCTEIH cTaR aHE , FOpHHi H

’
HaH, 6E 11E1H XJIE6E
. .

2 . A dd a s u i table ad ecti ve j to every n o u n

,
i n Texts I V and V; i n
addi ti on to the adj ecti ves that have o ccu rred , the ordi n als Hé p B EI H

B r o p oH (decli ned may be

‘
)
’
seco nd li ke regu lar ad ecti ves j , u sed, e .
g,
.

B E Hé p B OM E HaHaJI E, B TOp OI ‘O yp OR a .

II B A JIIIA TB CEJIB M OI/I VPOR I) ’

3 5D . e cl e ns i o n o f Pro no un s .
—The end i ngs o f t he att ri bu t i v e ad

j ectiv es have been b o rro wed fro m the pro no m i nal decl ens i o n, i e , . .

fro m the declensi o n o f w o rds li ke 3T0TE , M OH The term pro no m i nal

‘
.

adj ect i v es sho u l d no t be u sed i n Ru s s i an gramm ar ; i t i s better t o

’

s peak o f d em o nst rat i ve p ro no u ns

‘ ’ ‘
po ssess i v e pro no u ns
’
, , etc
.

The fo l l o wmg pro no u ns hav e o ccu rred :

1 . Pers o nal : H, MEI, B EI, OHE , 0 113 .

2 . Po ssessi ve : MOII, Ha mE , B a mE , each .

3 . D em o nst rat i v e : 3TOTE .

4 . Interro gati ve -
rel at i ve : ETO, HTo , HOTOpEI H .

The decl ens i o n o f t he pers o nal pro no un s i s i rregul ar Th at o f s o me o f t he o t her .

,

p ro no uns d i ffers fro m t he ad j ect ive decl ens i o n i n t he no m i nat i ve fo rm s , w hich are
l ik e t ho se o f no uns (MOH like repoH, HamE l ike Hap aHnamE ) , and i n regard t o t he

36 Re fi e xi ve s
. Refl exiv e v erbs are excee d i ngl y numero u s i n
.
-

Ru ssi an They are f o rm ed by add i ng t he refl ex i v e su ffix ca, CE

.
- -

t o t he v erb ; cH (pro no u nce d [ sa] , n o t [s a] ) I s , I n general , u sed after

-

co nso nant s , cE aft er v o wel s ; E i s o m i tte d befo re ca z

- -

H OHEB aIOCE M EI OHEB aeM CH

B EI o nEB aeTeCE OHE o nEB aeTCH .

N o t i ce that the su ffi x (as i de fro m the pu rel y pho net i c v ari at i o n

-
cE -
cH ) i s the s am e fo r all perso ns . In the s am e way, t he reflexi ve
po ssess i v e pro no u n cno ii is u se d fo r all t hree pers o ns

H HHI ' '

aro eB OIf) HHHFy I read my bo o k .

OHE HHTae TE cB OIO HHHry he reads hi s boo k .

OHa HHTaeTE 03 016 R HHry she reads her bo ok .

M EI HHTaeM E cB OIO R HHry we read o ur boo k (bo o ks ) .

B EI HHTaeTe c3 016 R HHry yo u read yo ur boo k (books ) .

36 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN GRAMMA R [3 6
1 . D ecli n e the si ngu lar o : f . sTOTE r p é 6e HE , Hame 3 é pR a110 , cB o H

CTaHaHE , HOTOpEIH p IU I EI H CTOJI E , M o e Tenn o e MOH OR O .

2 Co llect p ers on al al l forms of and demon s trati ve p ronou ns that

“

have o ccu rred i n the texts and qu es ti ons and form three s en tences wi th each .

Conj ugate (i n the three fo rms gi ven above) and

3 . add the co rrect

endi ngs for the bl anks : H OHEB a cE B E ST R OM HaT H Hyn aro cE

’
B E cB o BaHH 6pE Io cE né p enE CB o s é pR aH H K n any 6yM ar
Ha CB o — OTOJI

XXVIII

IIB A IIIIA TL B OCEM OH V B ORE

B o npOcEI

1 . Ro ma B EI OOBI K HOB é HHO B OTaeTe ? 2 . K yna B EI cn epB a Hne Te ?

3 HE JI aeTe B E
q TO B EI
’
B aHHo H? 4 M OeTeCE JIH B EI B ce rna XOJI OII
5
. .

HOH B OHOH? HEME .

'
B EI HHCTH Te 3 y6EI ? 6 .
I
ITO B EI IIE JI ae Te
’

RaN OH 6pHTB o H 6pE eTecE ?

’ I
II OTOME ? 7 . 8 . IEM E B EI Hp HHé

HTe ,
‘
OEIB aeTe BOJI OCEI ? 9 . I IIE B EI cr o R o rna B EI Hp H Hé CEIB aeTe

BOJI OCEI ? 10 . HTo B Hc HTE Ha cTEHE

’
BaHHo H? 11. OHEB aeTeCE
'

JI H GB Oé H B aHHo H? 12 CR OJI ER O B p M eHHé Hp o no mrcae TcH

‘

B bl BE .

y B acE Tya Hé TE ? 13 t
ITO B EI
’
HE 11aeTe HOOJI E TyaJI é Ta? 14 HTO
5I
. . .

t
B EI II E é Te 3 a 3 aB Tp aR 0M E ?
. 1 . HTaeTe 1I H B EI r as é Ty B cerna né penE
.

t
3a B Tp aR 0M E ? 16 . I TO B EI Hym aeTe 3 a 3 aB Tp aR 0M E ? 17 . IIE eTe
e B o H HaH CL cax ap OM E ? 18 II O HeM y II EeTe cB o H H aI/I
‘

1I H B EI B EI
'
. .

6e3 E cax apy ?

XXIX

JIB A lIIIA TL IIEB HTEIH VBORE

TE T VII X
do m

JIOH E co cTOHTE H3 E OTEHE , IIOJI OB E , do m s ast a it i s s t en , p al o f,

II OTOJI R OB B
’
H R pBI IIII/I . BE 6O I1E .
pat al ko f i krEISI . v bal
Si x garo dax j e s t m no ga d am o f
‘
IIIHXE r c p o naXE ecTE M Ho r o HOM OB E
BE Tp H HJI H HeTEI pe 3 Tc a . Hama f tri i li é itEIr s st ai a naSa u

R B ap THp a Hax o nHTcH Ha B To p OM E k v arti ra n axo di ts a na ft aro m

'

e r amE 60 11EIIIo ro
.
IIOM a . BE HeH st at e b atSov a do m a . v ne j
a nyIOIIIi H R OM HaTEI : j ko m natEI : gas ti naj a
s l e d u u s ci e j
' '

TOCTHHaH HJI H

II pi é M HaH, CTOJIOB aH, R yXHH H Tp H i li prij o m naj a, st o l o v aj a, ku xna

cnaJI E HH . i tri Spalni .
 LE SS ONS 37

BE FOCTHHO HHpHHHM aIOTE I o cTeH v gas ti no j pri ni m aj ut gas te j

‘
. .

II OJI E eH ycTJI aHE HOB paMH , H Ha po l j ij o u s l an k av ram i , i na

CTEHaXE B E GHTE HpeR p acHEIH R ap TH s ti nax pri kras nEIj e k arti

vi sat

HEI .
—
CIIaJI E HH R OM HaTEI , B E R OTO nEI . S palni— ko m nat EI , f k at o

p EIXE a TE JI IOIIH ; BE cn aJI E HHxE rEI X s p at lu di ; f s palnrx s t a at j

cTOHTE R pOB aTH , R OM OIIEI H B EIcOR i e krav ati , kam o d EI i V E1so k i e j
IIIH aIIEI . BE R yXHE II pHFOTOB JI HIO TE Sk apEI . f ku xn a pri gat av laj u t
Hym aHE e ; E ECTHEIe IIp HII acEI x pa ku Si n e ; sj i s nEIj e pri paSEI xra
p
HH TcH B E R JI aIIOB EIXE HJI E B E Ho r pe nat s a f kl ad aV EIx i l i f pagri
6axE . bax .

CTOJI OB aH— R OM HaTa, B E R OTo p o H s t al o v a a j — ko m nat a f kato ,

Hym aeM E : 3 aB Tp aR aeM E , 0 6E11aeM E ro j ku Si j i m : z aft rak a i m

j , abed a
H yHcHHaeM E . BE CT OJI OB OH cTOHTE j im i u i i naj l m . f s t al o vo j j
s t a at

6 0 11EIII0H, p
. FJI EI HCTOJIE H B Erco rci H b alSo j , kru gl EIj s to l i V E1so k E1j

6ydi eTE OR OJI O cTOJI a 0T0H TE HE byfet

. o k al a s t al a st ai t ne .

cR o n ER o cTyJI Ee BE CTo 11E HOR pEI TE stu l i f s to l p ak rEIt i i

‘
s k alka
' ‘

. . .

HHcTo H, 613110171 CR aTepTEro ; Ha CTOJI E st o j ,

bel o j s kati rt u
‘
; na st al e

OTOHTE TapeJI R H , Ham R H, cTaHaHEI , H st a at j t ar el k i , CaSk i , st akanEI , i

JIt aTE HOHt H , B HJI K I/I , 1101R HH ,
. 110
. li é at n ai i, v i l ki , l o Sk i , l o i i é ki
me ‘IR I/I H can t e TR H b . M EI EHHM E i s al e tk i f . m EI j idi m su p

oynE JI OHcHaMH , M Hco B HHHaM H H l o Sk am i , maso v i l k am i i nai ami ;

Ho maMH II EeM E om i aj s t akan af, kofs

‘ ‘
. Ha171 H 3 E cTaHaHOB E , p IS no

b
H0 E c t e H3 E Ham eHE i S caSIk
V

. .

3a Ham HM E HOM OM E Hax o nHTCH za naSIm do m am naxo d it s a

acHEIH cairE BE pri kras nEIj fs adu V E1so k i

'

II pe . cany B EI co s at .

R iH nepeB E H . IIo cJI E 06Ena H HacTo je di re vj a .

po s l e abe d a ja i ast o
HOJI Haca no TEHHcTEIM E aJI gu laj u p o l cI sa ti ni st EIm
’

FyJI HIo pa
HeHM E Hamer o cana ale I m naSIv a
j Sada
’ '

. .

NOTES
1101115
1: I egu l a p l u ral o f HOM ; no t ice t he accent ; nOma i s t h
rr r E e ge n . i
s ng .

B E TpH ar ama f th e s t ri es; t h fo m e Tc zI w i ll be e xp l ain

’

o re o e r ed i n l e s s o n 34 .

B He i : L o cat i e o f OHa i ns t ad o f e H afte p p o s it i o ns

’

E i v e r re
, , .

IIpH HHM II IOTE

’

they recei ve gue s ts , i . e .

, gues ts are recei ved; Hp HI‘ OTOB JI é IO TB ’

Hym aHEe fo od i s prep ared .

Y cT JI é HE : b and 11 i s s i l ent
T et w een 0 . .

Tapé JI IcH : See 21, 3 fo r p ro nu nci at i o n .

H CEOJIE KO cTyJI e B E : HE cROJI ER o (and s i m i l ar e xp ress i o ns o f i nde fi nite nu m

E
’ '

be r o r qu ant i t y) i s fo l l o w e d by t he gen p l ur CTyJIe B E i s an i rre gu l ar fo rm ; t he . .

n o m p l ur i s cr yJI E H; s i m i l arl y né pe B o tree, p l u r nepé B E H

. .

, g
e n — EeB E . . .

HOTOJI ORE — HOTOH HOB E : Vo w e l i nse rt i o n acco rd i ng t o 12 C Co m pare 23 .

A , b and b el ow , 37 , Re m ark 3 .
38 ELE M E NTARY RUS SIAN GRAM MA R
.

Pract i ce

[j i i ]
,
E XE , H3 E , co cr o HTE , Hax é nHTcH, HB ap THpa, STH .

[j e e ] ,
HeH, r o cr é H, can i é TR H, ecTE , ceM Ed .

[j e e]
,
B EIcOR ie, GE ECTHEI e, II p eR pacHEI H,
‘
cTEHE , R yXHE ,
Tapé H R H .

[j a a] ,
CTO HTE 6E JI aH
,
’
, cTOJI OB aH, a TE , B Hc TE H ,
MHco , HHGTaH .

[j 0 0] ,
3 11, II p ié MHaH, R OB epE , IIE é TE , R n ané M E .

[j u u ] ,
FyJI HIo , HpHFOTO B HHIO , IIpHHHM aIO TE , HIOHH .

ym aHie 60 11E1110H
’
E: cnan E HH, R ym aHEe R , .
,
HE cR OJI ER o , II EeM E ,

cnaTep TE , nepé B E H .

TPHIIIIA TEIH V B ORE

Pl u ral of N o uns :

M .

IIIR aIIEI

1
110 1111

11101
111

HOJI OB E
’

I OCTé i I
‘

E nd i ngs

N . or G .

OB E — e ii
— cii
G .
,
eB E E E (ii , )
L .
 E LE M E N TA RY R USSI AN GRAMMAR —
40 [39 40
XXXI

TPHIIIIA TE IIEPB EIH V B ORE

39 Pl u ral
. of A d j e cti ve s :

A TTRI B UTI VE

N . or G .

Hpe éLCHEI XE , B BICO K I/I XB

'

npeR p acHEIXE , B EI cOR HXE G .

)
II peR p acHEI M E , B EI COR HM E

IIpeR p aCHEI M H , B B ICOR I/IM I/I

End i ngs
N . F .

or i e , i H, HXE , HME , HMH,

w ith so ft s tem s , and when

requ i red by ru l es o f v ari a

tio n o f v o wel s .

The ru l e fo r the accu s at ive i s t he s am e as w ith no u ns .

(37 ,
PR E D I CA TIV E
The end i ng is EI— H fo r all genders : HOM a (R OM HaTa , nepé B E H)
IIpeR p acHEI

40 Pl u ral of Pro no uns -

Wi th the exce pt i o n o f a few no m i nat i v e

5
.

fo rm s the pl ural o f pro no m i nal adj ect ives (3 ) i s ex act l y l i ke t hat o f

,
‘ ’

co m m o n adj ect i v es The co nnecti ng v o wel i s H wi th dem o ns trat i ves ,

.

po ss ess i ves , and so m e o thers

P lural of all three Genders

g STH MoH cB o H Ham H

M OH CB OH Ham HXE
z
g t STHXE XE XE

g STHM E MOEME cB o HME HaIIIHM E

H STHMH M OHMH CB OH MH Ham HMH

ROTOpEI H i s decli ned as a co mm o n ad ect i ve : j R OTOp BIe , R OTOpEIXE .

40] LE SS ONS 41

1 . A dd a s u i tabl e ad e cti ve j to every nou n p lu ral formed i n acco rdance

wi th L esso n XXX, Exerci se 3 .

2 Change the p o s ses si ve and demo ns trati ve p ro no u ns i n Tex ts I I and

.

I V, together wi th thei r n o uns , to the p lu ral of the s ame case, e g , STO . .

— ’
60:11E1110e s naHi e STH 60 11EIH i H s naHi H . .

3 D ecli ne i n the si n gu lar and p lu ral : M o H HOB EIH HOM E , é TOTE

Hep HEIH R ap aHnamE , B arIIa IIpeR p acHaH FOCTHHaH , é To B EIcOR o e OR HO .

XXXII

TPHIIIIA TE B TOPOH V POR B

’

B OIIpo cEI

1 . I/I3 E Hero HOM E co cTo HTE ? 2 CR OJI B RO 3 Ta11t é H B E B am eM E

.

HOME? 3 Ha “ '
R OTOp OM E 3 Ta1R E HaXOHHTCH B am a HB apTHp a? 4
5q
. .

RaR i H R OM HaTEI
'
BE BameH R B ap T HpE? .
HE JI aIOTE B E ro cTH
TO
’

HOH? H HTO Ha OTEHRXE r ocTHHo H? 7 THE a TE

t
6 . ITO Ha .

111 a ? 8 _
.
I
ITO BE cII aJI E HHXE ? 9 .
IIHH Hero cJI yHcHTE R yXHH ?
10 . THE xp aHHTcH OE ECTHEI e a HacEI ? 11 . BE R OTOpo H R OM HaTE

Hym aeTe ? cTOJI OB o H?

t I
B EI 12 . ITO BE 13 . I TO OR OJI O GTOJI a, H

HTo Ha OTOJI E
’
? 14 I
ITO M EI
’
nE n aeM E Ho maM H H B fI JIR aMI/I , HHTo
5II
.

’
HE JI aeM E JI OHQK aM I/I ? 1 . Eé Te .1I H B EI Ha H H3 E HamR H ? 16 .
t
ITO
3a Ba mHM E HOM OME ? 17 .
t
ITO B EI
'
IIE JI aeTe BE STOM E can y?

XXXIII

TPI/IIIIIA TI) TPETII/I V POR B

’

TE T X VIII
Pas nEJIe Hi H B pe Me HH razdi le ni j a v re ml ni

I OHE p as nEHHeTcH Ha HB EHanIIaTE go t razdi laj its a na dvi nat S It

‘ ‘

B OTE HXE Has B aHi H : me s rt s i f vot j i x nazvanij a

.

HHB apE , b
( eB paJI E , H ap TE , aHpEJI E , j m v ar fi vral m art
, , ,
ap re l ,

M aH, i IOHE , i IOJI E , aB rycTE , ceHTH6 p E , maj ij un ij u l av gu st

, , , ,
s i ntab r,

OR TH6p E , neR a6p E B E

H0H6p E H . ak tab r naj ab r i d i kabr
,
. v

aa JI E, i IOHE, ceHTH6pE H H0H6pE apre l e, lj un e, s i nt re i na i re

IIHeH, b
( eB p aJI E t ri t s i t dnej , f fi v ral e dva
'
‘
TpHnIIaTE BE nB a
v o si m
‘ ‘
i li
‘
dv at s i t devI t
'

nuaTE B o ceM E HJI H nB annaTE neB HTE ts i l

nHeH, a B E R aHUIOM E H3 E OOTaJI EHEIXE dne j , a f kai d am i z . as t alnEIX

M ECHIIeB E me s It s i f t ri t s i t adi n
‘
Tp HnnaTE o nHHE IIOHB . de n .

CeM E IIHeH co cTaB JI HIOTE HenEJIIo sem dne j s as t av la u t ni de l u

j
B o cR peceH Ee, HOHenEHEmI RE , B TOp v as kri s e n e, pani de lnik, fto rni k ,
42 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R

HHR E , epena, He TB ep FE , HHTHHna H sri da, i i tverk , patni ts a 1 su b

ey6 6o Ta . II ep B EIH neHE HenEJI H bo ta .
p e rV EIj de n ni de li
neHE H p aa HHHEI H, o cr aJI E HEIe IIHH de n p raz ni SnEI j , ast alnEIj e dn i
pa60 Hi e HJI H 6y11HH BE 6ynHH rabo ci j s i l i b u dni
'

.
v bu dni .

JI IOHH pa60Ta10 TE , a B E B o cR p eceHE e lu di rabo t a u t ,

j a v v as kri s e n e

oHH 0 Tns rx a10 TE OTE pa6o TE . ani add E1xaj u t at rabo t .

BE To ny HeTp EI e B peM eHH .

. IIep v gadu i i tEIr e v re mini .
pe r
B o e B p eM H POJIa
— B OCHa OHa HaHHHa
; va e j v re ma go d a
—
vi s na; ana

nai i na i t s a j
‘
e TcH IIB anIIaTE II ep B ar o M ap Ta H . c
. d vats 1t p e rv av a
HOB ar o cTHJI H ; B OCEM o r o M ap Ta c c . . m art a no v av a (v as mo v a
s ti l a

cTap aFo cTHJI H ); B To p o e B peMH, m art a s t arav a s ti l a) ft aro j e .

IIETO, HaHHHaeTcH IIB aIIIIaTE Hep B ar o

. v re ma go da l et o ,
n acm aj i t s a
,

i IO HH , o ceHE IIB aIInaTE TpeT E Hr o ce H d vat s i t

‘
p e rv av a ij u na
, Os i n ,

THO s i nt ra, a zi m a
‘
pH , ‘
a 3 HM a nB annaTE Hep B aro d v ats i t tre t1v a
neR a6pH
‘
. dvats i t p e rv av a di k abra .

,
IIeHE pas nEn HeTcH Ha HB annaTE de n razdi laj i t s a na d v at S It
‘

HeTEI pe Haca . Ha B o np ocE

“
R0 i i tEIr e é Isa . na v ap ro s
“
ka
”
To p EIH HacE OTB EHaIOTE :
”
TeIIep E ? to rEIj tip e r? at vi é a u t j
v ’

cas

cI sa— Se s t
“
Tenep E— HacE (nB a Haca— Incor E
“
ti p e r — i as (dva
'
‘

HaCOB E H IIB aIIIIaTL M HHy TE — HOJIO

"
cI s o f i d v ats i t
‘
mi nut —pal a
B HHa B o cEM o r o ) . Ha B o np o cE
V i na v asm o v a) na v apro s k a “
It o .
“

to raj a é isl o s i v o dna? atvié aj ut

” ”
To p o e HHc110 cer o IIHH? OTB EHaIOTE :
.

“ “
CeFo IIHH HB annaTE IIHTo e (HHcJI O) s i v o dna dv at s i t p at aj e (ci s l o )
'
‘

OR TH6pH ( cenEM o e M ap Ta—

nBaIInaTE aktab ra (
s id m oj
‘
e m art a— dv a
neRa6pH, t s i l tre t e di kab ra, i t ak d ali j e)
‘
TpeTE e H T . .

N OTES
HXB '
Has B aH iH : OB o H alw ays re ers f t o t he su bj ect of t he se nt en e The c
no n re fl ex i v e
-
p o ssess ive pro no u n o f t he t hi rd perso n i s e ro, e H, e ro fo r t he s i ngul ar,
HXE fo r t he p l u ral .

CyTE : The ve rb to be i s e xpresse d b y ecTE (s i ngu l ar) , cyTE (pl u ral ) when t here
i s no p re d icate no u n o r ad j ect iv e , no r an adve rbi al p h rase o f p l ace i n t he s e nt e n c e .

B E 6 yunu z B E w it h t he accu s at ive e xp re sses t i m e , e sp eci al l y w it h t he nam e s o f

“

d ays : B E epeny o n Wednes day, B o B TOp HHR E on Tu es day; s i m i l arl y B E STy MHHyTy
t hi s mi nu te, B E Tp H Hac ai n three ho u rs , B 0 B pé M H (B o HHEI ) du ri ng (the war)
. B ut .

t he d ay o f t he m o nt h i s e xp resse d by t he ge n it i v e : B To p OFO HHB apHo n the s econd

of J anuary .

H 6 B ar 0 CT 6 115 1: The Rus s i an (J u l i an) c ale nd ar i s t hi rteen d ays be hi nd t he

Weste rn Eu ro p ean (Grego ri an ) cal end ar, but t he l at ter i s be i ng i nt ro du ced under
t he nam e o f t he new st yl e c al end ar
‘ ’
.

‘I aCE
on e o clock (HacE ho u r , HacE I watch, cl o ck)
’
.

Ce rOnHH today; t he first p art i s t he genit ive o f t he d em o nst rat i ve p ro no u n ceH,

ci H i thi s , t he se co nd p art t he gen s i ng o f g e rm ; ci H i s alm o st o bs o l et e; i t o cc u rs
, c e
. .

i n e xp ress i o ns l i ke ci rO MHHyTy thi s mi nu te, ceHHacE i mm edi a tely, no cHXE Ho p E

(gen p l ur o f n o p a ti me, term) u nti l no w
. . .
4 1] LE SS ONS 43

PRO NUNCIA TION OF NU M ERA LS

— —
1 10: [ad i n d v a d ve , tri bit EIr e p at Se s t , Se m v o s i m , devi t d e s I t ]
‘ ‘
,
‘ ‘
, , , , ,

—
11 19 :
‘ ‘
d vi n at s i t tri n at s i t bit EIrnat s i t
‘
It n at SI t
‘
Si s nat S I t‘
’ '

s im
, , , p , ,

i m n at s i t
‘ ‘ ‘
nat s i t , v as ,
divIt nat s i t ]
20—90: [d v at s i t s0 p Idd i s at , Si zd i s at , s e md i s It , v o s i md i s rt , di vm o st al
‘ ‘
tri t s i t rak ,
‘

, ,

ZOO [dve s ti , i
tr st a, bi t i ri st a, p It s o t , Si st s o t , s i m so t , v as i m s o t , divIt so t ,
t IS I é a]
' '

Obse rve t he hard co nso nant s i n 5

0—8 0 and i n 5
00—900 .

XXXIV

TPHIIIIA TE HETB EPTEIH V B ORE

41 The Cardi nal s

. .
(St u dy the l i st o f nu m b ers , 1]
A . FORMA TI ON :
11— 19 : OnHHHannaTE , et c .
,
is co nt racte d fro m H
o n HE - Ha- né cHTE .

Observ e t he accent and rem em b er t hat thes e num bers o m it E i n the

fi rst p art , bu t ret ai n fi nal E

5
.

0— 8 0: Thes e nu m b ers en d in E (TB ea I H 3 HaR E ) becau se they

co nt ai n geni t i v e pl u ral form s in E ,
li ke cH aJIeHE ,
’
HE ceHE (3 7 , 2) o f

necHTE ; E HTE - nec HTE five decades ; the E of t he first part i s no t

p ro no u nce d .

COp OHE i s bbrev iat ed fro m Greek tes sa akonta

a i t rep l ace d o l der He TE p r I

necHTE because o f t he fre quent o ccurrence o f t he Greek nu m eral 40 i n Ort h o d o x

l it urgy — lIe B HH00To m eant o ri ginall y a hu ndre d b ase d o n n i nes (i nstead o f t e ns )
‘ ’
.
, .

200— 900 2000 cTH i s an o l d d u al f o rm o f CTO (s ee bel o w

,
-
,

B ) er a an d TEIcH HH are no m Inat i ve pl u ral f o rm s c0TE and TEI cH HE

, ,

geni ti v e pl i i ral f o rm s

B . S YN Ts
1 .
(TpHnnaTE ) OHHHE ne HE .

2 B a— T H—
é ; nB annaTE nB a IIHH ‘
I e TfiI pe Hac
.
JI p .

— —
3 ceM E
.
HB annaTE TpHHHaTE une fi .

Il s a, Tp H , HeTEI pe, and co m po u nd nu m bers endi ng i n 2, 3 , 4 are

fo ll o wed by the geni ti v e s i ngu l ar ; OIIHHE and co m p o u nd nu m bers
endi ng i n 1, by t he n o m i nat i v e S i ngu l ar; nu m b ers fro m HHTE o n , by

t he genit i ve pl u ral .

N OTE 1 — The app a nt g n si ng aft r 2 3 4 i s eall y an o l d du al (1[ w hich

'

. re e . . e , ,
r

o i gin al l y be l o ng d o nl y t o n a H E
r e B ,
B .

N OTE 2 — A d j ct iv t and i n t he no m o gen p l u afte 2

, e JI l pyc
es s H . r . r . r ,
B S
’
cI

R HH H (ge n s i ng o f
F w i m ) o 11 13 pyccR HX R HH H; aft e hi ghe num e al s t hey
. . s r 3 E F r r r ,

st and i n t h g n pl u l ike no un s : m T p y R H
e e H H
. S ub st ant iv i ze d
r .
, ec E cc xE E FE .

ad j ect i ve a e t eat e d i n t he s ame w ay : H E cTOH O

s r r H o r CTOJIO BIX H ecHTE B B EI B
'
B,

CTOJI OB BI XB
'
.
44 E LE M E N TA R Y RUSSIAN GR AMMA R [4 244 3

C D E GL E N S I ON :
. See paradi gm s ,
c io n o f 2 3 4 i s based up o n o l d du al fo rm s o i ginally be l o nging t o
The de l e ns , ,
‘

,
r

t he nu m ber 2 o nl y .

The o t he r nu m be rs a e re gu l ar no u ns bei ng d ecl i ne d l ik e Te Tp an (HHTE mocr E

r ,
E , ,

o r l ike no crca o r l i k e c o 11E cJI O o (M HJI JI i OHE c o ) Ho w ever T .

,
B ,
T .
,

w i t h COp OR B e To ne HHOGTo t he ge nit i ve e nd i ng a has bee n t ansferre d al so t o t he

’

, ,
B r

d at ive l o c at ive and i nst ru m ent al : co oTa TEIOHHaM H HeJI O E IcE wi th on e hu nd ed

’
,
B r
,

tho us and m en (co wi th re qu i re s t he i nst ru m ent al ) .

A CCE N T : 5 — 10 20 30 40 h av e t he accent o n t he e nd i ng i n t he decl ined fo rm s

, , ,

IIHTH o ce M IO;
B 11— 19 d o no t ch ange t he accen t
E .
,

1 . Wri te the fol lowi ng n u m bers i n wo rds : 37 1, 64 3 29 , 94 , 902 5 ,

"
I n J dnu ary
’
HHBapE (lo cati ve) ; S unday
‘ ‘ ’
2 . BE on BE B oc

Hpecé Hi e ;
‘
on S atu rdays
’
110 cy6 6 0TaM E ; co n nect i n the s ame w ay
the names f the o ther e leven mo n ths and o f the o ther si x days f the week
‘

o o

wi th the prep o si ti o ns B E and 110 .

3 .Co nnect the fo llo wi ng exp res s i ons wi th the p rep o s i ti o n s BE (lo c .

and ace .
) and H3 E ( gen ) : 3 HOM HaT 7 IIOM 16 K HI/IF 24 HIHHR
4 . D ecli ne : 7 days , 3 4 kni ves , 16 wi ndo ws , 4 di ni ng roo ms , 3 ho u ses -
.

XXXV

TPHHIIA TE HHTEIH V B ORE

42 The Ord inal s

. .
(St u dy the l i st ,

The o rd i nal s are regu l ar ad ect i v es j in OH o r EIH and are d ecli ned as

s uch . Onl y Tpé Ti H i s s li ght l y i rregu l ar : The no m . m asc . s i ng . en d s

i n i ii , the o ther cases in E + s0ft end i ng . S ee 1] 26 .

43 Le ngthe ne d N o un St e m s
.

EM — H fiM -
e H ll -
M aTE mo ther
M aT- ep- H
B pé M H -
B pé M - OH II -
HOHE HOH e p H dau ghter
- -
.

I/IM H, b hal f a do zen co mm o n no u ns o f t he s ame t ype co rresp o nd t o

and a o u t

Lat i n no u ns l ik e ho mo —ho mi ni s o r G e rm an no u ns l i ke N ame —N amens fi nal n ,

be ing dro pped i n t he ri o m s i ng ; l ikew ise fi nal r w as apo co p ate d in t he tw o no uns

. .

M ar s and IIOHE .

1 . D ecli ne (a) hi s (thei r, her) n ame (reflexi ve p ossessi ve) my (o u r) ,

mo ther, you r dau ghter, the n ew ti me .

(b) The firs t lesson, the thi rd day, the fifth fl oor .

2 . Wri te i n words : S ep t 1, 19 19 (TEIcH Ha neB HTE OOTE neB HTHan .

naTaro FOHa) ; J an 18 43 ; M arch 18 , D ecember 3 4, 800;

.

A pri l 1,
 LE SS ONS 4 5
XXX VI

TPHIIIIA TE IIIEOTOH V B ORE

B o npo cEI

RaR E
’
1 . CK OJI B R O M E cHneB E BE To n y? 2 . HXE Has B aHi H? 3 .

’
CHOJI ER O nHeH B E RaHt HOM E M E cHIIE? 4 CR OJI E R O nHeH co cTaB
5R
.

HHIOTE HeIIE JIIo ?

' ’
. aR E Has EI B aIO TcH nHH HenE JI H ? 6 BE .

R aR i e
’
HHH HIOIIH p a6 0TaIO TE ? 7 . HTO OH H HE JIaIO TE’
110 B OO

R p ecé HE HM E ? 8 . CR OJI E R O B peM eHE r é na? 9 . RaHE HXE Has B aH i H ?

10 . Ro ma HaHHHaeTcH Ramno e B peMH TOHa? 11 . CHOH ER O HaOOB E

RaR E mHB aeTe o

'
HM EeTE neHE ? 12 . B EI cn p a HacE IIHH, H HTO B EI

OTB EHaeTe Ha TaR OH B OHp OOE ? 13 . HTO B EI O TB EHaeTe Ha B OIIp Oc E

’ ’
o HHcJI E M E cHIIa?

XX XVII
TPHi IIIA TE OEIIEM OH V B ORE

Thi s text i s i ntended merely as a readi ng exerci se, and n o t as a basi s

for grammati cal work o r fo r p racti ce i n sp eaki ng N o p honeti c tran
‘

scri p ti o ns are gi ven fro m n o w o n , bu t sp eci al difi cu lti es are ex p lai ned

i n the besi des , the pro nu n ci ati o n

n o tes ; of every word i s i ndi cated i n the
wo rd li s t at the end of the boo k
-
.

I JIaB HEIHB EmrpEI IIIE

‘

OHHHM E B TOp OI O HHB ap ‘

H
CHacTJI HB neM E 6O1l Ee, . HETE cn Op a,

H0, OTR p o Bé HHO FOB Op H,

E ro ys HaeM E M EI He CR Op O,

I/I IIB yXE GOTE TEI OHHHEIH 6HJI é TE

- -

IIO no cTOB E pHEHII IaM E p as crt as aM E

’

I/I co o 6IIIé Hi HM E r a3 eTE

V M HOFHXE 11HIIE HaHne TcH

.
p aso M E .

II OHHR a, -
Hp aB ny p a3 6epH!
CHacTJI HB eIIE TOTE HcHB eTE BE K anyFE,
B E TamRé HTE, BE B OJI OFHE, BE TB epH,
’
B E OpJI E , BE Oné cc h, '
BE TOM OR E, BE JIyr E,
B E B art y , BE Cap aTOB E, BE M OOR B E ’
,

B E THb IHcE, XapE HOB E, BE BE CEI s p aHH,

Ha B OJITE, Té peHE HeB E ,
’
,

B E I/IpHc rt E, B E B EI 6OprE, BE K as aHH .

46 E LE M E NTAR Y RUSSIAN G RAMMAR

A p Té JI E IIIHR E , II Hcap E , 6HpHceB HHE ,

CTOJIHp E , M OJI OHHIIa,

RyHé IIE , peM é CJI eHHR b , HM IIIHN E , ’

Ryx apR a, 6yJIO HHHIcE , xynOHcHHHE ,

t
IHHOB HHHE , Hpan o pmHR E , Ho s— STE ,
HteHa IIE H HR a, HO HE 6yR HHHcTa .

HOp OHe, Ha OHHHE 6H11é TE

B aM E HaBOB yTE OHacTJIHB IIeB E TpHcTa .

N OTES
1—2 : HB neM E i ns t rument al There i s
m easure :
’

L . O nH II ME . . c HacTJI , of

(on the 3d f Joan u ary) on e l u cky ch a p m o re — On J anu ary 2, t here u se d t o be a

pu lb ic l o t tery i n Pet ro grad , w it h a fi rst prize o f ru b l es .

2 . HETE cIIOp a there i s no quarrel, there can be no dou bt .

3 . I OB o p H,
‘
p resent p art pl e o f TOB o pHTE ici .

4 . fut u re m ean ing

Yau fie M E '
has .

8 H aii né r ca re flexiv e w it h p ass ive fo rce wi ll be fou nd

.
'
, , .

9 1101111 (fo r HOHIIH) p a3 6ep H i m perat i ves ; Ica em p h as iz i ng p art icl e

.
, ,
-
, .

10—16 : N ames o f Rus s ian cit ies : Ranyra TamRé HTB B OJI OFHa TB ep E ,
'

, , ,

Opé JI Oné cca TOM CR b JIyr a B art y (i nd ec l i na

E, ,
ble ) Cap aTOB E M o cR B a Tt JIHcE
’

, , , , , ,

Xap E R O E CErs p aHE I/Ip R c IcE B E 6Op r E K as aHE ; o f Ru ss i an ri vers : B OHr a

B , , ,
I , ,

Té pe R L , Hé B a '
.

17 S uppl y He i s
. .

24 . CHacT H II B IIe B E
’ ’

Tp II cTa : If t he nume ral fo l l o ws it s n o un , i t deno tes an

ap p ro xim ate num ber : HeJI OB E R E HHTEnecHTE abo u t fifty p eop le

’
.

PR ON U N CI A TI ON .

2 .
[ SSIs li ft S Im b o li j e] [bu l aSni k]
20 .

19 .
[j I mSé i k] 22 [i i na d é k a] . .

The read ng o f i met rical t e xt s i s o ne o f t he greatest hel p s fo r l ear

ni ng t he Russ i an

c
ac e nt . Dev iat i o ns fro m pro se accent are rare .

X
TE T 1X

A . 3 HM3

I nE OH anR i H IIIOHOTE TIOHE HenHHOH

‘

M OHXE HEOOB E ? CB o é H R o p oH
’
IIOTOR OB E p OII OTE , PyHé H HEM E eTE ;
’
IIB ETEI JIyFOB E ? B ce HEIIeHE eTE ;
Il epé B E H FOJI EI ; JI HIHE
'
B E Tep E 3 .110 H
R OB é p E 3 HM EI B yIIIyH BOeTE

IIOIcpEI JI E XOJIM EI , I/I Hé 6o R p OeTE

JIyr aH IIOJI EI ; 01311010 M rJIo H .

B ap aTEIHcRi H .
48 E LE M E NTA RY RU SS IAN G RAMMA R [4 546
-

4 5 . P e rs o nal Pro no uns — M o st Of t he f o rm s hav e o ccu rre d i n t he

t ext s . S t u dy the co m pl ete p aradigm 1] 17 , .

1 . The fo rm s o f t he t hird pe rs o n p re fix an f
H a t e r p re p o s t o ns go v ern ng t ii i he m
I
I HH He r 0fo r hi m , . N E He M y to hi m ,
BE HHXE i n the m, cE H HM H wi th them .

When t he p ro no u n i s go verned b y t he p re e d ng p re p o s t o n, t he H i s no t u se d
no t c i ii
Ha e r o eT OJI E u p o n hi s tabl e— e au se Ha go v e rns cr o i rE , w
’
bc
i s m o d e d b y e ro hich ifi .

. if c b
2 The d f eren e etw ee n t he ace and ge n s ng fe m i s p urel y o rt o grap ; . . i . . h hic
b h
ot are p ro n o u n e d [ o] c jij .

3 ii
The ge n t ve i s use d fo r t he a u s at ve u nder al l r um st an
. cc i ci c ces , w het her t hings
o r an m at e i
e ngs are re erre d t o bi f
4 E FO, eH, E XE are u se d as p o ssess ves no t re e rr ng t o t he su i f i bj ect o f t he sentence
5
.

(l ike Lat in ei us co ru m ) w hi l e OBOH (3 ,

,
l ik e Lat i n s uus
, ,
refers t o t he s u bj ect :

H IIHIHy B E er o TeTp anH I am wri ti ng i n hi s no tebook OHE IIHIII eTE B E , OB o é H Te

Tp a nH he i s wri ti ng i n hi s (o wn ) no teboo k
5
.

Ce 6H ce 6E OO6OH l ik e OBOH and CH CE , st and fo r al l pe rs o ns and b ers

’
.
, , ,
-
,
-
n um ,

H 3 11310 ce 6HI know mys elf MEI 11106HM E ce 6Hwe l ove o u rs elves ,
.

The re fle xiv e o H CE i s a s h o rt e r f o rm o f ce 6H
-
,
-

6 . The d iffe re nce bet w ee n TEI and B EI i s t he s am e as bet wee n Fre n ch tu and vo u s ,
TEI be i ng use d i n speak ing t o near rel at ives , friends , ani m al s , an d i n elev ated spee ch ,
B EI i n m o re o r l e s s f o rm al i nte rc o u rse .

46 . D e fini t iv e Pro no uns .

— Thi s —
t erm transl at i ng o np enEJI HTeJI E
HEIH M O OE T HM E H i H— co m pri ses i n Ru s s i an gram m ar t he w o rd s fo r
'

s elf, s ame , all , o ne, a certai n , alone , e ach It aHt IIEIH, B cHR i H each, every, .

and caM EI H s ame, hav e regu l ar ad ect i v e j decl ens i o n ,

and t he o t hers

d iffer bu t li ttl e
o nl m E o ne , alone , a
’

caM OFO
c

caM OS
i

Wi th the except i o n o f the no m . s i ng an d .

pl u r t he . fo rm s are li ke tho se
Of
’
é TOTb , bu t w i th t he
’
accent o n t he l ast s yll ab l e , e .
g .
, caM OM y 01111 HXE
, ,

l i ke OB o eFO, OB o eM y ,
no t l i k e 6 011 Em 0r o , 6011E1110M y .

B BCB ’
i n t he Obl i qu e cases , bu t has the v o wel E where
al l go es li ke OHE

OHE has t he v o wel H : B oer o, B OSM E ; B OEME , B OEXE The acc s i ng fem . . . .

i s m m, t he no m pl u r B cE fo r al l t hree gen ders . The acc s i ng m asc . . . . .

and t he acc .
pl u r . fo l l o w the ru l e fo r adj ect i ves .

Fo r co m pl ete p arad i gm s , see 1]

1 . D ecli ne , ()
a
‘

i n the s i ngu lar o n ly: OH HE H3 E H

IR E , B ecE Hap OHE ,
’
é ra 3 HM a,
eRnaH HenE JIH
Ra .
46] LE SS ONS 49
'

(b) I n the si ngu lar and p lu ral : H uIEI H neHE , oB o e R pé cJI o ,

Ra STOTE
11yr E
. .

2 . Co nti nu e throu gh all p ers ons , nu mbers , and genders

(a) wi tho u t m e (wi tho u t thee, hi m, her, etc ) to m e, . . . . . near me
(II pH wi th wi th me (GE wi th
(b) I have two houses I need a co mb I need a razor I need a . . .

mi rror (Co mp are : y R OI O HOHcHHE ? Who has a p o cket knife ?

.
‘ -

HOM y HyHt eHE HOHt HR E who n eeds a p ocket knife 3— HyHceHE HyHE
QH é -
, ,

HyHt Ho ) .

3 . M emori ze the two texts .

XL

COPOROB OI/I YPOR L

’

RE VIEW

1 Wri te i n Ru s si an , u si ng w o rds fo r all n u me ral s : Febru ary 3 8 ,

5
.

J anu ary 3 1, 18 49 ; D ecember 1 , 17 6 0

’
at eleven o clock;

5
.

17 p eop le, 3 3 days , 4 weeks , 144 p ens , 3 40 p enci ls , 3 00 ho uses , 100

fami li es .

2 . D ecli ne i n the si ngu lar and p lu ral : Q ur di ni ng -

roo m, a s mall

bathroom, thi s gu es tro o m , three bedroo ms , a clean glas s , thi s hi gh tree,

your beau tifu l garden .

3 . U se i n senten ces : OHEB aeM cH, BE, Ha, B o s JI E, B OTaeTe , M

HE E ,

M o eTecE , y M eHH, HneTE , OB OIO , Her o , B OIIEI , R p EIIIIH, eH , JI t aTE ,

6yIIHH, 6yneTE , OHE, OIIHE,

— Place accen t m arks
nHH, Haca, Do na on

all wo rds .

4 . A nsw er i n Ru s si an
HE JIaeTe refe renc e yTp o ? 2 B E R OTOpOH R OM HaTE B EI
I ’
1 . ITO B EI .

OHEB aeTecE , a B E R OTOp o H B EI s aB Tp aHaeTe ? 3 I/Is E Her o co cTOHTE .

y B acE 3aB Tp aR E ? 4 K aR OB EI Ha3 B aHi H p as nEHé Hi H r bna; HB EHa

5
.

’ ’
nHeHHenE JIH ; B peM é HE r Ona?
’ t
nnaTH M E cHneB E ; i TO . Ha cTOHE ,

Ro ma B EI O6EnaeTe ? CR OJI ER O 11HeH B E To ny, a CK OJI B R O

’
6 .
- BE

ROTOpEIH HacE
’
Ha i It IIOM E M E cHnE? 7 . TeII é p E ? 8 . B E HOTOp OM E
’
Hac y B E1 O6E naeTe 0 6E1RHOB é HHo ? BE R OTOp OM B Hac
'

y B EI yHcHHaeTe ?
Ro ma
’
9 . B EI HHé Te cIIaTE ? 10 . CR OJI B R O HaOOB E HM E e TE neHE ?
11 CK OJI B R O nHeH
. co cr aB JI HIO TE Henls n ro ?
' ’
12 . ROTOp o e HHcJI O

cer OIIHH?
5 C mpi l
. o e from mem ory a co mp lete table o f all no u n and ad ecti ve j
endi ngs and s tate the difi erences betw een the declen s i o n s of p osses si ve,
dem ons trati ve, and defini ti ve p ro no u ns , and that f
o co mmo n ad ecti ves j .
5
0 ELE M E NTARY RUSSI AN GRAMMAR

TE T X X
A I
ITO He cIIpa mus atI
’

. 3 11ae 111E , o TOME

OHHHE MyHt HIt E B e3 eTE B 03 E cE Ha, a npyFOHHneTE

' ’
eM yHc T pE Hy .

”— “
8 np c TB yH, I/IB aHE l 3 np c TB yH, IIeTp E l A HTO R es ew s ?
”

IIpOB aB es y x o p OIIIiH Hp OB a ,
.
” —“ Rart i H HpOB a B EHE y Te 6HcE Ho l
’
,
’ ”

—“A é cJI H B HHHIHE HTO cE Ho ,

’
,
TaR E s a HE M E H cn p a
’
m HB aem E ? ”

To ma I/IB aHE II O HecaJIE ToHOB y H IIOII yM aJI E : A B EHE B npaB ny,

”
IIJI H
‘
I OI
‘
O HQB H
- '
H c aIIIHB aJI E ?

B . TH IIIe Eire mE— naJIE IIIe 6y11e IIIE

’ ’
B J:1eTE 6apHHE 6Erc o B E TapaHTacE Ha Tp OHHE . M s HR E eM y
’ “ ’
Hc Tp E Hy, H 6 apHHE cIIp aIIIHB aeTE y Her o: Il ané rco 1I H
.
110 FOp o na?
— M yHcHR E cM OTpHTE Ha R o n é ca Tap anTaca H FOB Op HTE : “
EOJI H
T Hme, 6 apnHE , neIIIE , To R E HOHH HOE
’
HE n O
’
eIII E .
”
Cé pIII/I TCH 6 apnHE
’
FJI yIIEI H OTB E TE H E ne TE eIné 6BI c
’ '
Ha Ee .

Ho CR Op O nepé nHee R o n eco JI OM ae TcH . RE cHacTE IO , HenaJI eR O O TE

nOp OFH R y
RHHna; ROe- HaR E Tyna T HHyTE TapaHTacE , H R ys né nE

HHHHTE er O HEJI EI H neHE .

TOHER O Ha npe H neHE HE HOHH 6apnHE Hp i Es maeTE B E TOp o nE .

XLI

OOFORE IIEPB bIl/I YB ORE

N OTES
A .
—O TOM E : Lo c .
-
s ng i . of dem p ro n. . TOTE , decl ine d l ike é TOTE ; t his p ro no u n
is chiefly used as an ante ce dent o f a rel at ive cl ause .

B EHE : Ru ss i an p o ssesses an abu nd ance o f p art icl es giv i ng sent i ment and co l o r
t o t he se nte nce They are o fte n u nt rans l at ab le ; i n t his c ase t he mean i ng i s so me
.
,

t hi ng l i ke : Why i t s hay you have o n yo u r wago n !

’
,

TalCb o fte n c o nne ct s t he c o ncl us io n o f a hyp o t het ical peri o d w it h t he c o nd it i o nal

'

cl ause (l ike Germ an s o ) .

B EH Why Why s u re eno u gh

’
A E B IIpIIB ny , i ndeed, ,
.

He ro H m: JK B , Hce , e mp has iz i ng part icl e

- '
.

B — T11 III e E ne IIIE

.
’ ’

S ubst it ute fo r a co nd it i o nal cl au se (If yo u dri ve more

s lo wl y,
you wi ll get farther) . Ru ss i an po pu l ar l angu age has a p re ference fo r co

i i
o rd nat o n o f se nte n es c .

CnpaIII HB ae TE y He ro: ot
'
N ice t he co ns t uct io n r .

‘I HHHTE e r6 111; a ne II E : Wo rks all day repai ri ng i t;

RE HOHH to wards ni ghtfall .

47] LE SS ONS 5
1

XLH

COPOR I) B TOPOI/I V POR I)

’ ’

47 . Fo rmati o n of th e Pre s e nt :
-

Thefo l l o w ing verbs—arrange d acco rd ing t o t he fo rm o f t he t hird s ingu l ar— have

o ccurre d i n t he te xts :
IA . Vo we l + e TE
a (H) — W —
nE n a e r E , HHTae r E , ryJI He r E , O 6E HcH He rE , Icyn a
’
eT M a GTB , ’
e TE ,
’
I> - - - -

HOM é e TE , p a66 Tae TE , cnym ae TE , cnp amHB ae TE , 3 Hae TE , B EI B EI B é e TE , a

B EI HHM e TE

s arcp EIB iIe TE , Hs y Hae TE , Ha HHHa e TE , OTB EHa

e TE , OHEB a e TE , OTHErx a
e TE , OTR p EI B a
e TE , II OHHM a
e TE , IIp HFOTOB H He TE , Hp HHé cEI B ae TE , Hp o no n mae TE , OOB ep III ae TcH,

co cTaB JI He TE , cE E
'
nae TE .

a +é r E z na-
é TE ,
B OTa-
eTE .

o + e TE z M oe r E , R p Oe TL , B Oe TE
’
.

’ ’
E + e TE z HEM E e TE , nEne HE e TE .

y + e TE z 3 np c TB ye TE , no maH ye TE .

E + é TE z HE é TE .

I B . Co ns o nant + e TE
6y11eTE , E He TE , ’
HHeTE ,
T II HIIIe TE , XOHe TE ; Hné TE , HHane TE , nane TE , B e3 e TE .

II. HTE

yHHTE , FOB Op HTE , 6 11ar011apHTE , TOHHTE , xp aHHTE , B E p HTE , cTOHTE ,

.
’
HHHHTE ,

JIé pHCHTB ,
'
HeJR HTE , Hepe B OHHTE , XOHHTE , caIIHTcH, cé a TcH, HH cTHTE , B HHHTE ,
H
B HO TE , OM OTp HTE , 11 106HTE , cu nTE .

There are t wo j
co n u gat i o ns . Thei r en di ngs fo r the present i nd ica
t ive are :

I— Io , y e TE e Te IOTE , yTE
II— Io , y HTE HTe HTE , M E

—
The u se o f Io HTE o r y—aTE i n t he s econd c o nj u gat i o n de pe nds e nt irel y o n t he
ru l es o f v o we l v ari at i o n, t he s o ft v o w e l s be i ng us e d w heneve r pe rm i ss ib l e : FOB OpIO,
‘

ro s o pH TE , b u t nep ut i , Hé p HcaTE B ut i n t he fi rs t c o nj u gat i o n t he hard vo we l s

.

m ay ccur after any c o nso nant

o .

The i nfi nit ive i s no t a s afe i nd ic at i o n o f t he co nj u gat i o n o f a ve rb It i s a verb al .

t h at m us t be st u d ie d as s u ch Fo r each Ru s s i an v e rb t he i nfi n it ive and t he

no u
n .

fi rst and seco nd (o r t hird ) pe rs o n s ingu l ar present m ust be lea ned— t he rest fo ll o w s r .

The fi rst c o nj u gat i o n i s su b d i v i de d i nt o a v o cal ic cl ass (I A ) and a c o ns o nant ic

cl as s (I B ) depend ing o n w het her t he perso nal end i ngs are preceded by a v o wel o r
,

a c o ns o nant ; t hus HE H a bel o ngs t o I A Hn any t o I B

'
, .

1 . Revi ew the text .

2 . L o cate each verb li s ted i n thi s lesso n i n the tex ts .

3 . U se each o f these verbs in a sen tence .

4 . Co nj u gate the p res ent tense of m an ,

R yn aTcH, naB aTE , HHTE ,
H (Hny) , y HHTE cH, HTE , nepmaTE
'
E M E TE , HTT IIacTE , CTO
 EL E M E N TA RYERU S S IA N G RAM M AR

48 Firs t Co n j u ga
. ti o n . A . Vo cal i c Class
The en d i ngs are 10 , m m,
The preced i ng v o w el eTE , eM E , e Te IOTE .

i s generall y a— H To t hi s cl ass bel o ng t he great m aj o ri ty o f the v erb s

.

i n an , es peci al l y m o st o f the v erbs w i th stem s i n 11 , H, p , 11, F, B , e g , . . .

R pEI B aTE , OnEB aTE , HaHHHaTE , HE JI aTE , OOCTaB JIH

’
-
3 EI B aTE , -
TE B ut . .

t here are al so m any v erb s in o ther co nso nant s i n this cl ass , e .

g .
,
’
HOHHM aTE , HyH aTE , CE E naTE , pa60TaTE , JIOM aTE , nyM aTE , OTHEIx aTE ,

OOB epm aTE , H p OHOJIHcaTE .

NOTE : Sci nt ific g amm ar eco gnizes a ha p d istinct io n between v b s w h e

e r r s r er er

t hi s a i s a c o nnect i ng v o w el bet w ee n o o t and nd i ng s u ch as HE H a T f o m HE O

’ ’
r e ,
- -
E, r JI

wo k p a60T a T
r , f o m p a6oTa lab and t ho se w he e it bel o ng t o t he o ot e g
- -
E, r o r, r s r ,
. .
,

3 Ha -
TE B ut fo t he p p o ses o f an e l m ent a y g amm a t his d i t i nct i o n i s w it h ut
. r ur e r r r s o

co nse qu nce e .

Verbs w i th i nfini t i v es i n aB aTE hav e t he accent on t he end i ng : naB aTE

Hart) , cTaB aTE — o TaIO , cTae
JIII E .

Vo w el s o ther t han a bef o re t he e nd n are co m p arat i vel y rare ; fo r

i nst ance, The m o st i m po rt ant t ypes are t ho se i n ETE an d
s ee 47 , I A .

tho s e i n OB aTE Verb s i n 13TB are generall y i ncho at i v es , 1 e , they

.
’
. .

' —
deno te i nci pi ent act i o n o r co ndi t i o n : HEM E TE HEM E IO become si lent,
'

’ ’ ’
e Tap E TE grow o ld (but HM E TE have, yM E TE kno w how to , 6 pHTE
’
6pE IO s have) . Verb s i n OB aTE fo rm present s i n yro , yeInE and i ncl u de ,
am o ng o t hers , m any v erb s b o rro wed fro m o t her l angu ages , e .
g .
,

TaHHOB aTE dan ce, fro m Germ an tanzen , aHJI o nrIp OB aTE
’

app l au d

( TaHn IO, y -
y eIIIE ; aHJIOII p IO , -
yeIII E ) .

49 Fi rs t Co nj u gat i o n
. . B . Co ns o nantic Cl as s
The e nd i ngs o f t he first thi rd pl u ral appear at present
s i ngu l ar an d

as y, yTE w i th al m o st al l v erbs , 1 bu t t he effect o f f o rm er IO, IOTE i s s t il l

seen i n cert ai n co nso nant changes (5
0 , Verbs w i th i nfini t i v es i n
TE a fter co nso nant or in TH add t hese en d i ngs w i tho u t any co ns o nant

change (cf .

1 10
, IO TE a fter 11 ,
.
p: m nem E 111.1110 TE , i nf. c.11aTE s end ; npe M JI IO,
npé M JIe IIIE npé M JI IO TE , i nf npeM aTE s lu m ber
. .
0—5
5 1] LE SS ONS 5
3

Other i nfini ti v e fo rm s
THH yTE
’
E xaTE
(6EI TE )
1 . Revi ew the tex t .

2 . Wri te the co mp l ete present j

co n u gati o n o f the verbs li s ted i n thi s
les s o n .

3 Wri te the plu ral form of each i nfl ected word

. i n text X o n HE H
OH H H — H H es e — B es yTE )
H M yHc H E ,
My t HN B r E , .

XLIV

OOFOR I)
’
HETB EPTBII/I YPOR I)
’

5
0 C . o n so nant S o ft e ni ng — The vel ars (R ,
r, x ) ,
t he dent al s i bil ant s

(c ,
and t he d ent al st o ps (T , 11) are u n der ce rt ai n co nd i t l o ns change d
t o pal at al s i bil ant s u nd er t he i nfl uence of fo l l o wi ng so ft v o w el s . The
v o i ced co ns o nant s rem ai n v o i ced , t he v o icel ess o nes rem ai n v o i cel ess ;

R and T ret ai n t hei r character beco mm g H [c t S]

'

p art l y as st o ps , -
.

Thu s t he fo ll o w i ng changes res u l t

r, 11, 3 beco me Ht
1c, T H
c, x 111

o n, CT 111

Thi s pho neti c pro cess i s term ed S ofteni ng of Co ns onants .

Labi al s are so ftened , no t by any change o f t hei r arti cu l at i o n pro per,

bu t by t he i nsert i o n o f 11 befo re t he so ft v o wel , e g , . .

In t he o l d er l angu age , co nso nant

fte ni ng t o o k pl ace befo re al l so ft end ings
so .

Traces o f t his are st i l l app arent i n su ch i rre gu l ar p l ural s (o r rat her d u al s ) as OR O , ,

e ye— OHH yx o ear— y , u m (1 ] t hey are fre qu ent i n w o rd deri v at i o n e g B OTE ,

. .
,

Go d— B OH H
H di vi ne —
man HeJIOB E HecR iH hu man
' '
,
HeJI OB E R E .

In tw o gramm at ical catego ries t he co m pariso n o f ad j ect ives , ,

an d t he co nj ugat io n ,

c o ns o nant so fteni ng i s st i l l a l iv ing element o f inflect i o n .

5
1 Th . e Pre d i cati ve Co mparat i ve

naJI E m e , THm e (X B ) , nan he (IV) , R o p OHe (Less o n

’
B EIc '
ls e,
’

The co m parat i ve , li ke the p o s it i ve , has a sho rt er (u ni nfl ected ) fo rm

when u se d predi cat i v el y, and a l o nger, i nflected fo rm ,
w hen u se d
att ri bu t i v el y .
 4 ELE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN GR AMMA R [5
2

The predicat iv e co m p arati ve i s generall y f o rm ed by add i ng Ti e t o the

stem :
—
6E1c EIHfas t 6EI c s e (no t e t he ac cent ; no ru l e )
i
’ -
’

R p acHB EIH beau tifu l— rt pacHB he w

'

—
HHHHHEI H l ong HHHHH B e
’ ’

A dj ect i ves end i ng in co ns o nant s j

s u b ect to so ften ing u ndergo t he
changes s t ate d i n the preced i ng paragraph, and Ee beco m es e a fter the
so ftened co n s o nant s

OH d i — Hpo cT OH p lai n— Hp O111e

no p o r ear,
ex p en s ve no p OHce
HOp OTR i H s hort— Ho p oq e 6 0FaTEIH ri ch— 6o r aHe
—
HHOT EI H cl ean 1 7
111 e m
Su ffixes are o ften o m i tt e d
B EIcO
— B EI m e
R i H hi gh IIIHpOR i H wi de— III Hpe
i H — y w
y3 R n arrow a

I rregul ar fo rm s :
—
60 11EIH0H bi g 6011E m e
. .
(as adv erb ,
6 011Ee)
H m —
M aJI EI s al l M é HEIII e (as adverb ,
M é HEe )
—
xo p OHI i H go o d n yHme
E ngl is h than is exp ressed 1) by HE ME o r Hé Hce JI H, (2) by t he gen t i ive o f c o m p ar
i so n : M o H R apaHnam E ’
EHHHHE e HE M E (Hé ixen n) m a n or HHHHHEe
’
Rame ro .

5 2 A d ve rb s
.
— Russ i an has part i cu l ar
no ad verb t erm i nat i o n .

Generall y t he neu ter s i ngu l ar o f t he pred i cat i v e fo rm is u s e d adverb i

al l y : OHE nHmeTE x o p o m o
S o m e s o ft adj ect i v es f o rm ad verb s i n 0 (i ns tead o f e) , e g , p aHH i H . .

l — i H m —
ear y p a Ho , n
aB H f o r e r naB HO lo ng ago
cR i H have ad verb s i n —
.

A dj ect i ves i n — cR H : Hpi’ mecR i H fri endl

‘

y,
H — HpOHHHecHH
HpOH HecR i H i ro ni cal Il p i mecHH
’
,
.

With nam es o f l angu ages of fo rm the prefix

t hi s ,
HO is use d: 11 0

py ccR H, Ho -
aHIU I i HcR H . Thi s ad v erbi al f o rm i s al so u s ed in s ent ences

l i ke H 3 H aro IIo - p y ccR H I know Ru s si an , H FOB o pIO II Opyc

-
cH I can

s p eak Ru s si an, H He IIOHHM aIO Ho pyccR H -

I do n o t u nders tand Ru s si an .

With the predi cat i v e co m parat i v e, t here i s no s peci al f o rm fo r t he

adv erb , except 6 011Ee, M é HEe .
’ —
OHE E neTE 6EI c o OHE E neTE
’

’
6ErcpTE e .

1 . Revi ew the text .

2 . A s far as the meani ng admi ts , form the

p redi cati ve co mp arati ves

and the adverbs o f the adj ecti ves that have occu rred i n the tex ts and u s e them
i n i ndep endent sentences ; refer to the general wo rd li s t -

for the correct

co mp arati ve forms .
5
6 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN G RAM MA R

— M HE cynapE B OH TE Hé Ho rnaH HHCTB E neHE

, , ; HaM E B E R pecTE 116
po r o OTOHTE .

— Hy nOpo r o OTO
,
HTE , TaR E H 3 a1111a H y .

-
A 3 aHH aTHIIIE— H OH116M E .

’ '
CE 1I H Ha o nHOHO
. JI R y, HOE x aHH .

CTaJIE no pOTOIO I1ap E M yHcHR a cnp am HB aTE IIaJI é He 1I H

. TEI ,
”
M yHt HHOR E , 6EIB aJI E ?
—
R0e -
r11E 6E1B aJI E .

—A B HHaJI E napH?1I H
.

— IIapHHe B HnaJI E , a H ano 6E -

Ho cM OTpE TE
’
.

— TaR E B OTE HaR E B EI EneM E ,

BE HOJIe , — H yB HnHIHE napH .

—A R aR b H er o ys HaIO ? ’

—B cE 6e3 E m aHOR E 6yI1yTE ; H

o n HE I1ap E B E m anR E .

B OTE H pi E a
’
IH H BE OH IIOJI e . V B HnaJI E napH Hap OIIb ’ -
B CB
’

OHHM aJI H m aHRH . M yHt HR E IIHJI H TE r n as a, a He B HHHTE napH .

“ ”
B OTE OHE H cnp aIIIHB aeTE : A THE Hi e nap E ?
y Hé TpE A neR cE eB H HE :
“
I OB OpHTE B HHHIII E ,
‘ ’
eM TOJI B R O M EI HB Oe
m aHR aXE — HapE l
”
BE R TO HH 6ynE H3 E HacE -
i1a

XLVI

COPOR B IIIE CTOI/I V POR I)

’ ’

N OTES
M yHcII IcE H I OB Op HTE :
’
‘
H i s a p o p u l a c nnect i v e r o , weak er t han Engl ishand then .

Y H e H H ce M E H I have . a fami l y of
BO IIé pB EIXE firs t, i n the firs t p lace, B 0 B To pEI XE s econd (l y) .

A: h
a so m ew at st ro nger o nne t v e t c ci han H : Well ,
I
CTapH HOKE , H ymHHOIcE are i nst ance s o f t he very freq u ent u se o f d i m i nut i ves
i n fam i l i ar i nte rc o urse .

Il o pOI H He HaHny: A fte r negat i ve v erb s t he d i rect o bj ect st and s i n t he genit i ve,
'

i nstead Of t he accus at ive .

CaME by yo u rs elf .

CynapE i s (o r w as ) u se d i n by se rv ant s ad d ress n t heir m asters ; co m pare Harper s ’

Reader, Re m ark 4 5 .

M 111; Hé xo rna I have no ti m e .

A s anné TH III E [z apl o ti S] Oh ,

well , if yo u are goi ng to pay
’
II Oii né ME L et s go .

IIaJIé He rather far .

R Oe -
I HE
‘
6 EIB é '
JI E I have traveled qu i te a bi t .

Hé no 6 E - -
6 EI ) i t wo uld be n ecess ary fo r m e to s ee hi m, I s ho ul d li ke to s ee hi m .

R aIcE Ho w am I hi m 3
’

e r6 y3 111110 goi ng to reco gni z e

BE 1113 a wi l l have hi s ha t on .

M EI HB Oe the two o f us , yo u and I .

55]
—
3 4 LE SS ONS 5
7

N ew Verb s
—
IA no ne .

— —
IB M eTaTE M e Hy ,
M é HeIHE ( )
B E1 B eCT H— B e11 y ,
B enem E

B ep H y TE— B ep H y,
B e p Hé InE

— — S HaHy, 3 HaHHIHE HJI aTfi Tb — Hfl a‘l

y
’

II s a
H HH TE ,
LTHIII E 1
IIJI E

— IIHJIIO II HJI HIIIE —

HHJI H TE , p ac H
r TE p a my p acTHIHE ,

H —
my , B OHHIII E 6H —
B OH T E Bo py TE py6 JIIO py6HIIIE ,

R OpM HTE— R o pM JIIO, R OpMI/IIII B .

1a in t his verb i s p ro no un ce d [o ] w henever accented .

XLVII

COPOR B CEJIB M OI/I V B ORE

’

5 3 . S e co nd Co n j u gat i o n .
-
The e nd i ngs are 10 , H IIIE , HTE , HME , HTe ,
HTE ; thro u gh vo wel v ari at i o n , t he l s t s i ng and 3 d pl u r . . m ay end i n y,
aTE y Hy, yHaTE ) .

I nf .

FOB o p HTE
ne t aTE
’
OM OTp E TE

5
4 . Pre s e nt s wi th Co ns o nant S o ft e nin g
Fi rs t Con son an ti c Conj ugati on :

I nf . P rese nt
a . M O HE be able M o ry M OJK eIIIE , HceTE , Ht eM E , mer e M Ol yTB
‘ '

Te HE flow Te lc y Té HeIH E , HeTE , HeM E , HeTe Té IcyTE

Likew i se 11e HE
. li e down HHseIIIE ; B JIe HE a —
dr w E ne my , Hem E , etc .

b . M e TaTE H eH y M é HeIIIE HeTE HeM E HeTe HyTE

, , , , ,

HHcaTE IH IIIy II HIIIeIIIE In eTE meM E IIIeTe m yr E

I , , , , ,

R as aTE s how R arit y ,

Hamem E , meTE , Ht eM E , HceTe , HcyTE .

Li kew i se p Es aTE p E Hcy, p cu t—

E H t enI E ; II JI aR aT E
’
wee —
p HH aHy , Hem E
’

JI FaTE li e, p revari cate— JI Hcy, JI HQSIIIB ; CJI aTB send IIIJI é IHE , et c .

S eco nd Co nj ugati o n
B OH TE H Bo my
y
’

IIJI aTII TE 11 .11 a H

p acTHTE p a my
py6HTE py6 1110
 8 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN G RAMMA R [5
5
Li kew i se B HH ETE— B Ht ,
OHHE TE
’ — OHt ,
x o n TE— XOHc
H y, 1110 6HTE .

B HcE TE — B HIII Ho cHTE— Ho m y HycTHTE— rryni y, et c

'
y , , .

An ex am i nat i o n o f t hese v erb s resu l t s i n t he fo l l o w i ng ru l es

1 . Verbs of t he Fi rs t Co nso nant ic Co nj u gat i o n so ften the final s t em

co nso n ant
—i h
pers o ns , i f t he i nfi ni t i v e ends i n an ;
all
— i n all erso n s exce t t he 1st s i n
p p g and 3 d pl u r i f the i nfini t i v e
~

. .
,

en d s i n HE .

N OT : The e i s no co n eni nt u l t o d ci de w het he a e b i n an bel o ngs t o

E r v e r e e r v r
'

I A I B o II (HE H a — HHca — n p maT ) ; i t m us t be l a n d

’
, ,
r TE TE e E e r e .

2 Verb s o f the Seco nd Co nj u gat i o n s o ften the co nso nant i n t he

.

1s t s i ng . o nl y .

1 . Co nj u gate i n fu ll the p resent tens e of all n ew verbs i n thi s text .

2 . Wri te the p lu ral fo rm of each si ngu lar no un and adj ecti ve i n the
text i n the sa me case .

(si ngu lar ) B am a ceM EH HIci H

'

3 . D ecli n e: B OHt E H 110M 0111E o n ly , ,

B eJI

I1ap E , HII/I p OR OO mi ne .

4 . Change to the negati ve form : M yHt HRE np oB apy6HTE . H né HE

FH B E B OHy M e H y M yHcHHE OHHM a m aHHy
’

JI E

5C
. .

. o n ti n u e thro ugh all p erso ns : MHB ’

HyHcHa B OERE H IIOM OIHE .

Y H eHH B eJI HR aH ceM E H . M HE Hé Ho rna HHTaTE .

XLVIII

COPOH B B OCB M OI/I V POR I)

’ ’

Im pe rat ive :

1s t S i ng . S i ng I mp
. . Pl u r I mp . .

Hn y (I B ) Hnfi HnfiTe
’ '

III Imy / IIH III II IIHIII IITe

H
'

Ot y (II) cHHII OHH Te

’

cIIH cII II Te

H pHR Hy (I B ) R pHR HH Rp HR HHTe

5
6 7 1111 - 6y11b 6y11ETe [bu t s ]
H JI aHy HJI aHE II JI aHE Te [ pl ai t e]
cHny OHHE cHHETe [s at e]
nE n aHTe
’
(I A )
’
1 ’
111 11 a nE n aiI
1

H p OIO R po fi Hp OHTe

cTOIO (II) OTO H OTO HTe

5
6] LE SS ONS 9

The endi ngs o f t he i m p erat i ve are , regard l ess Of t he cl ass o f co n u gat i o n j

—H
S i ng . H ( E )
Pl u r . HTe (Ere — HTe)

The fu ll end i ng, 11, ru e , i s weakened

a . To E, m e i f t he s tem en d s in o ne co nso n ant and is acce nted in
t he l st Si ng 6yI1y 6y11E, 6yI1ETe
:
— .

bTO
. 11, HTe , i f t he p erso nal e nd i ngs are prece d ed b y a v o w el
— —
H JI a , H JI a e ; O OIO cTo i I, cTOHTe
H
’ ’ ’ ’

E
H JI aro E ii E T T .

Co ns equ ent l y, i t i s pres erv ed i n fu ll (a) i f the st em en d s i n two co n

—
s o nant s , regard l ess o f t he accent (R pHIc y R pHR HH,
H R pHR HHTe ) ,

(b) i f i t en ds i n o ne co nso nant an d t he endi ng o f t he l s t s i ng i s . acce nt e d

—H H
( ui
H H ,

The fi nal co nso nant o f t he Stem i s t he s am e as i n t he 3 d pl u r , e g , . . . .

M eTaTE— M é HyTE : M e HH, M e HHTe ; B OHHTE — B o my , BO IIH T I : B o nH

’
) .

The accent i s generall y the s am e as i n t he l st s i ng .

There are v ery few i rregu l ar fo rm s , e g H HTE— HeH, Hé HTe ; JI e HE— JI HFE , E Hr Te ;
5
. .
,

E xaTE — H o Es m aH, 110 13 3 111 e

'
.

5
6 Th . e Infi ni ti ve — The regu l ar end i ng is an i n t he Fi rst Vo cali c
Co n j u gat i o n an d HTE i n t he Seco n d Co nj u gat i o n The fo ll o w i ng is
n o t an ex pl an at i o n , but a m ere s t atem ent of f acts
IA . M o st verb s in o , yeIHE hav e i nfini t i v es i n OB aTE : 3 11p c rBo
— —
3 np c TB OB aTE ; co m p are 48 .
Hart) gi ve , cTaIO beco me, hav e the
i nfini t i ves na ITE , cTaB é TE — Other t ypes . are : IIE IO- II H TE , R pOIO

R p B I TB , HEME Io — HEME TE
’ '
.

I B . M any i nfi nit iv es of t hi s cl as s end in an : a aTE , K as aTE ,

II JI aR aTE , H e TaTE , HecaTE , 3 B aTE , OJI a E , T 6p aTE Other t ypes are :

.

a .
-
TII w i t ho u t co ns o n ant change : R ecy— HecTH, B es y— B e s TH,

Hay — HHTE o r H TTH .

b .
-
TE o r -
TH w ith change o f 11, T to c: —
Hany HacTE , I wan y
HJI acTE , cHny —cEcTE ,
B en y— B ecT H .

c. r TE-
an d R TE-
change to HE Mo r y— MO HE ,
B H eH —
y B ne H E ,

— Hry—
TeH y Te HE , JI JI e HE .

II . M any v erb s o f t he seco nd co n u gat i o n j have i nfi ni ti ves i n ETE ,

o t hers , es peci all y t ho s e w i t h st em s i n p al at al s ibil ant s , hav e i nfinit i ves
in aTE , e .
g.
, OHHE TE , B
’
HHETE , 60 11E TE , .
’
OM OTp E TE ,
’
B HOE TE ,
'
H emaTE ,

nep HcaTE , cJI EI IIIaTE , R p H HaTE , c11 aTE .

A n o m al o u s :
B EI TE be (ecTE i s , 6y11eTE wi l l be) ; E xar E
’
ri de EOTE e at

(EM E ,
5
9h) .
60 ELE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN GRAM MA R [5
7

1 . Form the i mp erati ves o f all verbs i n the text .

2 . A rrange al l verbs that have occu rred i n thi s and fo rmer texts acco rd

i ng to thei r i nfini ti ves .

3 . I n the ge ner al vo cabu l ary yo u wi ll find that m any verbs have

two i nfini ti ves wi th more o r less difi eren t meani ngs , e g , 6 po caTE . .

6 p ocHTE . A dd to the verbs arranged for E xerci se 3 , above, thei r seco nd

i

i nfini ti ve, if the difi erence between the two forms i s i n the endi ng, an d

no t in a fi x The exp l anati o n wi l l be gi ven l ater —K ee thi s li s t

p re . .
p
fo r re eren ce an d addi ti o ns
f .

XLIX

OOFOR I) II HT I l V POR I)
’ ’
EB LI /

The A tt ri bu ti ve Co mparati ve

P redi cati ve A ttri bu ti ve

P osi ti ve
Co mp arati ve Co mp ar ati ve
6EICTp h e h m i iI,
’
EIH
'
6EIc
’

6EIc ’ ’
aH, ee

Hxi H HIIIe é i I m i ii
’

T T THIII
°

H (B EIcIHe) é fi 11111
’

B EIcOHi BEI III e B EIcO H i1

1 or BEIc

Ho p OTR i H
’

R o p oHe Hp aT Hé irIII i ii
‘

cr apEIH cr ap me cr ap IIIi ii

M 0110110H nm i il
’

M OJI OHce M na

xo pOmiH 11
.
yH m e nyH Ini ii
MaJIEIH M eHE me M é HE m i fi

6 011EIHOH
. 6OJI E III e 6 011E mifi
. .

1 . The at t ribu t i v e co m p arat i v e is fo rm ed by changi ng t he end i ng

of t he pred i cat i ve co m p arat i v e , Ee , t o 1311111111, and e (m e ) t o aii 1111171

Ini ii B u t there are m any i rregu l ar fo rm s , w hich m us t be l earned
‘

or .

by o b s erv at i o n .

2 There i s no s h arp d ist i nct i o n

. betw een t he co mparat ive and s uperl at iv e ; M OH

CTap m i H 6p aTE , M OH e Tap maH cec a m ay mean my o l der bro ther (si s ter) o r m y
o ldes t bro ther (s i s ter) . Ho w ever, t he fo rm s i n EHm i H an d aHIHi H h ave nearl y al w ays
s uperl at ve i me an i ng .

3 . The co m parat iv e i s o ften e xp res se d

i h t he p o s it ive : OTO 6011Ee b y 66 11Ee w t .

Icp acH B EI H HOM Thi s i s the p etti er ho u s e

E The s u pe rl at ive i s gene ral l y ci rcu m
r .

s cribe d b y ca ] 23 ) e it her w it h t he p o s it i ve o r t he c o m p arat i ve : 9 To caM H

M EI H (1 EI

Hp acHB EI H HOM E Thi s i s the pretti es t ho us e; OHE caM EI H OTapm i H HeJI OB E HE '
BE

r é p o nE He i s the o l des t man i n to wn .

A few ad e j ct ives fo rm t hei r s u pe rl at ve i by p refi x i ng HaH t o t he co m parat ive

HaHJI yHm i H bes t, HaHMé HE m i H s ma ll es t .
5
8] LE SS ONS 61

5 8 P . o s s e s s i ve A d j e ct ive s
1 9 To II eTpOB E HOME
.
— OHE HcHB e TE B E II eTpOB OME HOM E .

A d j ect i v es d en o t i ng p o s s es s i o n or co n nect i o n are d eri v ed fro m nam es

of perso ns by repl aci ng t he end i ng o f t he gen . s i ng . by :

OB E , OB a, OB O fo r t he gen . s i ng . in -
a,

e B E , eB a, e m fo r t he gen . s i ng . in -
H,

fo r t he gen s i ng i n E1, H
‘

HHE , HHa, HHO . .

- -
.

The accent i s o n t he s am e s yll abl e as i n t he geni t i v e , e g , IIe TpE . .

L— — — —
II eTp a IIeTp OB E , I/l B aHE I/I B aa
H I
/IB aH O B E ,
A a é H Aa éH
A a é eB E , I/IJI E H— I/IJI E H— I/IJI E HHE .

Fo r decl ens i o n , see 1] 26 .

T hese ive adj ect ives are o f Special i m po rt ance because t hey co nst it ute a
p o s sess
v e ry l arge nu m b er o f Ru s s i an f am i l y n am e s an d n ame s o f p l aces
— A w o m an s ’

s urnam e appears i n t he fe m i ni ne f o m e g IIa JI OB — HaB JI O a V H E HHOB E r ,

. .
,
B E B ,

VJI E HHOB a, I/IB aHOB E — I/IB aHOB a, Typ ré He B E — Typ ré He B a .

Patro nymi cs (names o f pe rso ns d erive d fro m t he fat he r s nam e l ike J o hns on
’
2 .
, ,

A nd ers o n, Pears o n) are f o rm e d fro m s u ch p o sses s iv e ad j ect iv es b y ch angi ng OB E ,

e B E , HHE to case o f men and t o 03 1121 e B Ha m u mi n t he

OB HHE , cB HHE ,
HHE i n t he , , ,

case o f w o men Ru s s ians addres s o ne ano t her no t by t he i r su rnames but b y t heir

.
,

first nam es (HMH) and pat ro nym ics (OTé HecT o ) e g I/IB aHE IIeTp OB H HE (su nam e B ,
. .
,
r

—d) aMHJI iH s ay, II aB JI OB E ) I van P avlofi , the f P eter (P avl ofi ) ; E JI HBaB é Ta

son o

II e Tp OB Ha (II aB JI O B a) ; B HaHHM Hp E I/IH EHHE (YJI E HHOB E — Le ni n s re al nam e )

’
.

3 Of names o f ani m al s and a few o t her no u ns are d erive d ad j e ct i v es i n i ii , EH, Ee

.

(decl ens i o n l ik e Tpé Ti H, e g , p E16a fi s h— p EI 6 i H (p E16 E H [rE i i ] rn as afis h eyes )

’
. .

B OJI HE wo lf — B OJI Hi H, OTE Go d— B ’ —

B Omi H, HeJI OB E HE man HeJI OB E Hi H (o r He n o
’

Hecrci H) hu man
’
BE .

HOOTOB E p HEHm i H p as cR as E (les s on

’
1 . D ecli ne : OTApIIIaH

Ht eHa, nyHm ee B pé M H , 6011EIHi H HOM E , 6EIc E HIIIaH JI OIIIanE (ho rse) ,

’
.

Mn anm ee HHTH .

2 Fo rm the p os s ess i ve adj ecti ves and p atro nymi cs of the fo llo wi ng
.

n ames : A HeN GE H, A H eR caHHpE , HHR HTa, Cepr E H, B acHJI i H (gen

’ ’
.

B acHJI E H) .

3 . Revi ew the text u n ti l yo u can t el l the s tory flu ently (not necess ari ly

wo rd by wo rd) .

HHTI/IlIE CHTBII/l V B ORE

B OIIpO
cEI

1 . Ha H OFO napE IIeTp E H aE a

’
IE BE 11130 57 ? 2 . HTO T OT E My
:R HR E ’
HE JI aeTE ? 3 HTO I1ap EHTE ? 4 FOB o p q TO M yHt HR E OT

5B
. .

B EH e TE a ? . eJI HR a .1I H y MyHt HR a ceM EH? 6 . CR OJI EHO OEI H OB é H

62 E LE M E NTA RY RUSSI AN GRAMMAR

y He rb? CR OJI E R O HO Hepé H? 7 Ha .

~

cR 011E R o HacTeH M yHt HRE

né HEr H Hn ané TE ? 8
'
K aR i H é TH TpH . Ha
c TH ? 9 . HTO nap E He
HOHH M ae TE ? 10 . RaHE M yHt HR E 1
:10a HJI aTH TE ? 11 ROMy OHE .

né HE rH B E 1:1o a HaeTE ? 12 RaHHM E 06p a3 0M E OHE neHEFH B E .

BO Hy M eHeTE ? 13 K yna M yHcHR E nOnmeHE napH B ecTH? 14

5
. .

IIO HeM y OHE HOJI HceHE er c) B ecTH? 1 RaR E myHt HR E 06E HcHHeTE
’

napIO 110p 0ry ? 16 . IIOHHM AeTE 1I H

. I1ap E STO 0 6E HcHé H i e ? 17 .

IIO He
M y M yHt HHE He XOHeTE B ecTH napH? 18 . HTO I1ap E O6E111aeTE

M yHcHR y? 19 . BE HTO I1ap E

HaHOH H 03 03 R E OHE HOE a
-
’
I H? 20 .

’
Ha HHHae TE HE JI aTE H o no p Or E? 21 XOHeTE JI H MyHcHHE napH . .

’
Ho cM OTp E TE ? 22 t
ITO I1ap E eMy FOB o pHTE ? 23
. HTO 6y11eTE .

I1ap E Ho cH TE , a R aR E 6ynyTE B cE K p oM E napH?

‘
24 I nE Hap 011
5
.

yB HnaJI E napH? 2 HTO B cE HE JI aJI H ?

’
26 . HTO nE n aeTE
'
.

M yHt HHE ? 27 HTO OHE cnp amHB aeTE y napH? 28

. HTO IIeTpE .

A JI eR cE eB HHE eM y FOB o pHTE ?

'

TE T XII X
CHaCTJI II B EIH He JIOB EIcE
’

CHEHE I1ap E HJI E HO

c 3 a6011E 11E
’
. OHE co s B aJI E M ynpe HOB E H

0 6EmaJI E To M y ,
E TO B EI JI EHHTE er o, IIOJI OB HHy nac Ba .
IIOJI FO
HHR TO H 3 E HHXE He M o rE HpHnyM aTE HHHaR OFO cpé ncTB a . HaR OHé nE
H
o n HE H3 E M ynpeHOB E I OB Op
‘
HTE : “
Hano O TEIcR aTE B HOJI HE
'
OHacT

HHB aFo napH, H

’ ’
HeJI OB E R a, cHHTE cE Her o p y6 axy H HanE TE eé Ha
”
OHE TOT HacE B EI s nOp OB EeTE . . IIap E o 6 paI10B ancH H n o cH aJI E

HOR aTE OHacTJI HB ar O HeJI OB E Ha napcR i e OJI yFH IIo

’
.
11 0111 0 1
HcR aJI H

HB ar o M OIUI II HaHTH OHHHE

’
y napc HeJI OB E R a He
’

B ceM y, HO CHacTH .

H s no p OB E , Ho 6E nen E a HTO s no pOB E

’
6o r aTE , Ho Hes no p OB E , npe
H 6OFaTE , y TOI OHE TH He x o p OIII H
’ — B OHR i H HEME HH6 E He OB OJIeHE
yI1 H
‘ -
.

Pas E 11 03 11110 B é HepOM E Hné TE I1apcR i H cEI HE co cn e H MEMO H3 6EI

“
H OJI EI III eTE HaR E R TO TO FOB OpHTE : -
B OTE , cJI aBa B OFy, Hap a60TancH,
’
H aE JIcH H cII aTE JI Hr y; Her o eIné H HcHo ? y H B HOJI HE HOB OHeHE H
’

O6p a110B aJI CH napcR i H cEI HE , HTO

”
cHacTJI HB E . HaR OHé HE Ham en E

B HOJI HE cHacTJI H
’ ’ ’
B aFo HeJIOB E Ha, H p HR as aH E cJI yrE cHHTE cE Her o

py6axy H 3 aIIJI aT HTE , CR OJI B R O OII p OcHTE . CJI yra B OIII é JI E BE H3 6y ,

OHacTJI HB ar o HeJI OB E K a
’
HO He B EI HecE py6 RXH, HOTOM y HTo y py6 aXH
Hé 6EI 110
. .
64 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GRAM MA R [5
9

N as al Insert i o n .

OTaTEbeco me— cr aHy, cT aHem E

Ha a —
H T E be i n HaHH g y ,
Ha HHé III E

u t— HE Hy, HE Hem E
’ ’
HETE p
OHHTE
—
take off cHHMy ,
cH HM eInE
HTE — Ho HM Ho HMenI E
IIOH u nders tand y,
.

Verbs i n -
HyTE .

I ncho ati ve Verbs .

OOXHyTE beco me dry— OOXHy, cOXHeIII E

Verbs deno ti ng ( semelfacti ve

‘
an i so lated acti o n

Rp HR HyTE cry o u t
— HpHR Hy, N pHR HeIII E

Tp OHyTE to u ch— Tp OHy, TpOHeIII E .

Insert i o n o f B .

Ht HTE li ve— HtHB y, Ht HB eIIIE

swi m —
IIJI EI TE l o at HHEI B
, f y, 11 .11E1B eIII E .

g M i xed Co nj u gat i o n
56
. .

6 Encar E run— 6 131 1 1

7 E1H HIHE ,
,

6 E1R HM E , OISHQ HTO, 6EryTE ’

XOTE TE want— XO Hy, x é HeIIIE , XOHeTE ,

’

XOT HM E , XOT II Te, XOT H

’

TB
'
.

h . A no m al o u s Verbs .

6E1TE be

CCTB

1 Conj u gate the p res ent and i mperati ve of all

. verbs i n Text XI I .

Change to the negati ve fo rm : M ynpé nE HaHneTE

'

2 . cpé ncT B o .

—H II OHHM aro STO

Hp
a cR i H cEI H E Ham é JI E H 3 6y . 0 6E HcHé Hi e .

3 . D ecli ne HapcR i H cEI HE , B OHCB H HOM OIHE , II eTp OB E HOM E ,

A neHcaa E IIaB JI OB H HE I/IB aHOB E , E R aTepHHa A a é eB Ha II aB JIOB a .
 60] LE SS ONS 6 5
LIII

IIHTB IIE CHT I) TPETII/I V POK I)

’ ’

60 The Pas t Te ns e :
.

Co m p are :
Text VIII A , ; B , OEI 11E
HOHpEI JI E . .

Text X A ,
’
cn p am HB aJI E ; B , Hp i E a IE .

Text XI ,
’ ’
6E1B aJI E , B HnaH E , H OE a I E , Hp i E a I H , cHHM aJI H

OTaJIE , cE JI H
’
.

Text XII, c0 3 B a11E , O6 EII1aJIE , o 6p a110B aJI E , H o cn aJI E , HcR aJI H, E pH

Has aJI H , 6EI JI O, M o Pb

’

,
M OIU I H, Ham é n E , B o m é JIE , B EI HecE .

HE HaJIE di d , I1E
’ ’
he di d , HE
’
JIaJI a s he 11a110 i t di d ;

HE
’
JIaJI H they di d .

A . FOR MA TI ON .

1 Verb s w i th i nfi nit i ves i n TE change t hi s t o (11a EH )

’
. JIE ,
110 ;
. .

2 . If the i nfi ni t i v e en ds i n HE , 3 TH, CTH, 3 TE , eTE , t he mascu li n e

fo rm o m i t s the JI : MO HE— MODE (Mo rn a ,
M OI‘JI O, M OFJI H ; ) B e3 T H
B es E (
B es JI a, B e3 110, B e3 1I H) ; HecTH— HecE (Hecn a ,
HecJI O, HecJI H ) .

3 . Verbs w i th st em s i n 11 o r T an d i nfi ni t i v es i n -
cTE , —
cTH o m it t he

11 or T i n all f o rm s o f t he p ast : B ecT H— B é JI E ,

ReJI a,
B en o, B eJI H; HacTE
— 11a11E , Han a, . II aJI H ; EOTE — ’ ' ’
EHE , E JI a, E JI O, E JI H .

B . IN FLE OTI ON .

The p ast t ens e i s n o t a co nj ugated form , l i ke t he p res ent , b u t a decli n ed

verbal adj ecti ve It has the end i ngs o f t he pred i cat i v e adj ect i v e, except
.

t hat t he pl u ral of al l t hree genders end s i n H i n st ead o f BI :

Hap E
’
3 a6OJI E 11E .

HteHa 3 a6o 11E 11a JIIOHH .

’
. 3 a6011E 11H
’
.

IIHTH 3 a6011E JI O
’

A CCE NT : 1 . The p ast t ens e o f a v er w t b i h a m o no syll abic i nfi nit ive e it her has
t he ccent i n f
a al l o rm s o n t he st em , o r t he e n d i ng i s accente d i n t he fem i n ine o nl y ,

o r all e nd in gs are acce nt e d :

— 3 HaJI E , s HaH a,
3 HaTE 3 Ha110 , 3 Ha11 H

6E1TE— 6E111E , 6E1H a, 6H

I 1I E
.

MOH E— MO D E , M OFJI a, M OFJI O, M OFJI H .

In t he general c b
v o a u l ary t he a cce nt
i nd icate d w henever i t i s no t st at i o nary is
i icate d i n t he case o f 3 Ha11 b ut i n t he case o f 6EI 11 and M o rE )
i t i s no t nd . E, . E .

2 If t he i nfi ni t i v e has m o re t h an o ne syll ab l e t he p ast te n se has t he s am e accent

.
,

as t he i n fi n it i ve (i n t he cas e o f i nfi nit i v es i n TE t he ac ce nt res t s o n t he l as t s yll ab l e ) -

.

p a6 OTaTE
—
p a60Ta11E .
, p a6OTaJ1 a, p a66TaJI o , p a60TaJI H
HecTH— Hé cE HecJI a HecJIO HecJI H
,
.
, ,
=
66 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMAR [6 0
1 . Change al l
p as t ten s es i n the tex t to the p resent tens e; gi ve the fo u r
’ —
forms of all p as t tenses i n the tex t, e g , 3 a6 OJI E eTE 3 60 11E 11E , 3 a6011E
' ’
. . . .

' ’
11a, 3 a6011 E JI O , 3 a60 11 E .11H
. .

2 Change present fo rms i n Text XI to the fo u r fo rms of the p as t

all

5
.
.

3 . Fo rm the p as t tens e (fo ur fo rms ) of all verbs li s ted i n 49 and 4 .

LIV

HHTLIIE CHT B HETB EPTEIH V B ORE

’

B o npo cEI

1 . 0 HOM E pas crt as EIB aeTcH B E é TOM E Té R cTE? 2 q TO cny HHn o cE .

.

t ’
OE n p
a é M E ? 3 IT O O H E HE JI aJI E H T 06 EI B EI JI EHHTE OH? 4 tI
TO

5R
. .

OHE O6EII1aJI E To M y ,
HTO B EI JI EHHTE er O? . aR Oe cpé ncTB o I1 a

R OHé nE Ham eJI E o n HE H H3 E M ynp eHOB E ? 6 .

I
I TO a
’
JI aJI E I1ap E ,

HTO6EI HaHTH B II OJI HE

’
OHacTH HB ar o HeJI OB E Ha? 7 RTO
’
. HcR aJI E

IIO HeMy OHH He M OIUI H HaHTH HH

’
STOFO HeJI OB E R a? 8 . 01
1 1101
1
0
R OTOpEIH
’ ’
HeJIOB E R a, 6EI .11E B II OJI HE HOB OJI eHE
?
9 . F111; o nHat EI

r yJI HJI E napcR iH cEI HE ? 10 . CE RE E M ryJI HJI E OH E ? 11 . HTO OHE

OJIEI InaJI E ? 12 . IIO HeM y HapcR i H OEI HE o 6p an0B a11cH ? 13 q . TO

CR OJI B R O OHE XOT E HE s ann aTHTE

’ ’
OHE SJI b
IIpI/IK aB a cJI yr E ? 14 3a
'

5
.
.

py6 axy OHacTJI HB aFO HeJI OB E R a ?

’
1 .
I
ITO a
’
JI aJI E cn yr a?

16 . II O HeMy OHE He B EI HecE py6aXH?

X XIII TE T

The g amm at ical m ate i al has no w bee n p esent e d t o s u ch an e xt ent t h at s u ppl e

r r r

m ent a y ead i ng an b t ak en u p w it h benefit Ha pe s R i an Rea de (The

’
r r c e . r r uss r

Chicago Un i s it y P es s ) i ec m m nd d fo t h at p u p o se
ver Of c o u
r t he g am s r o e e r r . rse , r

m at i al w o k m ust b c o nt i nu d at t h s am e t i m
c r e e e e .

The fo ll o w i ng t e xt i t ak en f o m Ha p s R ade
’
s r r er e r .

B EHRa H B OJI IcE

HE JI R a '
H pEI r aJI a cE B E TR H Ha B E TR y H
’ ’
yII aJI a II p HM o Ha cOHHaFO

BOJI R a . HJI E H XOTE 11E eé OE ECTE

B OJI N E B E JI Ha cTaJI a
B CR O H
’
. .
'

Hp o cHTE
“
I c TH M eHH!
”
B OJI R E cHae aH E :
“
Xo po m o, H ny111y
Te6H, H M HE, OT Her o B EI , 6E JI R H, TaR E B é ceJI EI
’
TOJI B R O T EI ORc .

M E E B oerna OR yHHO, a Ha B acE OM OTpHm E , B EI TaM E B B epxy B cé Hr p a

“
I c THH eHHHpet e Ha né peB o ,
” ’
e Te H a I FaeTe B E JI R a cHas an a : .

H O TTyna Te6E cR c y, a To H 6010cE Te6H B OJI R E H ycTHJI E , a 6 E 11

’ ” ’
. .

’
Ha yIIIJI a Ha -
né p eB o H OTTyna cR as aJI a : Te6E O TTOI
‘
O cR yHHo , HTO

Te6E
'
TEI 3 O.1I E . 3 11 00TE cé p 1
.
111e HOR STE . A M EI B é ceJI EI O TTOPO, HTO
’ ”
M EI no 6pEI H HHROM y 3 11a . He HE 11aeM E
. .
6 1] LE SS ONS 67

LV

E CHT L IIHTEIH V B ORE

HHTB IL
’

BE JI Ica, 6 11211101 :
'
[ e ] i n all fo rm s , see 21, 3 , e nd . B ut
’
cE B E THH Ha B E THy
'

[s ve t k i na v t k u ]e .

CE EcTE ften p ro no u nce d al ike

and cECTE are o ,
bu t i n careful p ro nu n ciat io n t he
fo rm e r has a m o re d ist inct p al at al gl i de : [s e s t ‘ ‘

CKyHHo [sku Sno ] .

Ht xcé r E '
11c does no t no t iceabl y d iffer fro m Ht .

LVI

H
H TB JIECHT B IIIEOT0H VB ORE
’

6 1 The A spe ct s :
.

B
’
B E JIHa yIIaJI a fell down (i n
'
B E JI R a II pEI FaJI a was i n the act

of p layi ng . a mo ment) .

B OJIK B XOTE JI E
'
’
ee cE EcTE had B OJI R b ’
OR O H HJI E j ump ed up .

the desi re to devo u r i t .

Co m pare

E ngl i sh French Lat i n Greek Russ i an

A — he was wri ti ng i l é cri vai t s cri bebat OHE IIHca
’’

e7 p a¢ e JI E
—
B he wro te down ( ) il e cri t s cri p s i t p a¢ e OHE HaHHca
’ ’’

e7 JI E

In m any l angu ages t he ct io n o f t he v erb can be co nce iv ed e it her as unco mp l eted

a

(o f u nce rt ai n du rat i o n) o r as co mpl eted (o r m o m ent ary) Thi s i s t he b as ic d i ffer .

e n ce b et w ee n s i m p l e an d p ro gres s ive f o rm s i n E ngl i s h i m p a fait and p assé dé fi n i

‘ ’
,
r

i n B e nch i m pe fect and pe fect i n Lat i n and i m p e fect and ao ri st i n Gree k

,
r r ,
r .

In Ru ss i an as i n all S l av ic l angu ages t hi s d ifference c o nst it u t es an e s se nt i al

, ,

fe at u re o f t he verb syste m It i s no t l im it e d t o t he p ast as i n French and Lat in

.
, ,

b ut s p reads o ver t he w ho l e c o nj u gat i o n To an e xt e nt t hi s i s t he c ase i n E ngl is h

.
,

t o o : to be wri ti ng— I am wri ti ng— I was wri ti ng B ut w hi l e E ngl i s h u ses t he .

s am e m eans fo r al l ve rb s w ho se m ean i n g p erm it s t hi s c o ns t ru ct i o n Russ i an us es ,

d i fferent f o rm s o ft en w it h d iffere nt s h ad es o f meani ng

,
Wi t h nea l y ev e y verb . r r

tw o c o nj u gat i o ns ru n s i de b y s i d e—j us t as if t he e w ere i n Greek fo r i ns t ance t w o r , ,

co m plete ve b al systems w it h t he ste m s 7 p ¢ and 7 p /

r a a nz

The v ari o u s w ays i

o f act o n— m o m ent ary, co nt i nu o u s , rep eat e d ,

cu st o m ary, etc — are call ed a sp ects i n Sl av i c gramm ar We d i sti ngu i sh .

chi e fly
t he p erfecti ve as p ect, d eno t i ng co m pl et e d o r m o m ent ary act i o n ,

and t he i mp erfecti ve deno t i ng pro gres s i ng

as p ect, o r repeat e d act i o n ;

t he l atter i s o ften cal l ed t he du rati ve as p ect .

68 E LE M E N TAR Y RUSS I AN GRAM MA R [6 2
1 .
f each verb i n Texts X and XI and s u bs ti tu te
S tate the as p ect o

the co rresp on di ng fo rm of the o ther as p ect; con s u lt the vo cabu lary fo r the
forms For the ti me bei ng do n o t attemp t to exp lai n the difference i n
.
,

me ani ng between the two fo rms .

E g : M yHt HR E B e3eTE i mp erfecti ve— HOB es eTE p erfecti ve; npe H

. .
,

Hne TE i mp erfecti ve— Ho Hne TE p erfecti ve

' '

, ,
.

2 Change all p reteri t fo rms i n Tex t X I to the 3 d s i ng p res of bo th

. . .

H aE x aH E — HaEs m a
’ ’
as p ects , e .
g,
. e TE , HaE neTE .

HapE the Ts ar
'
3 a6 011E 11E
’
3 . fell si ck; I1ap E 6 0 11E 11E he was
. s i ck .

OHE co s B aJI E he s u mmo ned; OHE c3 E1B a11E he was occu p i ed in cal li ng

them together .

(a) S tate the asp ect and s u bsti tu te the co rres p ondi n gform of the o ther
fo r the fo l lo wi ng forms :
'

asp ect 0 6E1naJI E , HpHHyM aH E , O TEICR aJI E ,

o 6p a
’
110B aJI cH, Ho cH aJI E , HcR aH H, Hap a6 0Tan cH, HaE JI cH, HameJI E ,

HpHR as aJI E , B OIII é JI E , B EI HecE .

(b ) E xp lai n the difi erence between each two forms ,

as s ho wn abo ve for
6 0 11E JI E
.
’
cs EI B aJI E —
co 3 B a11E . . Remember: You are n o t
‘
trans late
’
the as p ectE —that rarel y
to is p os si ble bu t to des cri be the
dif eren ce i n the s i tu ati o n .

LVII

HHTLIIECHT I) CEHB M OE V B ORE

’

6 2 Si mpl e . an d Co mpo und Ve rb s :

I mp erfecti ve y HHTE yIHaTE cJI R yn aTE

P erfecti ve: Hay HHTE nocnym aTE BEIHyHaTE

HE ME TE
’
B EI TE B EHETE

s aIIEM ETE B 3 B EI TE yB HnETE

-
.

The m o st frequ ent way of fo rm i ng t he t w o pri nci p al as p ect s i s by

co nt ras t i ng t he v erb w i t h a prefix t o t he s i m pl e v erb . The s i m pl e

verb ex p resses t he i m perfect i ve, t he co m p o u nd v erb t he p erfect i v e

as pect A giv en i m perfect i v e v erb t akes a d efini t e p refix t o m ake i t
.

perfect i ve , and i n t hat part i cu l ar co m po u nd t he prefix v i rt u al l y l o ses

i t s pro per m eani ng; i t i s m erel y a gram m at i cal d ev i ce o f ex pres s i ng
t he perfect i v e as pect It i s neces s ary i n ev ery case t o kno w what p refix
.

m u st b e prefix es b u t t hat o ne change t he m eani ng o f t he

u se d , fo r all

v erb as i de fro m i t s as p ect Thu s , t he prefix OE c mu s t be u s ed w i th .

HE JI aTE , Ht e HE , Hr p aTE , etc , t o m ak e them perfect i v e (a JI aTE act,

’ ’
.

013 q bu rn u p , cEIFp aTE cE + Hrp aTE m ake p lay) ; i f u s ed w i th a

a

v erb t hat call s fo r d ifferent prefix t o m ake

a i t p erfect i v e, i t expresses
co nnect i o n o r s eparat i o n, e g , co cTOHTE co nsi s t,
. . OHH M aTE take off .
 LE SS ONS 69

B y far the m o s t frequent

prefixes i s no o f al l . It i s e nt i rely co l o rl es s ,

as i de fro m m ak i ng the v erb p erfecti v e .

5
Of t he 12 d i ffere nt v erb s t h at h ave o ccu rre d i n t he t e xt s , 7 0 fo rm t he i r pe rfect ive
as pect by m eans o f p re fixe s , and w i t h m o re t h an 30 o f t hese t he p re fix 11 0 m us t be

us e d , e g , JI IO 6H
. TE— II OJI IO 6H
. TE (ta ke a li ki ng) , Hp EI TE — IIOR p E I TE (cover u p ) .

The her p refixes generally ret ain s o me t ace o f t hei r o rigi nal meani ng al t ho u gh
ot r ,

i t i s no t alw ays c l e a l y app arent Thu s cE (c co i n a H a co p aHH

'
r . c 110 TE , x TE , .

M aT has a s h ad e o f t he m ean i ng o f c o m p l et e ness e i t her o f c o nnect i o n o r o f s e p ara

E ,

t i o n; 3 a o fte n i nd icate s t he be gi nni ng o r e nd o f an act i o n as i n 3 a6o n E TE 3 am}

’
, , ;

ME T s arcp aT ; co m pare 67 B ut o ne s ho u l d no t l ay t o o m uch st ress upo n

’
E, EI B E .

t hes e s l i ght v ari at i o ns o f m eani ng but rat her kee p i n m i nd t h at HE H aTE—p hE H a E

’ ’
, T ,

x p aH H T —co xp aHH E IIJI aT TE— s arIJI a HTE re p rese nt c o nt rast s s i m i l ar t o t hat

'

E T ,
II T

bet wee n t he French i m parfait and p assé dé fini o r t he Greek i m pe fect and ao rist ,
r .

To each i nfini ti ve li s ted wi th E xerci se 4 L es s o n 3 4 add the i nfini ti ve , ,

of the o ther as p ect; arrange those p ai rs of verbs that difi er by p refix o nl y

‘
,

acco rdi ng to those p refixes (maki ng e g o ne li s t of Ho p erfecti ves o ne ,

. .
,
-

of 3 a- p er ecti ves , f

LVIII

II HTEIIEOHTE B OCEM OHVB ORE

B OIIpo cEI

1 . RaR E s ar H aB ie é To r O Té HcTa? 2 . HTO 6E 1111a nE n aJI a?’ ’

3 Ha R OI O OHayIIaJI a? 4 t
I TO 6E 11R a
’
cTa E
n n aT ? 7
’ I
I TO
‘

JI a
‘
. . E .

ROM y B cerna ORyH HO ?

’
6E 11Ha HOJI Ht Ha 6EI JI a crt as aTE B OJI R y? 8 '

t ’ ’ ’
9 . ITO 6E 11HH B oerna HE JI aIOTE ? 10 OTRyna 6 E 111ca . XOTE JI a
’

OTB EHaTE B OJI R y? 11 . HTO B OJI R Ea JI aJIE ?

’
12 . Ryna 6E 11R a ’

ymn a? 13 OT HeFO B OJI Ry B oerna CR yHHO? 14 q TO eM y cé pnne

5O
. .

’
H t é TE ? 1 . T HeFO 6E JI HH B cerna B é ceJI EI ?

TE T XIV X
B OJI IcE 11 HOT ! )

B OJI RE fi BB '
-
JI c
’
BE nepé B HIO 3 a6EHcaJI E ,
He B E FOCTH, H0 DR I/I B OT B cn aca
'
H;
3 a mrt yp OHE OB OIO npOHt aJI E :
y
OXOTHHR H 3 a HHM E H FOH HHXE oTaH .

OHE p anE 6EI B E Hé p B EI H TyTE IIIM EI I HyTE B o p o r a

'

Ila To JI HIHE r Ope ,

HTO B cE R o p oTa Ha 3 an 0pE .

B OTE , B HHHTE B OJI R E M OH Ha 3 a6 0p E

ROTa .
70 .
ELE M E NTARY RUSS I AN GR AMMA R

“
I/I B aceHE Ha, M OH npyrE
’
M OH HTE : l CRaH t crt o p E e ,

RTO s nEcE
’
H3 E M yHt HR OB E no 6p E e ,
HT6 6EI p EI TE M enH OTE 3 11EIXE M OHXE B p aFOB E ? .

TEI cJIEI III HIIIE 11aH co 6 aRE H .

c aIII HEI H s ByR E pOFOB E !
”
B EHE é To B ce 3 a M HO H!
—
“
IIp o cH cR Op E H CTen aHa
’

M yHcHIcE IIp e1106p EI H OHE

” —
R 0 TE B acE R a FOB Op HTE .

“ ”
To ; 11a y Her o H 06011p a11E 6ap aHa
TaHE .

Hy, HOIIEI Tc H Ht E y IIeM EHHa l ” -

B OIOcE , H To Ha H eHH H OHE cea TE .

H y H er O yHOCE R o s neHR a .
’

“
B EFH Ht E B OHE TaM E HcH B eTE TpOID
-

,
HM E .

RE Tp o di rIM y? HETE 6 010cE H B OTpE THTcH

’ '
,
H OE HHM E

Ha M eHH cE B ecHEI r p EI s eTcH 3 a Hr HeHR a l

”
OHE
“
Hy, 11.110x o 1R E -
! Ho aB OOE Te6 Hp OeTE RHHM E !
”

’ ”
OXE , B acH, y Her o s ap E 3 a11E H Ten eHR a l .

HTO B HHcy, HymE l TEI B oEM E B E nepé B HE HaCOJI HJI E l

”

CR as aHE TyTE B acE R a BOJI R y :

RaRyIO HcE TEI ce 6E s ai nHTy 3 11EcE c I HJI E ?

’
-

HETE , B E HaIIIHXE M yHt HR aXE He CT OJI B R O Man o TOJI R y,

HT06E Ha OB OIO 6131

1 5H 7 Te 6 cn acH H OHH,
I/I IIpaB EI ; caM E ce 6 H B HHH
t ' ”
ITO TEI HOGE HJI E , To H Ht HH l
Rp EIJI OB E .

LIX

HHTEHE OHTE JIE B HTLII/I V B ORE

‘

H3 E -
HEW : Co m p are 11310 , caxa py, Te xt VI, and 1 ] 14, 4 In cl o se l y . co nnected
p hrase s t he p rep o s it i o n i s o fte n ac ce nte d (t he hyp he n i s no t al w ays u se d ) .

CnacaH L U ni nfl ecte d prese nt p art icip l e (s o calle d ge ru nd ) Of cn acaTE—i n o rder -

to s ave hi s life .

CB OIb bel o ngs t o m Ryp y Po et ic w o rd o rder has a ce rt ai n am o u nt o f free d o m

. .

B
o po r a, use d 1n t he p l u ral fo rm o nl y, m ay h av e t he acce nt o n t he se c o nd o r t he

l ast s yl l a bl e : B o p OTa, Bo p o r a .

B HCEH (B acE R a, B ace HER a) are d i m i nut iv e (e ndeari ng) fo rms o f B acHJIi H .

H) , no 6p E e h ave t he m eani ngo f ab s o l u t e c o m p arat i ve s o r

’ ‘ ’
CKOpE OR o p E
’ ’
e

su perl at ives : very qu i ckl y, very go od (as go o d as

B
EHE i n t his p ass age c o m es ne ar t o h av i ng i t s p ri m ary m e ani ng; i t i s or i gi nally
an i m pe rat i v e o f an (o b s o l et e ) v e rb m e an i ng to kn o w .

II pe n6 6 pEI ii :
‘

The p re fix 1 p e fo rm s ab s o l ut e s upe
1 i
rl at ves : very good .

BOHE TaM E : Over yo nder .

CE B ec mfi : CE w it h t he genit ive o fe xp res s io ns o f t im e means s i nce .

72 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMAR [6 3
bVerbs w ith po l ys yll abi c i nfinit iv es i n
. aTE , HTB , l3Tb ,
’
al s o add

but change the preced i ng v o w el t o E1 o r H :

Hq ecEIB aTE fro m Hq ecaTE , -

qe my, é mem E -

—
HpHH MEIB aTE y a nyM aTE a nyM aro
HpHR as mnaTE —
HpHR ae aTE a R amy, 9R e1nE
-

OOM OT ls TE— OCM OT IO

’
OOM a HB aTE p
'

p ,
-
TpH1nE
—
OTEIOR HB ar E
'
O TEICR aTE OTEr my ,
-
1§1111e111E

N OTE — Verb s i n -
B ar E are
'
i
Frequent at ives i e v erbs i
p r m ar l y Ite rat v es o r
‘
i ’ ‘ ’
, ,
. .

t hat de no te repe at e d ac i i h b o ut ; b ut i n m o dern Rus ‘

t o n, l ike Lat n i acti tare t ro w a
’

s i an t hi s m e an i ng i s rare l y p reserve d (6 1TE be —6 ar E be often freque nt) Ne a ly E '

EI B ,
. r

al w ays t hese f o rm at i o ns h ave me re l y t he p urp o se Of f o rm i ng t he i m pe fect i ve aspe ct r

Of c o m p o u nd v erb s .

c . Verbs w i th i nfinit i ves i n 3 TE (e m ) ,

OTI> _
and HE ad d a, a to
t he stem ; t ho se i n HTE and HyTE change t hi s i nfinit i ve end i ng to
M E (M E ) ,
rarel yt o HB aTE :

-
11aIO fr o m cE i scTE , cE EM E
'

( 5
9 h)
yHaHé TE , Ha10 yn acTE , fl y 11e111E
- -
,
'

no n p aB JU l TE , 4 110 n o np aB HTE , -
B JI IO , -
B H111E

p aBHEn fi r E , J1fi IO p as ni aJI Hr E , mO, JI H111E

- ' - -

'

Hay q é TE , -
q a10 Haq TE , -
q y ,
-
q H111E

OTB lsq
’
ar E , ' -
a o -
q y,
-
TH1HE

HacaJI HB aTE , -
B aIO HacOJI HTE , -
1HO,
.
-
J1 HIHE
OTHErx aTE , -
xafo OTHOXH y TE , m y, -
Hé m E

2 . B y Change W i thi n the St em

l

Verbs Of cl ass I B w i th t w o s u cce s s i v e co nso nant s i n t he s t em (eit her

i n t he i nfi ni t i ve , or in t he pres ent , or i n b o th fo rm s ) i nsert it (s o met i m es
E1 ) bet w een t hem :

(30611pé Tb
.
,
-
p a10
'
fro m co fipaTE , -
6epy, perr1E -

yM Hp ar E ,
' -
p aIO m yMpy, yM pé m E
ep é TE ,

OOHHpaTE , -
p a10 O6 o np aTE ,
—
irpy, Hpem E
-

B E13 El B a Ba BE13 B ar E , 3 OB y, 3 OB e111E

'
TE , -
10 - -

HOOEm aTE , -
J1aro n o cnar E , -
1nJI eH1E

Nas al S t e m s . The i nfinit ive Of stem s Of I B w it h fi n al n as al e nd s i n _

a 'r E (aTE )
i nste ad Of H TE , -
M TE , -
j ust as t he stem m en has t he no m i
s ng HM a ; e g Ha q Hy,-

—
.
,
. . .

Ha q Hé m E— i nf
-
Ha- q a- TE begi n; ma y, mHé m E— mar E harves t; B o a E my, OS E -
B Mé m E

—B 3 5
.

-
HTI> take (co m p are 9 d) i fci
In t he m pe r e t ve o mp o u nd s Of t ese ver
. c h bs t he
nas al is i
ret a ne d an d i
H nse rte d befo re i t
63] LE SS O NS 73

Ha- t -
a'r E , -
aIO fro m Ha- a E , Ha- t
my, -
HHe m E

3 a- H- HM- ar E , -
aIO 3 a- H- é T E , 3 3. - may —
HMé I11E ,

The ste m -
EM ccurring o nl y i n co m po u nds l ike 3 aHHM ar E i s
(i nf . ta ke, o , ,

an i m p o rt ant ex am p l e Of t hi s t ype The pe rfect i ve c o m p o u nd s h a e t he fo rm H HTI . v - -

>
,

-
HM y if t he p efix e nd s i n a v o we l b ut t he fo rm H HTL u HMy if i t e nd s i n a co n
r ,
- -
,
- -

s o n ant ; t he i mp erfect i ve c o m p o u nd s h av e t he fo rm H— HM ar E II HM aI0 : - ' - -

,

IIOHHM aTE , -
HHM a
IO HOHé TE , II OHMy, II OHMe In E

HOHHHM a'r E , -
HHM aIO HOIIHIITE, II OIIHHMy, -
M em E

Ré s um é : im ple im perfect iv e verb i s m ade perfect ive by a prefix A ll pre

A s ,
.

fixes but o ne change t he m eaning Of t he verb at t he s am e t im e The new perfect ive .

,

c o m p o u nd verb w it h Speci al ized m eaning i s i n t urn m ade im pe f ect ive by ste m v aria r

t i o n c o ns i st i ng i n s u ffix at i o n o r stem v o w e l change Thi s i s i ll ust rate d by t he fo l l o w

,
.

i ng d i agram i n w hich t he h o riz o nt al l i nes i nd icat e p ro gress i ng act i o n o r l as t i ng

,

c o nd it io n i e t he i mpe rfect ive (durat ive ) aspect t he vert ical l ines— t he ri sers i n
,
. .
, ,

t he st airw ay— t he perfect i ve as pect .

3 HaTB

ys fl aTE

B . SI MP L E VE RB S .

A s m al l nu m b er o f v erbs are perfect i ve w i tho u t a prefix . The fo l l o w

i ng types o ccur

1 . A few m o no syll abic i nfinit i v es d eno t i ng t he s i m pl est , l eas t s pe

ci ali ze d act i o ns ; t hei r i m perfect i v e fo rm s hav e l engthene d stem s

HERaTE , JI lSB é IO , i m perfe ct i v e Man HE HMH E p u t

’ ’
Of HE Hy,
’

IIaB aTE , Hart) , Haem E IraTE , HaM E , Ham E gi ve

cr aHOB H TE cfl , B JIIO, B H111E - -
cr aTE , OTaHy, -
HeIII E s tand u p

caII r Eca, cam H '

c ,
-
11H111Ec;1 ClSCTB , carr
’ ’

y, cri nem E si t dow n

JI OJ‘R fi Tb CH, -
}R HIII B CH Jq E, w i ry, -
>R eIIIE li e down
naHaTE , HaHaIO nacr E , Hai r '
y -
IIé III E fall
,

2 . Verb s i n HTB w i th i m p erfect i v e i nfi nit i v es i n an

6po caTE , aIO -

i m perfecti ve Of 6p OCfi TB , 6p 6111y, -
cHIII E throw
R Oa TE , -
aIO R CH ‘IH TB , R Oq ,
J
I HIIII) end

Hp o mar E , -
a Hr E , Hp o ury, cTHIIIE fo r
IIp OOT ' -

HyOR ar E , aIO IIyOTHr E , nym y, cTH111E release

' - '
-
 74 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R [6 4
3 . V bs i n er HyTE , deno t i ng Si ngl e act i o n
l
, general ly w i th i m perfec
t i v e i nfinit i v es i n —
aTE

R pI/I q é TE , R q y ,
-
HHIHE , i m perfect i ve Of Rp HR Hy TE cry o u t

Tp Or aTE , —
aIO Tp OHy 'r E to u ch
HI M EI raTE , -
aIO IIIM EI I HyTE
‘

r prirs r E , y 3 em E
3 r p E13 H yr E
f - - '
,

II pEI r ar E , aIO IIpEI r HyTE

' -

N OTE —Wit h so me Of t hese v bs t he co m po u nd s ho w s t he same d ist ibut i o n Of

. er r

a pect as t he im p l e v
s b v i an i m pe f ct i e v b i n a and a pe f ct i o n i n
s er z r e v er
'

rE
'
,
.
,
-
r e ve e

H TB , e p O c R aT — n p o n yc HT l t thII gh; w i t h o t he s t he i mperfect iv e c m

I E '
r E e ro u
g . .
, r , o

p u nd add s a s ffi x as e xp l ai ne d u nd e A e g OJIE a
o u , 6p acH a E r ,
. .
, B TE B EI B r

E 6p o ca
B I o E 6p o cH In a few c ases t he c o mp o u nd i m pe f ct ive ha t h accent
'
rE r B 1
'
rE . r e s e

o n t he s ffix w hi l e t he s i m p l e i m pe fect ive accent s t he ste m e g

u
p o nana a r rr '
r E, -

im pe fect ive Of Hpo n a get lo t—s i m ple i m pe fect ive HaHaTE HanaIO
, . .
, ,

cr E
'
r s r
, .

1Conti nu e yo u r li s t of p erfecti ve co mp o unds (co mp i led wi th Les so n

5
.

7 ) by addi ng the verbs of the s ame typ e o ccu rri ng i n thi s text (li s ted p .

2 A rrange the i mp erfecti ve co mp o unds that have o ccu rred i n a s i mi l ar

.

li s t .

3Change all p as t fo rms i n the text to the p resent and all p resent forms
.

to the p as t of the s ame asp ect, e g , 3 a6 lsmaJI E — sa6ismaer 1 ; B HHHTE . .

f ’
)

BH HEHE .

4 Conti nu e thro ugh all p erso ns : CR amH M H E! YR p OH M eHII ! H

'
’
’
.

6016 0E B OJI R a
5D
.

.
‘

ecli ne : Hé p B BIH B Op OTa,

M OH B par E , II peIIO6p EI H M yJR HRE ,
'

é TOTE a r Hé HOR E , M an eHE R i H R o s JIe HOR E

' ' ' '
.

LXI

IIIE CTLIIE CHT L HEPB LII/I V POR L

’ ’

64 Ve rb s . Of Singl e A s pe ct :

1 . A n
u m ber Of verb s fo rm o nl y o ne Of t he t wo as pect s , t he o t her

o ne bei ng i nco m pat i bl e w i th t he m eani ng of the verb . Thu s , t he per

fect i v e as p ect is n o t u s ed i n t he cas e Of v erb s like COCTOfITB co ns i s t, II p H

HaHn em aTE belo ng, 3 HaTE kn o w (y3 HaTE m eans begi n to kn ow , i . e .

,
l earn ,
fi nd o ut ) ,
s naq rE m ean , OTOHTE (cTOHIIIE , OTOHIHE ) co s t (d o no t co n

f u se t hi s w i t h OTOIO, cr O
'
HIII E s tand ) . On the o ther hand , t he
i m perfect i v e as p ect 1s no t ex pres s e d w i th s u ch verb s as co cTOfi TEca take
HTEOH fall i n love,
'
p lace , II OJIIO 6 s ann ani s TE take p osses s i on , s ei ze .

1
Op . 5
8 ; i ch t i e n oa ve v er s b in Hy'rE are i mperfect ive .
 LE SS ONS 7 5
2 . With a few v erb s the t w o e
as p ct s are t aken fro m d ifferent s tem s ,

each Of t he t w o s tem s ex press i n g o nl y o ne as p ect

Im perfect i v e Perfecti ve

rOB Op HTE cR as aTE , -

H{ em 5s ay
6 p aTE , 6epy, 6e pe1nE
'

B 3 HT B , B OS E M y ,
i- M eIIIE take
R JI acTE , m any , IIé IIIE -
HOJI OHCfITb ,
my ,
-
}R fi m 5l ay
6HTE , OE IO, 6Eé IHE ynapHr E , pHIIIE hi t
’

7 p IO ,
’

JI OB HTE , -
B JI IO,
’
B HIII E HOHM aTE , -
M aIO catch

6 5D . Ind e fini t e A s pe ct
e fin i t e and
-
—Cert ai n v erb s Of m o t i o n hav e
two fo rm s fo r the i m perfecti ve as pect . One Of them , call e d t he d efini te ,
actu al , o r co ncrete i m p erfect i v e , ex presses t he m o t i o n as d i rect ed t o a

cert ai n pl ace o r pu rp o s e ; t he o t her, call ed the i ndefini te, po t ent i al , o r

ab s t ract i m perfect i ve , describes t he act i o n as s uch, w i t ho u t reference

defi ni te o ccas i o n Fo r i nst ance, i n Text XI the Sentence H

'

to any . cB eH

M emI m eans : Gu i de me away fro m thi s p l ace , to s o me o ther defini te p lace;

’

M R E Hé R OI JIa B OIIH
’
T E m eans :‘
I have n o ti me to act as a gu i de—i n
general . I/ITTHm eans to be on the way to a p lace (II I/IT fi HHer E B b III R OJI y
’

The chi ld i s
, on hi s w ay to s choo l) , bu t XOHHTE m eans to be i n the habi t
f goi ng (IIHTII XOIIHTE B E IHR OJI y The chi ld goes to s cho o l , i s a p upi l)
’

Such v erbs are :

In defini te D efi ni te

XOIIHTE , x o vR HTTH, my HHem E go

’
y , Ia IE ,

— 6EJR aTE , m y, }R fi HI B run

5H
aIO -

’
ner ar E , aIO JI eT fi Tb T fly
’
4 7
-
,
1 ,
-
IIIE

II JI a y s wi m
'

B aTE , -
ai o IIJI EI TE , II JI EI B ,
-
é IHE
’
E s my, E s nem E
' ’ ’ ' ’
f
la a r E,
'
E x ar E , E Hy, Is IIeIIIE , ri de
” "

H
B OII T E , Ro m y ,
’
IIHIII E B ecr H, B er
ry , Hé m E gu i de
' -

B OS HTE ,
i
Ro my S IIHI B ,
/ B es r fi , B es y —
3 é 111E
, co nvey

r OHfi TE , —
fi ro r Har E , r OHIO,
'
HH111E , chase , dri ve
JIOM ar E,
' -
ai o HTE , JI OM JI IO, MHIIIE break
JI OM
’

cama caIIHr E , m y,
’
rE, -
aIO '
IIH111E s et, p lant
-

Ho cHTE , Ho rn y ,
’
cH111E HecTH, R ecy , e mE carry -

TO rep eat it : B o th fo rm s are i m perfect i v e, bu t i t i s eas i l y seen t hat ,

bo th i n fo rm
i n m eani ng, t he i ndefinite gro u p s ho ws a certai n
and

affi n i ty w i th t he o t her Im perfect i v e v erb s , t he defi ni te gro u p , w i t h t he .

perfect i v e verb s It i s i n keepi ng w i th thi s t hat the defi nite f o rm i s

“

.
,

generally u sed t o f o rm t he prefi xal perfect i v e w i tho u t change Of m eani ng:

76 E LE M E NTARY RUSS I AN GRAMMAR [6 5
Perfect i ve

II OHT H

'

IIOB es r II
'

On the o ther hand , if t he prefi x s peci al i zes t he m eani ng, t he m o s t

co mm o n dev i ce i s t o u s e t he defi ni t e f o rm fo r t he perfect i ve , t he

i ndefini te fo rm fo r the i m perf ect i v e as pect :

Im perfect i v e : cri o c TEH Perfect i ve : Hcarry 01?

cHecT

yo IHTE yHTH go aw ay

Bu
t there are nu m ero u s i nst ances Of d ifferent u s age, w hich are bette r
l earned by p ract i ce .

Co nj ugate the p res en t of cR as aTE , B BHTB , 6p aTE , CHHTB , R JI acTE ,

1 .

IIOHEITE , HOHM aTE , IIOHHM a U se each of these verbs i n a sen ten ce

’
TE .

5
.

L ocate the p ass ages i n the texts where any of the verbs li s ted i n 6
2 .

have o ccu rred; su bs ti tu te the i ndefini te fo r the defini te asp ect, or vi ce vers a,
and exp lai n the di fi eren ce i n meani ng .

3 . Revi ew the text; if p os si ble, memori ze i t .

LXII

HIECTB IIECHT L B TOPOH V POR B

’ ’

B o npo cEI

Kyna é TOTE B OJI K B

1 . 2 Ho q y OHB 3 a6E9R aJI E B E
’ ’
.
'

“
OH E Hp o m aJI E 3 a OB OIO m Rypy ? 4
t ”
nepé B HIO ? 2 ITO 3 Haq HTE : '

5
. .

’
I
ITO OXOTHHRH IIlSJI aJI I/I ? t
ITO B OJI R E pairE 6E1 HE JI aTE ? 6 Ra
’
. .

K o r c) B OJI R E B HHHTE Ha 3 a66 p ls?

’

R OB EI B Cl} B Op OTa? 7 t
’
.
' '
8 . ITO OHE
I OB O
‘
p TB
'
RE
'
R eM y? 9 . OTE '
R o r O B OJIR E JR IIé TB
’
s ai n TEI ? H 10 .

r
I TO B OJIR B OJI EI IHH TE 3 a 00 66 10 ?
’ '
11 . K aR OHM yHcHR E CTeIIaHE ? '
12 .

'
JI lS y CTeII aHa? O TE IIeM EII HE
I
ITO Her b Cé pIII/I TCH
’

B OJI K B
’ ’
JI aJI B
’
13 .
'

OOH Tp OIbHM OM E ?
’
Ha B OJI R a? 14 Oq r O B OJI RE TcH Rc E THTE cfl cE
' '

5O
.

1 . q rO RJI I/IMB '

He p oeTE '
E mm a? 16 . RaR OB EI HOCJI E IIHi a
’
’

CJI OB aR OTa?
 LE SS ONS 77

TE XT xv
CJI e 3 E1 mar e pe ii
‘

B HHM afI ymacaM E

'
ROI/1111 1 5
IIpH Ra I H OB OH HQé p TB lS 6oa
‘

JR HOIZ
’

M H IB maJI E
’
He p r a, He meHEI ,
M I113 maJI E He caM o r O rep oa .

yT E IIIHTcH meHa,
’
V B ISI ! '

I/I upyra Ji i I E 3 a6 yneTE ;

‘’
'
I
t IIII ‘
Ix p
HO PILlS- TO coTE
’

Hym a o mi s
OHa IIO r p 6 6a II O 7mm
M HH TE 63 .

Ham HEJI E
'
CpeJIE JI HIIeM ls pHEIx E ' ' '
E
'

I/I B CfIR Ofi II O H 11 p 6 3 EI
’

IHJI OOTH
’ ’
M i p E IIOIICM OTp lS JI L
’ ’ ’
IT B E

CRHTEIH, HcR peHHEI a cné s EI

TO CJI é s EI OE HHEIXE M aTepé H
’ '

I/IM B He 3 a61§I TE CB OHXE JI lSTé fI,

' ' ’

Ho rHOmHXE '
Ha R pOB aB OH RHE E,

K aR E He IIOIIHfI TE IIJI aR yt I eIZ HE E

’ ‘

I
'

CB OHXE IIOH HR HyB III Hx E B ETB é I/i '

.

HeR p aco nE .

LXIII

HIECTBIIECHT B TPETIP
I V POR L
' ’

B l m M zm
’

i macaME : B HHM aTE

'
d at ve O e t ; B HHM aa i s an u nde l ne d
requ re s a i i bj c ci
p rese nt part ici i
p l e (ge ru nd ) , l ke 6y1nyf1 (VIII A ) , cn acaa (XI V) .

M i pE : '
i
cE TO‘I R Ofi (18 , 1) MHp B p eace has H HB OHHO
'
e
'
.

I/IM E He 3 a61§1TE To them i t i s no t (gi ven) to fo rget, i e , they canno t fo rget; t he Sam e
'
. .

co nst ru t o n ci b
e l o w , He IIOJI Hfi TI) II JI aq eH H BE .

ii
CB O fi X B B ETB E fi : Ge n t v e O e t i n a ne gat ve sent en e ; HOHHR HyB IHHxE ,
'
’ ’
bj c i c '

ci
a t ve p ast p art ici
p l e , havi ng s u nk do wn, dro o pi ng .

N ew Verb s
Perfect i v e by Prefix
’ *
TE I HHTE Pfi OHyTB HOPfi 6HyTL _

HOMHHTE— B cH OM HH TE II JI aR aTE— s aIIJI aR aTE

Im perfecti ve by Stem Vari at i o n

B HHM a TE— B HR TE IIOIIHHM a TE — IIOJIH fiTE

3 a6 EI B —
é TE 3 a6EI TE II OHHR é TE
— II OHH R HyTE
*

HOHcM é TpHB aTE — ’

IIOIICM OT p E TE
'
.

See fo o t no te w it h 63 B 3 .
 E LE M E NTA R Y RUSS IAN GRAMMA R

LX IV

IIIE CTB IIE CHT L IETB E PTEII/I V POR B

‘
’
t ’

66 The Fut ure :

.

Im perfectiv e Perfect i v e
OHa no r p OO HOM II HTE Oyne T E YTE m nTca
‘
’
arena
‘

a
'
. .

1 The future t en se Of an i m perfect i v e v erb is fo rm ed by m eans of

5
.

the au x i l i ary v erb fiyny -

JreIHE ) and t he i nfi ni t i ve : M aTE 6 mm
II OMIIHTE HO rp OOa al l o f her life s he wi ll co n ti nu e to reme mber .

N OTE .
—It i s i m p o rt ant to rem em ber t hat t his co m p o u nd fut ure is fo rmed o nly

fro m i m pe fect iv e ve rbs r .

S o m et i mes e speci all y i n negat ive se nte nce s

, , cTaHy is u se d i nste ad Of 6y11y .

2The present f o rm Of a perfect i ve v erb has fu t u re m eani ng :

. Hi erra
the wife wi ll be co mfo rted , wi ll be merry
’
yTE IIIHc I .

Fro m t his fo l l o w s t hat a perfect ive verb canno t hav e a present te nse This i s .

q u ite nat u ral : A pe rfect i v e v erb e xp es ses m o m ent ary act i o n o r a m o m ent ary r ,

p h ase Of an act i o n; t hi s i s no t l ik e l y t o be des cribe d w hi l e i t i s act u all y h ap pe n i ng

HE JI R a (y) Hané TE Ha B OJI R a can hard l y m ean t hat t he s qu i e l i s fall i ng d o w n u p o n
' '
rr

t he w o l f at t he very m o m ent t he s ent ence i s s p o ken; t he p ast be i ng e xp re s sed by a

s pe ci al f o rm (yH a JI a) ynaHé TE m u s t neces s ari l y h av e f u t u re m ean i ng
'

, .

Whi le no t reco gnized by fo rm al gramm ar t he s ame i s m o re o r l ess t rue i n s o me ,

o t her l angu ages n o t ab l y i n Ge rm an ; l i eben l o ve i s i m pe rfect i ve b y m eani n g b u t

‘ ’
, ,

ko mm en c o me i s generally pe rfect iv e; co nse q uent l y i ch li ebe i hn i s by all m e ans

‘ ’
,

t he present t ense b ut i ch ko mme i s us u all y t he fut ur e

,
.

1 . i mp erfecti ve p resent fo rms i n Text XI bo th to the i m

Change al l

p erfecti ve and the p erfe cti ve fu tu re, u si ng each i n a s u i table sen tence
and exp l ai ni ng the differen ce , e g , pyO HTE — M ymHR E OyIIeTE py6HTE . .
' '

HpOB a Cu tti ng wo od wi ll be hi s o ccup ati on ; OHE HapyOHTE é TO Hé '

peRO He wi ll fell thi s tree .

2Co nj u gate the p erfecti ve and i mp erfecti ve fu tu re of M eTaTE ,

. II JI aT HTE
B HHM aTE , 3 a6EI B aTE .

3 . M emori ze the p o em .

TE T XVIX
IIB a Icpe crEa im na H q
‘
a
'

CM OTpH R a, -
6p aTE A HTOHE !
”
co cE
’
Hy r OB Op HTE R pGCTB fi H I/I HB
’

A r atbOHE , '
a caM E B ecE
'
H TaR E , R aR E JI HCTE , Tp cé TCfI :
' '
a
“
CM OTpH R a, q a R E
”
-
HaM B HeOé TCH l
’

— TaK I t I TO IRE ? '

>
-
80 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R [6 7
W e athe r
110 m HHé TE it is rai ni ng; cHEr E HIIe TE i t is s no wi ng; rp aHE Hue TE i
'
t hai l s ; M OJI
H IH OB ep R é e TE i t i s li ghtni ng; r p OM E rp e M HTE i t i s thu nd eri ng .

N ew Verb s
Perfect i v e by Prefix
TpHcTH —
JI H TE — IIOJI HTE n0Tpa cTrI ~
’

cn O
’

H TE— IIOOII Op HTE

‘

OHEHHE Tb
'
p TE

cEI iI aTE— no cEI II aTE R as aTc I

— no rcas aTc I

6 T
H E — HOOHTE Ran aTE — aaR anaTE

I JI HIIE TE
‘ — ’ ’
HOPJI HJI E TE '

Im perfect i ve by S tem Vari at i o n

np O IHIHa TE cfi — np O t I HCT fi TE cH
t
y6u p aTE
— 6 aT E
y p
Hp o nané r E n po n acr E fl

HaB ap u B aTE— HaB ap HTE

II p OIIaB —
é TE np o naTE

Wi tho ut Perfect i v e A s pect :

nap HTE be s u sp ended i n the ai r, hover, hang .

Indefinit e and D efini te A spect :

Im perfecti v e II p OHOc TE ca, H perfect i v e IIp OHecT HcE .

LXVI

HIECTB IIE CHT L HIEOTOHV PORE

'

67 . Ve rb Pre fix e s : The fo ll o w ing is nei t her a co m pl et e l i st Of pre

fixes , n o r an exhau s t i ve s t at em ent Of t he m eani ngs Of any Of t hem .

A fu ll t hi s i m po rt ant p art
u n derst and i ng Of Of Ru s s i an w o rd s tru ctu re
can o nl
y b e gai ned by co ns i derabl e p ract i ce . B ut these b ri ef hi nt s m ay
s u ggest t he v al u e o f an i n dep endent anal ys i s Of co m p o u n d v erb s .

A ll verb al prefixes w ere o ri gi nall y prep o s i t i o ns , but t he p refixes

B O3 B EI HH3 nepe p as are no l o nger u s ed as s u ch .

B O3 (so met i m es , espe ciall y befo re v o w el s , B3 means up, but O ften al s o ou t

B s nErx aTE breathe deeply, HTE ri s e

s i gh, B OXOII .

B EI ou t: HTE
B EI B OJI (B EI B eCTH) , B EIXOHHTE (B EI HTH) ; s o m et i mes i t de no tes co m

p l et i o n : B EI JI Eq HTE — B EI i s . a cce nted i n perfect ive co m p o u nds ,

bu t unaccce nt ed in
i m perfect ive c o m p o u nd s .

’
IIO up to , thro u gho u t
HOE x aTE , HOPOHR TE o vertake
. .

i i
3 a o r g nall y behi nd , i s a p re Of m any d ffe re nt mean fix i ings ; espe cially O
ften it
ci bif i
d eno tes a t o n o f r e d u rat o n, o r t he get t ng o v er a t ng :
‘ ’
i hi s ao HTE o r 3 a6E>RaTE
make a cal l , s au n aTHTE make payment, 3 a6EI B aTE forget, s arcp EIB aTE clo s e .
67 ] t -
"
v LE SS ONS 1
fi
l
‘
o " ; '
a I ;

Ha (c o m p are Lat i n i nveni re) , HanE TE p u t o n, Haq HHaTE

HaHTH find
’
u pon :

begi n (co m p are Germ an anfangen) .

abo u t : OOE II c I TE exp l ai n ( su rro u nd w i t h

‘
0 6 (O O6 0 OIIEB a
'

TEcH
‘
dress ( p ut
O T (OTE fro m : OTR pEIB aTE u nco ver, o p en, O TB Ea E ans wer (co m p are Ger
m an antwo rten) .

II O i
l k e Germ an be i s qu te i co l o rles s ; s o m et i m e s h o w ev e r
, ,
it fo rm s w hat m ight
be called ‘
ver b d im inut ives ,
’
e .
g .
,
n o mHM aTE pres s a li ttle, HOTfi r HB aTE pu ll a li ttl e,
draw ou t ( gradually ) ,
IIO t I HTaTE read a li ttl e .

Ho n u nd er, npe n befo re, u pn to wards , u po thro u gh, pa3 ap art .

CE (c co d e no tes e it her co nnect io n or sep arat o n : i co cTOfI TE ,

'

cE
' ’
E HaTE
CB OlIfI TB , CHHM aTE .

Y away fro m : yxo nHTE , yHOCHTE , yOEmaTE ; s o m et i mes i t deno te s begi nni ng
y3 HaTE
,
.

Co mp are you r li s t of comp o u nd verbs (L ess o n 7 , Exerci se, and

1 . 5
L es s o n 6 0, Exerci s e 1) wi th these o bservati o ns on p refixes an d try to ex
p lai n the meani ngs of so me of the co mp ounds .

2 Fo rm an i ndep endent s entence wi th each

. o f the verbs ci ted as in
s tances i n thi s lesson .

3 . Exami ne all p res ent forms i n thi s text, s tate whether they have

p res en t o r fu tu re meani ng, and gi ve exp lan ati on .

4 Change al l p resen t and p as t fo rms i n the tex t to the i mp erfecti ve

.

future
5D
.

. ecli ne : cr apEIH R peCTB fi HI/I HB ,’

é TOTE Oo r aTEIH rp aa aH HHE .

6 . Revi ew the text .

LXVII

ECHT B OEHEM OP
’

IIIECTB IL I V POR B
’ ’

Bo npo cEI

1 . O RO ME
p as cR aS EI B aeTca B E é TOM E Té R cTE? 2 110 q é TOTE .

M HR E v TpHceTca R aR E a TE ? 3 I
I e O OHE OOH
r Tca ? 4 t
I TO
5R
. .

OJI y I H maHo fi Hé TE ? aR Oi I rOHE 6yJI eTE é TOM E

’

TcH , r
Ro r paIIE . BE

on y a H é TOH
I
? 6 . ITO B TOp O R pecTEfi HHHE HyM aeTE 0 6E q E?
7 RaR E eM y R ameTca HOPOJI a? 8 IIO HeM y OHE meJI é eTb HTOO
’
. .
,
EI

110m I ? ’
II OIIIé J E 9 . ITO MyHCHR fI OyRyTE HE JI aTE , é a
I
OyHeTE
10 q TO OHH OyIIyTE HE JI aTE 3 I/IM OIO ?
’
M HOr O XJI E O
’
a Ha II OJI IT
XE ?
'
.

11 . q EM B ’ ’
II é p B EIfi My mfiR $ HaS EI RaeTE B To p Or O? 12 .
t
ITO A HTOHE
’
HE JI aeTE ME ? I
IIOTO 13 q TO on q JI OCE IIOT OM E ? 14 ITO IIOIIIé JI E ,

5I
. .

IIOHQIIB HJI H r p aHE ? 1 .

t
TO cJI y I r
HJI o cE H a c aM O M E HE JI E ?
’
82 E LE M E NTAR Y RUSS I AN GRAMMA R

TE T X XVII
Rapm mca '

OCM OTp H, RE H 3 6E
’
,
M epHafI ,
'
CB E THTE '
OPOHé R E .

M amOTR H
’
B Os JI E HE B O HR H -

COOp aaIcfi p Ht ORB ’

.

I/I cE p JIOM E , OTE OJI OB a R E cJI OB y

Hft JI B
’

I I/IR OM B B OIIII ,
’
‘

IIO IIe t I aTHOMy q H TaeTE

M yrR H IR aM E EHTII
’
t
.

M yrRH HR H B E r JIyOOR OH nyM E

CJI yIIIaIOTE , M OJI a E ;
PaS B E R pHR HeTE R TO, HT06E 6a6E1
Y HR JI H peOII TE
' ’

fl ame cE H é ‘I H
He a saB mi H

M HOr O, M HOI O JI ETE , ‘

'
CB E CHJI E I OJI OB y H CM OTpHTE ,
‘

XOTE He cJI EIIHHTE , HERE .

I
ITO 9m
-
) TaR E on ym aIOTE M amOTR y?

A JI E yHt b TaR E yM Ha? ’

HETE ! 0m mB E ceM EE yM E eTE

’ ’
,

‘
I p aM OTE OHa '
.

I/I IIpI/IIII JI OCH eH, M JI aJIé HIIy,

CTapHR aM E n pO t I é cTE

IIp O ReJI a
a HHyIO cB OOOJIy
IIOp o ryIO B EOTE !

GaM OH B E cTH
’
eM EI cJI E II OR aM EcTE

TeM eHE HM E H efi :

HO B cE q O TE HaHE 00 6 610

8 0pm HOB EIXE HHeH .

M aHR OB E .

LXVIII

HIECTB IIE CHT L B OOEM OH YPORE

’

IIO ne q é T Ho my: Pri nted matter, so me thi ng pri nted .

He cn Es aB
’

nhnE : Grandfather who had no t cl i mbed do wn fro m th

m i ii .
’

fo r ma ny years ; t he eno rm o us st o ve Of a Russ i an i zba serves , am o ng m any

‘

t hi ngs , as a l o u nge .

Y M E e TE r pa (dat ive ) K no ws al phabet, can read

’
MOT ls the
’ '
.

me nannmfi : A p ass ive p ast part icipl e fo rm ed fro m an i mp erfecti ve verb ; 6 ,

'
6 8] LE SS ONS 83

N ew Verbs
Perfecti v e by Prefix
OB ET HTE , an y, E THIIIE— J
’
IIOOB ET HTE
M OJI I a t
TE , - —
a10 3 3 no eM OJI HaTE

men aTE , -
’

2LIO —Il 0}R eJI é Tb q ya r E , q

—
y fl
ro lo q yro .

Im perfect i v e by Stem Vari ati o n

co Ou p aTE , aIO— 00 6p aTE , 6epy, 6epen1E

- - -

yHHM aTE , a10— n i TE , yHM y, yHM é IHE

-

a s fiTE , - — — ’
a10 c JI EcTE , 3 y, 3 e111E
OB E
’
m HB aTE , -
a10 — ’
CB E OH T E ,
J
'
E HIy, -
13
'
IIIH IIIE

HpO I HTEIB aTE , —

f -
aIO Hp 0 q é CTb , a n y ,
-
q Té HI E (nq HTaTE ,

D ifferent Stem s
—II
y xO p HTTH, IIpHII y
’
Hpo nrITE , -
x 09R ,
-
IIHIIIE ,
H pI/IJIeHI B .

N O Perfect i v e A s pect
M epIIaTE , -
aIO .

LXIX

IIIE CTB IIE CHT L HEB HTEIH V POR B

’ ’

68 The Ve rb al A d j e cti ve s
.

’
A 1 . B E TepE 6ymyfl BOeTE (VIII A) .

HQHB OTE cnacaa (XI X) .

Hé JI B I HR OM B B OJI SI — B B
‘ ’
.
’
H 3 6E
’
Mepuaa (XVII) .

2 (cHE JI aB 11m HOHHR HyB 11m

’
.
, ) .

CJI E IIyIO mi a
’
B 1 .
(VII) ROMH aTEI .

M o ryq i fi pyccR i H Hs fii R E (IX) .

IIJI aq e ii HB E (XV) .

H m X — IIOHHR H B m E B ETB é H
2 .
JIE T é 1101 2
116 nxE ( V 1

y
'
.

3 HecOMEl ii )
'

. .

He cJI i ss aB w i g! II ISIIB (XVII)

’ ’
.

HS EI R E 6EI 11E naHE (IX B ) . .

IIp O men au fl yio OB OOOIIy (XVI I) .

The Rus s ian ve r b al

j ct iv es i nst ances Of w hich are given ab o v e
ad e , ,

co nvers at io n , b ut fre qu ent i n l ite rat u re The fo ll o w i ng o cc ur .

 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN G RAMMA R

A . UN D ECLINE D , ge neral l y calle d GERUN DS

1 The Pres ent Geru nd : The e n d i ng Of t he 3 d p l u r yTE , IO TE , HTL , an is
'
.
,
.
,

rep l ace d b y a : HE JI a IO TE , r o B Op fI TE— HE JI afI , r o B Opé —Irre u l ar : Hanan cr a

’ ’ ’
g -
- -
.
,

Baa 3 H aB a
,
a fro m HaB aTE , cTaB aTE ,
-
, 3 HaB aTE — It i s rare l y f o rm e d f ro m perfec
- -
.

t ive ve bs ; if S O r i t has past m ean ng : ys fl aa havi ng l earned

, i .

2 . The Pas t Geru nd: JI E Of t he p ast t e nse i s rep l a e d b y

- -
c B um (so met i m es BE )
cHE JI aJI E —cHE JI aB m H i h p ast fo rm s i n E i nstead o f H add III H
’ ’
Ve rbs Of I B w t
'

. E

HeCTH, Hé OE — Hé cm H ; v e rb s t hat l o se 1
1 o r T i n t he p ast te nse ret ai n t hi s i n t he p ast ,

geru nd , and add mH: B ecTH é n — é Hm H — The p ast ge ru nd o f i m pe rfect i v e ve rb s

,
B E B .

is rare .

B DE CLINE D (call ed PA RTICIPLES )

.

1 .The A cti ve Pres ent Parti ci p l e : The e nd i ng TE Of t he 3 d p l u r i s rep l ace d b y .

mi fi (man , mee ) : HE JI aIO Hri fi , POB OpfI mi fi A n Ol de r f o rm Of t he p rese nt p art i

’ '
- -
.

ci p l e , e nd i ng i n y q i fi , a q i fi , i s st i l l u se d as an ad j e ct ive , e g , M o ryq (VIII) , r o pfrq . .

(VI; l ite rall y, bu rni ng) .

2 . The A cti ve Pas t P arti ci pl e i s t he de l c ined fo rm Of t he p ast gerund : JIE JI aB m i fi ,

’

-
afr, -
ee ; Hé cm i H, B é nm i H .

3 . The Pas s i ve fo rm ed b y changing M E Of t he 1st pl ur t o

Pres ent Parti ci p le i s .

M EI H M arI M o e : HEJI ae M EI H; O i s w rit te n i nstead o f e: HeCOM EI H

,
-
, .

4 The P as si ve P as t Parti ci pl e (fo rm e d al mo st o nl y fro m pe rfect ive verb s ) ge ner

.

al l y e nd s i n HH EI H (HHaH m c e ; Ofte n w it h o ne w it h a p re d icat i ve fo rm i n HE

,
i ,

Ha H O re pl aci ng t he TE Of t he i nfi nit i ve :
’
, , cHE JI aHE .

Verb s Of c l ass I B and verb s Of cl ass II w it h i nfi nit iv es i n HTE ad d t he end i ng t o

t he p rese nt ste m w it h t he c o nnect i ng v o w e l e (e) c au s i ng co ns o nant s o fte ni ng : ,

s an JI aT HTE— s an n aq é HHEI H, Hp HB eCTH —a B eIIe HHEI H .

A few ver s b have p ass ive pas t p art icip les i n TEIH e g ,
. .
,
s aR p EI TE — EaRpEI TEI H .

69 The Ru s s i an Ve rb Sys t e m
.

The Ru ss i an v erb po ss ess es t hese fo rm s

FI N I TE FOR MS

Im perfect i v e Perfect i ve
'
Present IIlS
'
JI aIO
’
Fut u re 6yny HE JI aTE
IIE JI aJI E
’
Past
Im perat i v e HE JIaH
’

VE R B AL A D J E CTIV E S

HE JI aH , HE JI aIOIIIi H (OHE JI aa )
' ’ ’

HE JI aeM EI H
’

’
B 1II l I7
B II1H ) CIIlS JI aB HI H, I
’
- -

JI aHHEI H cIIE JI aHHEIH

’
)
’
(EE .
69] LE SS ONS

There i s o nl y o ne p ast te nse ; t here is no future perfect The p ass ive vo ice i s
.

s o met i mes xpresse d by a reflexive verb (cp

e .
Q uest i o n 1 Les s o n 3 7 : q O p as eRa
, T r

b ut m u ch m o re Oft e n by t he act i ve (e r o JI IO OII TE he i s loved ) The p ar

’

t i cl e 6EI s u pp l ies t he Occ as i o nal nee d Of a s u bj u nct i ve o r c o nd it i o nal

B ut if i t i s u n
.

The s yste m Of as pect s p resent s s o me d ifficu lt y at t he begi nni ng . der

st o o d t hat fo r each Russ i an verb two i nfi nit i ves and two p e se nt t enses m u st be re
r

mem be re d j u st as a nu m ber Of d ifferent fo rm s m u st be mem o ri ze d w it h a great

,

nu m b er Of verb s i n o t her l angu ages t he st u de nt w i ll s o o n be co m e f am i l i ar w it h t he

,

u se o f t he aspect s and app reci ate t he fl e xibi l i t y Of e xp ress i o n t h at t hey l end t o t he

l angu age .

1 D ecli n e q HB a, yq irr R 3 EI RE JI IOOAHIee HHTfi ,

’

. nJI a afl Mor , IIO

HHR H m aH HB a
.

2 . Form all verbal j

ad ecti ves of the fo llowi ng ve rbs : s aIIJI aT HTE ,
6p OcHTE , OR aaaTE , r OB Op HTE , IIOOJI aTE , 3 a6EI B aTE , men aTE , M eTaTE .

3 . A dd the i n thi s tex t to your li s t of verbs

n ew verbs .

4 . Wri te for every verb i n thi s text a comp lete s ynapsi s , as gi ven abo ve
’
for HE JIaTE .
 LETTE RS A N D S OU N D S

1 The Ru s s i an Langu age i s the l arges t branch

. of the S l av i c or

S l av o ni c gro u p Of the Ind o E u ro pean fam il y o f l angu ages

.
-
It i s su b .

d i v i ded i nt o Great Ru s si an , I/ i ttle Ru ss i an , an d Whi te Russi an ; Great

Ru ss i an w as u nt il v ery recentl y t he o ffici al and lit erary l angu age Of
the w ho l e Ru ss i an Em pi re , w hil e Li ttl e Ru ss i an an d White Ru ss i an
are o ften co ns i dered m ere d i al ects . Of the o ne hu ndred and fi ft een
o r o ne hundred an d t w enty m illi o ns Of Ru ss i ans , ab o u t ei ght y m i l li o ns
bel o ng t o t he Great Ru ss i an gro u p . They i nhab i t m o s t of E u ro pean
Russ i a and S i beri a ; Li ttl e Ru ss i an , al so call e d U kr ai ni an or (i n fo rm er
A u stri a) Rutheni an , i s Spo k en by so m e t hi rt y m i ll i o ns of peo pl e i n
so u thern and so u t hw es t e rn Ru s s i a; Whi te Ru ss i an i s the di alect Of
western Russ i a, ad acentj t o Po l and .

a . B ing e an Ind o Euro pean l angu age , Ru ss

-
i an is rel ate d t o t he Ge rm an ic l an
gu ages (Ge rm an, D utch Scand i nav i an)
,
ce l anguages (It al ian
, t he Ro m an , S p an i s h ,

F
Po rt u gu ese , ren ch Rum an ian) Greek
, Pe rs i an A rm e nian t he Hi nd o o l angu ages
, , , , ,

and s o m e m i no r l an gu ages o f E u ro pe and Wes te rn A s i a .

b The t h ree b ranches Of Ru ss i an fo rm t he E as te rn gro u p Of t he S l av ic l angu ages

Po l i s h Czech and We nd i s h a e te rm e d West—
. .

, , S l av ic and B ul gari an Se rb o C o at i an
r , ,
-
r ,

and S l o v en i an are t he S o u t h S l av ic l angu ages -

.

2 The Ru s s i an Al phab e t , call ed the Cyrilli c, i s s ai d t o have been

.

i nv ented by Sai nt Cyri l l o s , a Greek B u l gari an m i ss i o nary, w ho i n t he -

ni nth ce nt u ry b ro u ght Chri st i an i ty t o s o m e Of t he West ern S l av s It .

i s based on t he Greek al phabet , w i th t he add i t i o n of so m e l etters Of

S em it i c o ri gi n an d so m e s peci all y i nv ent ed s i gns . The Greek l etters

i n t he Ru ss i an al phabet hav e, o f co u rs e , t he s o u n d v al u e t hat t hey had
'

i n the Greek l angu age of t he t i m e of Cyri ll o s ; t hu s , B st ands fo r the

s o u nd [v ] ,
H (a fo rm of Greek eta) fo r the s o u nd [i ] .

3 . Pho ne ti c Trans cripti o n — The Ru ss i an al phab et i s m u ch bett er

a d apt e d to repres ent the s o u nds o f t he Ru ss i an l anguage than t he co m

m o n Lat i n al phab et is s u ite d fo r the requ i rem ent s Of

the E ngl i s h l an
gu age St i l l , t he d i s crepanci es
. bet w een so u nd and l etter are w i de eno ugh
t o m ak e a pho net i c t ransli terat i o n i nd i s pen s abl e t o t he begi nner Thi s .

b o o k u s es t he system o f t he A s s o ci ati o n p honé ti qu e i ntern ati o nale,

89
90 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN G RAMMAR [4
so m ewhat m o d ified by practi cal co ns i derati o ns . The fo ll o wi ng s i gns

are u s ed :

1 . A ccented Vo wel s (bo l d -

face type) .

[i ] as i n s ee [u] as i n p u t
[e ] as i n Germ an geh [0] as i n lord
[ c] as i n French fai t [5 1] b et ween Germ an u and French e in j e

[a] as i n far [1] Si m i l ar t o Germ an «2 i n Glit ch .

2 . U naccented Vo wel s .

[a ,
e, i, O , u , E1, 1] are s i m il ar in so u n d t o t he co rres po nd i ng accente d
v o wel s , but pro no u nced w i th m uch l es s tens i o n o f t he m u scles Of t he
t o ngue . In rapi d s peech, al l o f t hem are m o re o r l es s sl urred .

[ 1] i ndi cates a sl u rre d v o wel o f v ari abl e qu al i ty, rangi ng fro m the
s o u nd o f a i n hat i n s l o w s p eech to s l u rred [i ] (y i n p retty) i n fl u ent
pro nu nci at i o n .

3 Pal at al . Vo wel s are no t i ndi cat ed as s u ch by any s peci al

charact ers ; prece ded by [j ] i n i ni t i al p o s it i o n and aft er v o wel s ;

t hey are

precedi ng co nso nant s are pri nted i n i t alics : [j s du , d cl aj u t ] .

4 N o rm al . Co ns o nant s .

[p t k] as i n grap e date rake (u nas pirated )

, , , ,

[b d g] as i n bad dog b ut m o re v o i ced

, , , ,

[m n] as i n man
,

[f v , s z ] as i n fever sei ze
, , ,

[1] as i n low but m o re ho ll o w

‘ ’
,

[r] tri ll ed t o ngue t i p r as s p o ken by t el epho ne o perat o rs i n three

-

[x 7 ] as i n Germ an wachen N o rth Germ an wagen

, ,

[j ] as i n yes .

5P l. a at al Co ns o nant s .

[t d ] deno te genu i ne p al atal s as descri bed o n p age 16

‘ ’
, ,
n, l, r ,
.

a fter fi nal [t] den o tes a v o i ce l ess p al at al gl i de l i ke weak Germ an ch i n ,

[ c s o] are genu i ne pal at al s i bil ants (page [S i ] are s em i

V V V

i ch .
, ,

pal at al s i bi l ant s , li ke E ngli sh s h i n s ho e, s i n meas ure .

4 Pro nunci atio n (A l p hab et i cal

.

[a] M aTE
[a] R OM HaTa
[i ] map a
[ 1] Haca (10, 2)
92 E LE M E NTARY RUSS I AN GRAMMAR [5 —6

5 . S ound Change s — Nei ghbo ri ng so u nds i n fluence o ne ano t her in

all l angu ages , bu t there i s hardl y any l angu age i n w hich t hi s i nfluence
i s m o re m arke d than i n Ru ss i an i
. Nu m ero us i nst ances hav e been
m ent i o ned i n t he t abl e ab o v e , e g , , ,
. . B R S R FR [fk Sk xk] The all , ,
.

perv adi ng tendency t o w ards pal a t al i zat i o n i s ano t her s ym pt o m Of t hi s

yi el di ng, e l ast ic Ru ss i an so u nd s
qu ali ty of
B ut t w o gro u ps . o f so u nd

changes are o f es peci al gramm at i cal i m p o rt ance :

1 Consonant S ofteni ng, co mp are 0

. 5 .

B efo re pal at al v o wel s and ib , the f o ll o w i ng changes t ak e pl ace

I,
‘
n, 3 , change t o are x, 0 change
“

to 11 1
R, T, u change t o q cR, 0T change. to m.

Vo wel Vari ati on; co m pare 12, 3 0, 3 3 .

The so ft v o w el s (H ,
e, e, H, 10 ) and El , whi ch are v ery frequ ent in

i nfl ect i o nal end i ngs , are s u b ect j to cert ai n pri nci pl es o f co m pat i bi l ity

wi th co nso nant s

A fter I —a d
a . v el ars ( R, ‘
,
x ) ,
e , 10, E! are repl ace by a, 0 , y, H .

b . Af ter the s i bil ants q , 111, m , m, and —

H a ,
10 are repl ace d by a, y ,

and o in u nacce nt e d e nd i ngs by e .

— LI i s
6 . After ‘I
, m ,
m, 31; (no t after u) repl ace d by H; o n t he o t her

hand , d o es no t st an d after H, except i n fo rei gn w o rd s

‘

H .

d . After i— T; i s re l ace d b H p y .

9 After l
vo we s —
E is repl ace d by 171 .

NT A CCE
6 The Ru s s i an A c ce nt i s m o bi le o r v a i ab l e i e it m ay ch ange it s pl ace i n a
. r ,
. .
,

gi v n w o rd e D finite ru les canno t be given Ca ef l o b at io n o f t he accent

. e . r u se rv

m a k s t hat a e g n all y given i n begi nne s t xt s and d ict io na i i s t h o nl y s af

’
r r e er r e r es e e

w ay o f ac qu i i ng i t — u nl ess t h st u de n
r t has am pl e Opp o t n ity o f hea ng Ru ss i ane r u ri .

A s fa as t hey go t he fo l l o w i ng hi nt s m ay be o f so m e ass i st ance

r ,

NOUNS .

1 M as cu l i nes if m o no s yll abic a e apt t o t h ro w t he accent o n t he e nd i ng b ut

.
, ,
r ,

if p o ysy abic genera l y d o no t change t he i ac cen

l ll l t : T O — T O a yp OR —
yp 6R a r c JIE c JI ,
E

(but R ap aHHam HRER HaHé R and m any o t he s w it h accente d fi nal st m syll ab le

‘

E, I E, J E r e

acbe nt t he e n d i ng : R ap aHHam a) .

2 F mi ni n s gene all y ch ange t he acce nt i n t he no m i nat i ve p l ural if t he s ingul ar

. e e r

acce nt s t he e nd i ng : are na —men (but m HaM ) u e E .

3 N eu t i n 0 o r e o f t w o s yll ab les everse t he accent i n t he pl u al : CHO o—cJI O a

ers r r B B

—c TeR JI a
.
,

eT Ri O e I .

A D J ECTIVE S
A tt ribut ive j ct ives ch ange t heir accent : m é R iH—m OR aro ,
’

1 ad e do no t

6o n moH—6OJIEm6 ro
.

.
7—
8] LE SS O NS 93

2 . icat ive ad ject ives and p ast tense fo rm s o f tw o syll ables are apt t o accent
Pre d
t he e nd i ng i n t he fem i n i ne s i ngu l ar : R epe HE — q ep Ha— q ep Ho —1ep H; 6 I 11E f 11 E .

6ErJ a—6E JI o—6E JI H

I I B ut o t her accent t ypes o ccu r; c o m p are 23 60 and p age 22
I .
, , .

VE RB S .

1 . Prese nt .

a . If t he infinit ive end ing i s u naccented , t he ccent d oes no t change :

a
’
HE JI aTE
' ’
HE JI aIO , HE JIae Te
‘

b If i t i s acce nte d, t he
. a cce nt may rem ain on ,
t he i
i t m ay be t hr o wn
end ng, o r

back o n t he st em fro m t he 2d i
s ng on: TOB Op HTE— POB Op IO, TOB Op HmE ; IIHcaTE
—
.

n Hmy re ,
enI E .

2 . Past .

The a ccent rest s i nfinit ive ;

on t he s ame s yl l a bl e as i n t he bu t if t he m as cu l i ne
has o nl y o ne s yll abl e t he fe m ini ne i s apt t o accent t he end i ng :
, 6EI 11E , 6EI JI a, 6EI 110
. . .

—
D ECLE N SION CRJIOHEHIE

THE N OUN— I/IMH cy me CTB HTe JIE Ho e

7 G e nd er There t hree gen ders

'

.
-

n
po r . are

M ascu l i ne —MyrR ecR i H p o HE ,

Fem i ni ne—mé HcR i H p o lIb ’

—
Neu ter 0pé IIHi H po IIE .

The gender Of no u ns i s d eterm i ned

a B y thei r m eani ng : N am es o f m al e bei ngs are m ascu li ne, nam es
.

o f fem al e bei ngs fem i ni ne, regard l es s o f t hei r t erm i nat i o ns : M yJRE m an ,

cJIyr a valet, 11111111 u ncle are m ascu li ne , meHé wo man , 111111 11 nu rse , ,

fem i ni ne .

b . B y thei r en d i ng

N o u ns i n E or ii are m ascu li ne : cTOJI E table, M yIR E man , r e p 61

71 hero ,
cap afi barn .

N o u ns i n a and a (no t 5
M 1) are fem i ni ne : R eHa wo man ,
v JIOOR a bo ard ,
HeHE 11 1 week
'
5 .

No u ns l n 0 ,
5
e , M 1 are neu ter : word, 116JIe field ,
fi MH name . A l so
HHTE chi ld i s neut er .

N o u ns i n E can be e ither m ascu li ne or fem i ni ne : q TeJI E teacher i s

m ascu l ine, JI 6IIIaIIE ho rs e, fem 1n1ne .

8 . Cas e — nané mE . There are Si x cases i n Ru ss ian

N o m i nat i v e— HIHeHHTeJI EHEIH Hall é HCb ’

A ccus ati ve —B HHHTeJI E HEI H n ané rR E

Genit i v e—p o HHTeJI EHEIH IIaJIé HcE
94 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN GRAM MAR [9 4
11

o s it i o nal —
Lo cati ve Prep npeIIJI 69R11 E p
ifi é
’
or an R
'
D B
—HaTeJI EHEIH II aJIé JR B
‘

D at i ve '

Instrument al— TB Op HTeJI EHEI H IIaIIé HQE ’

.

N OTE —The e ae r r a few i

rem a ns o f an o l d vocati ve (case o f addres s ), nam el y
B Ome v oc Of B O God , I OcII OIIH [ho sp ad i ] ,
‘ ‘
of I ocII611E L ord, and Oq
’ '
, . DB v oc .
,

o f o r enE use d o nl y i n t he Lo rd HamE

’
father Oq
’
v oc .
'

, s Prayer: .

9 Nu mb e r— m cn6 — In the regul ar decl ensi o ns there are two nu m

. .

bers : The s i ngu l ar cHHHcTB eu no e r1H cJI 6— and the pl u ral— M 11 69Recr
- '

B e11110e IHCJI O
‘
. B ut t here are co ns i derabl e rem ai ns Of an Ol d dual
HB 6 H0TB eHHo e t
1HcJI 6 ; t hi s w as o ri gi nall y u se d of t hi ngs o ccurri ng in
pai rs , bu t gradu ally gave ri se t o a frequ ent t ype of i rregu l ar pl ural
fo rm ati o n The dual m eani ng i s still seen i n :
.

rJI as E — r JIas a eyes —

yxo a H ears
6é perE — 6epera s hores , banks II JI e t I6 — IIJI e 1H s ho u lders
t

o rE — o r a horns R OJI E Ho — ’
R OJIE HH
'
knees
p p .

A no ther t race o f the du al i s fo und i n t he ap parent gen . s in g which

. is
u se d after the nu mbers two , three, four ,
and i n 200 HB EOTH .

10 Hard . and S o ft N o uns .

-
No u ns that en d in E , a, o i n the no m .

s i ng are cal l ed hard; tho s e that end in E, ii , a , e are cal l e d so ft B ut

52)
. .

the l aws o f v o wel v ari at i o n (12 A and 1] ,

ften
O requ i re hard end

i ngs w ith so ft no u ns and Vi ce v ers a .

11 Tabl e . of End ings

Hard and s o ft end ings are sep arate d by dashes .

S i ngu lar Plural

N . or Gen .

aM B — HM B
' ’
 Hard
IR eHfi

e merry
e R
v eHEI

r merr y
meHE
’
p
fi R eHé ii
v

g
c
1
2
$ z 5
Re HE1

e 5
Ré HE

e 5
1 em
-
.

r 5
R e11aXE

p meHaME
s meHaMH

13 . Le ngthe ne d St e m s
a . Neute rs i n M 1, 5 li ke fi MH firs t n ame, II Jra
'

M 1 5fl ame ,
E peM 1 5
parad i gm
'
cE MH seed, s naM a s tandard see ab o v e , o f B pé MH
; .

b . M aTE mo ther, IIOHE dau ghter, HHTE chi ld .

S i ngu lar P l u ral

M aTE

M aTe pH IIHT 51TH M aTep fiXb

'
HET fiXB
'

5 HET 5
’ '

M aTep 1ME 1ME

HHT 5 HET 5
’

M aTe p EIO 1Te lo M aTep fiMH i MH

(M aTepEM H) (RETEM H)

(Case end i ngs like Re epE ; IIO HE l i ke M aTE .

)

14 . M as cul ine
1 . The accu s ati ve Of b o th nu m b ers has the fo rm of the no m i nat i ve
w i th t hi ngs , bu t t he fo rm t he geni t i ve w i th l i v i ng bei ngs
Of .

2 . The ru l es o f vari ati o n cau s e t he f o ll o w i ng changes :

a The i nstru m ent al Si ngu l ar en ds i n e ME i nstead o f OM E w i t h no u ns

.

t hat hav e s t em s i n 11, 111, 5

1C, 111, ‘I, p ro v i ded t he en d i ng i s no t acce nted :

Ho mE knife— 1105 116 ME b u t R JIIO HE ke — 113114) He M E — N o u ns i n E an d ii

, y
hav e the i ns tr . Si ng . en d i ng eME i f accented , e ME if u naccent ed : HapeME
— rep6e ME .
14] LE S SONS 97

bThe geni t i ve pl ural ends i n e ii w i th no u ns i n E an d w i th tho s e that

.

have stem s i n 111, 316, q , 111, bu t i n e B E w i th no u ns i n ii : Hapé H— Ho mé fi v

— re 6e B E Stem s i n 11 al so hav e a n if t he end i ng i s u naccent ed , bu t

p .

OB E i f i t i s accent e d : R E M eHE German

’ — ’
HE M He B E (i ns t r s i ng HE M
'
. .

— OTHO
JIGM L ) , ut O é u
b’
T E f at her B E (i nst r s i ng OT116M E ) . . .

c .The no m i nat i ve pl u ral t akes 11 i nstead o f E1 i f the s t em end s i n a

v el ar or a s i bil ant : (R, r, x ;
pal at al 111, 5
11 ,
‘l
,
111 ) B OJI R E — B 6JI R H
,

1105R E — 1105
R l 1 (bu t OTé HE — OTHEI)
’

3 .Vowel I nserti o n : N o u ns w i th e or 0 i n the l as t s yll abl e o f t he

no m . s i ng generally dro p t hi s i n t he
. Ob l i que cases , (a) if the accent

s hi fts t o the end i ng, (b ) i f the accent i s on the fi rst syl l ab l e in al l cas es :

O é I
T I E — OTIIa ,
R E M eHE — HE M Ha HeHE— HHH
’ ’
, ,
R yc6R E — R y0R a, JIO6 E

fo rehead— 116m B u t if m o re t han t wo co ns o nant s w o u l d m eet , t he

v o wel is u s u al l y ret ai ned , e
—
Mynpé H s ge Mynp eua
E a
.
g.
,
.

4 . L ocati ves i n y: A nu m b er o f w o rd s deno t i ng pl ace t ake y— IO

(al w ays accent e d ) i n the l o cat i v e s i ngu l ar after t he t w o p rep o s i t i o ns

BE and 113 : BE IIIR anj r i n the cu p bo ard 11a ,

r10 e on the fl o or The .

m o st co mm o n no uns o f thi s ki nd are : II OJI E floor e JI E (B E yry) ,

co rner, mR aIIE cup bo ard, caHE garden, JI yrE mead ow, II pyI1E p o nd ,
H ECE fores t ,
R paH bo rder, JI O6E forehead , p OTE mo u th (no my) ,
1100E

no s e , 3 y6E too th, HacE ho ur, r o nE year .

4 . Geni ti ves i n y: So m e j
no u ns deno t i ng m ateri al s and a few no u ns

that are o ften u se d in ad v erbi al phrases hav e a gen i n y, e g ,

. s i ng .
-
. .

a tea, cax apE s u gar, OHEI E sn o w, R p aH edge ,

‘
60171 fight, ass au lt, q a0E
ho u r, HEcE fores t 1a f tea Racy 11a t I acE fro m
“

111R a a cup o
'

, e .
g
.
,
t
,
cE

ho ur to hour, I3 B —
I/ JI c
’ ’

f the fo res t
o ut o

5Pl
.

. u rals in a Co m pare 1] 9 ,
w here t he fo ll o w i ng pl u ral s are

m ent i o ned : rJI as a, 6eper a, po r a; o thers are : 6 ORE s i de— 6 0R a JIOM E

'

—
ho u se HO a, 6JI o c voi ce
M r E — r o n o ca r E t —
6p OI1 own r o p o na, I16R TOpE
,

do ctor— HOR TOp a, q TeJI E teacher— q Tem I , XJI BC

’

cro p s
’ ’
E

B —
(bu t XJI E 6E1 lo aves of bread) H ETE HB ETaco lors (but HB ETEI flowers )
’
,
’
.

Pl u ral s i n E5 1: 6paTE bro ther —6p aTE 5

1 T
0 yJI E chai r— cTyJI E H
'

1 leaves ) M yéR E m
,

JI HCTE s heet —
(but JI H0TE 5
JI H0TE1 M v H ci ti zens ,
an—

(but M y5
R E5
1 hu s bands ) M o st o f t hese have E eB E (6p aTE eB E ) i n t he
’
-
.

gen .
pl .
,
bu t a few hav e —
eH

Other i rregu l ar pl u ral s

CEI HE son—cEIHOB E fi , eH CH HQ B B fiXB etc cocE 11E nei gh ’
a cEI HOB
’
.

bo r—co cE HH I é pTE devi l— Hé p TH (d ecli ned l i ke HapH)

.
, ,
'
‘ '

, .

b N o u ns i n a11H11E (deno t i ng nat i onal i ty rel i gi o n s o ci al st and i ng)

.
, , , ,

li ke rp aiRHaHHHE ci ti zen , R pecTEé HH HE p eas ant, p cTi 5

111H11E Chri s ti an ,
98 E LE M E NTARY RUSSI AN G RAMMAR [51 —16

aHr JI a HHHE S lav, hav e pl u ral s i n arm, gen

E ngli s hman , 5
’

cJI aB E 111H 1IE .

-
a11E , c
l o a11aXE t
, e c :
I p aJ
.R II
-
é HHHE — Pp a m é
n e H — S i m il ar are :
.
‘ ‘ ’
.

POCHOIIfI HB M r — r 0011011aGentlemen , x 03 5 1H11E ho usekeep er— x o s fie s a

’
’
. .

A few no u ns hav e a regu l ar no m .

pl .
,
bu t a gen pl i n E , li ke neut ers
. .

in 0, e .
g,. B 6 JI OCE1 hai r -
6JI OcE , p as E
gen . B ti me— gen pl pas E (Hé . .
w

5
0 1TE p as E ten ti mes ) , co JI HaTE s o ldi er— co n naTE ; q I OB
’
E R E man ,
’

gen pl q I OB E R E aft er nu m eral s

’
hu man bei ng has a . . o nl y ; o therw i se ,
’
111 a p e op l e i s u se d i nst ead o f a pl u ral o f q I OE E R E .

Fe mi nine s
1 The accu s ati ve s i ngu l ar ends i n y Io w i th n o u ns i n a— 5
.
— 1, and i n

E w i th no u ns i n E ; b u t t he accu s ati ve p lu r al i s like t heno m i nat i v e i n t he

cas e o f thi ngs l i ke t he gen it i ve i n t he case o f l i v i ng bei ngs

an d .

2 The
. i ns tru men tal s i ngu lar has a s o t er f o rm i n o ii
h r — e ii an d a

l o nger f o rm i n 010 — c10 but the fo rm er i s far m o re

, co m m o n , especi al l y

in co nv ers at i o n .

3 . M ascu li nes i n a— 5
1 are decl i ne d exact l y l i ke fem i ni nes o f t he s am e

fo rm : cJI yr a al et, v gen 0J1yr 11 ,

.
’

B ans , d i m i nu t i v e o f I/IB aHE , gen B aHH . .

4 . Vowel vari ati o n requ i res t he f o ll o w i ng changes :

aThe i nstru m ent al s i ngu l ar en ds i n e ii w i th no u ns i n l 1a, m a, ma,
.

Ha, ma, pro v i de d the end i ng i s unaccent ed : Hana co untry s eat— Haq ei/i ,
bu t 11y111a sou l nym 6H (nym 61o ) fl

b . The geni t i v e Si ngu l ar and no m i nat i v e pl ural end i n H i nstead Of

—
w i th s tem s i n vel ars an d p al at al S ibil ant s : Ho cR a Ho cR H, 1160R H ;
5
E1

nymé
— nym fi , 11 m m .

N o u ns i n i n change the E o f the d at i ve and l ocati v e s i ngul ar t o H

“

c .

(baM HJI i H— (baM H JI i H ; t ho s e i n 51after any v o wel change E o f the geniti v e

p u ral t o : ba
l ii ( M HJI i H c a
T fl — cTaH
5V w l I
.
,

. o e nserti on : If t he stem ends i n tw o co ns o n ant s , v o wel i nser

JI 65
t i o n t ak es pl ace i n the genit i v e pl u ral acco rd i ng t o 12 C: RR a— JI 6

Rt e R E ; co p are 3 7 , 3 m .

final co nso nant o f t he ste m i s prece ded by E o r H t hi s i s changed t o e : cy11E6a

If t he
—
,

fat e c yn e6 E R o n é HR a ko p eck —
,
R o né eR E L ikew i se E at t he e nd o f a ste m as i n .
, ,

cyI1 5 E1 j ud ge i s ch ange d t o e and t he ge nit ive e nd i ng E st and i ng afte r a v o w el (see

ab o ve ) be c o mes H: cyHé H —
, , ,

,
1115
II5 1 u ncl e has t he ge nit i ve p l u ral Hé He H i n anal o gy
.

w i t h m a cu l i nes l ik e Hpa E — Hapé H .

16 . N e u t e rs :
1 Onl y fe w
. neuters , s u ch as 116 JI e fie ld and M 6pe sea , en d in e a fter a
co nso nant , bu t m any neut ers i n i e , l i ke enaHi e ; a few co ncrete no u ns
end

en d i n b e II JI aTE e clo thi ng) ; ab s tract no u ns i n i e can al s o b e s pel l e d

w i th Ee : M HI OB é Hl e, MHTOB é HEe
‘
moment . When s p ell e d w i th i e, t hey
100 E LE M E NTARY RUSSI AN GRAMMAR [ 187 19
1 . The regu l ar co rres p o nd ing t o Ifi ench vous Ge rm an
p ro no u n o f add res s i sB EI ,
‘

TEI i s t he s i i i co nvers at i o n and so l emn speech

‘

Sie . ngu l ar ad d res s i n nt m ate .

2 A s su bj ect s o f v erb s a TEI etc are o ften o m i tt ed

.
, , ,
.
,
.

3 The l o nge r i nst u me nt al fo rm s M 11610 O6610 006610 are m u ch m o re freq uent

. r ,
T ,

t h an t he l o nger i nst ru m ent al fo rm s o f fe m i ni ne no u ns .

The d i ffere nce bet wee n OHH and OHE i s o nl y o ne o f spe ll in g; b o t h are p ro
’
4 .

no u nce d [an i ] ; eé and c5 i [jij o ] =

5 The o bl i que cases o f t he t hird perso n have an 11 prefixed if a prepo s it io n pre

.

ce des : 11e r6 y R e a R E R eMy R HeH cE HHM E y HHXE et c

, -
, ,
E , , , .

6 The gen it ives o f t he t hird pe rs o n are u se d as no n re fl exi ve p o ssess ive pro no u ns

.
-

e r 6 HOME e5 1 R OMHaTa hi s ho us e her ro o m

’

, .
, ,

7 The fo rm s o f t he re flexive pro no u n are t he s am e fo r all pe rs o ns and nu mbers ;

.

c o mpare 36 .

18 Po s s e s s ive Pro no u ns ycB OHTe JI E HEIa M EcTOHMé HiH

-
. .

Mo ii my m u m o ur
N .

1 . m asc and neut s i ng and t he ace p l ur o f all t hree genders h av e t he

The acc . . . . . .

fo rm o f t he no m inat iv e w it h t hings , t he fo rm o f t he genit ive wit h l iv ing be ings .

2 Fo r t he i ns t r s i ng fe m t he l o nger f o rm s M Oé IO , R arneIO are fai rly fre quent

. . . . .

3 r 0 o f t he gen s i ng i s p ro no u nce d [v 0]
.
-
. . .

The o ther pers o ns are

TB o iI thy, you r , and 011011 hi s , her, i ts , thei r (re flexive co m pare 36)
’

are decli ned li ke MO11 .

Ba 1111) yo u r i s decli ned li ke Ha mE .

19 . D e m o ns trat ive Pro no uns — yR as aTeJI E HEI H M EcTOHM é HiH .

1 . B
’
TOTE thi s , that i s t he u s u al dem o nstrati ve prono u n i n the real

Sens e of t he wo rd , i . e .
, p o int i ng t o a certai n thi ng .
20] LE SS ONS 101

2 .TOTE that i s general l y u sed as a co rrel ativ e, i e , as antecedent o f . .

a rel ati v e cl au se o r a that cl au se B es i des , i t i s frequently co nnected

-
.

w ith prepos it i o ns t o m ake adverbs , su ch as IIOT6M E then , s aTE M E then,

'

R pé M lS TOTO besi des

’
Fo ll o wed by 5 110 i t deno t es i dent i ty :
. TOTE 5 Re

MyHt B the s ame m an

’ ’
.

3 .Ce ii thi s i s no w pract ical l y o bso l ete w i th the except io n o f a few

frequent phrases , e g , c q acE now, ci16 MHHyTy thi s mi nu te , 110 cHXE
. .

HOpE u nti l now, 001 61111 1 to day 5 .

5 TOTE

N . or G .

’
TE MH

Pro nu nci at i o n [v 0] .

Ce ii : N o m S ing . . ceH, ci fi , c1c (cc)

Pl ur . ci H
The res t o f t he decl ens i o n i s like that o f M OH: cer 6 , ceH. . cHXE .

TaR6H s u ch, TaROB 6ii f

o s u ch ki nd are decli ned l i ke co m m o n

j
ad ect i ves .

20 Int erro gati ve Pro no unS;

. B OHpOCfi TeHB HBIH M EcTOHM é Hi a .

1 . Pu re Pro no u ns : Kro who , n o what

‘
.

2 . Pro no m i nal A dj ect i ves :

He ii (HER ,
HEe ) whos e HeHHO ME whose ho u se, HE R RH Hr a whos e
’
boo k, q nep6 w hose p en, q EH HE TH whose chi ldren) ;
ROT6pE1Hwhi ch;

RaR6i1, RaROB 6i1 o

’ ’

f what ki nd ,
what .
102 ELE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GRAMMAR —
[21 22

q I has i n t he
/ o bl i qu e cases t he s am e end i ngs as M OH ( 1E er6
r
, q H,
pl . q EHXE , RaR 6H, R aR OB 6H hav e a dj ect ive declensi o n .

21 Rel ati ve Pro no uns—

. H
OTHo c TeJI E HEIa M EcTOHM é Hi a .

1 . HTO and ‘l ’ ‘
l O arei ndefini te rel at i v e pro no u ns , co rres p o nd i ng t o
Engl i sh whoever, he who — w hat, whatever : RTO er 6 3 11aeTE , er 6 1116 6HTE
Whoever knows hi m, li kes hi m; ‘
I TO an ae mE , o TO ME He cnp amHB aH do

no t as k for what you know .

They are often m ade still m o re i ndefinite i n their m eani ng by add ing
6EI 11H (w ith the v erb i n the p ast fo rm ) : RTO 6EI er 6 HH 3 11a11E .

Everybody who kno ws hi m .

2 . ROT6pE1H, decli ned li ke an ad ect i v e , j co rres p o nds t o Engli sh

that, whi ch, who a fter an ant ecedent . The rel at i v e pro no u n i s nev er
Om it ted i n Rus s i an : Ht eHa, R OT6py10 111061116 The wo m an I love .

22 Ind efini t e Pro no uns —

. Heo np enEJI eHHEI H M ECTOHM é Hi a .

A ffirm ati ve i ndefini te pro no u ns are fo rm ed by co m b i ni ng i nter

’
ro gat i v e p ro no u ns w i th nE HH6y1 7160 , TO
1E , 11 1
- - -

’ ’
HE RTO (HE ROPO . RT6 11H6y11E , RTo To so mebody, a certai n;
- -

’
(HE q ero l TO TO so methi ng;
’
HE HTO . q T6 HH6y1
1E , HT6 11H60,
- - ‘ -

RaR6H 11H6y11E , RaR6H J1H6o , RaR6i1 To , HE ROTo pEIHs o me , certai n

’
’
- - -
.

2 . N egat i v e i ndefini t e pro no u ns are fo rm e d b y prefix i ng 11H ac

t o i nt erro gat i ve pro no u ns (He i n t he o bl i que caseS)

HHRT6 , HH Ro r6 . .
(Hé R o rO . n o bo dy;

11111116 , Hq r6 . .
(Hé Ier Ot
. n o thi ng .

a .
prepo s t o n i s
If a ii
co nnected w it h a negat ive pro no un i t i s put between t he ,

t wo e l em ent s : ME 1Ié 0E R EME wi th no one

11H 0E R E , .

b The o bj ect o f a ne gat ive p hrase st and s i n t he ge nit ive ; t he negat i o n m ust be
.

repeat ed w it h t he fi n it e verb : H HHRo ro He B HHaJI E 11 HH Iero 1Ie HE n aJI E The '

t .
,

ge nit ive Hq rO u se d ell i pt icall y has t he me an in g never mi nd ;

, ,

D o no t c o nfu se HE R TO HE HTO w it h Hé R TO Hear d —N o t ice t hat R H i s

’ ’
c .
, ,

unaccented b ut HE and 116 are accente d

’
.
,
104 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GR AMMA R [25
The pred i cat iv e en d i ngs o f the adj ect i v es are the s am e as t ho se of the
no m i nat i v es o f hard no u ns The pred i cat i v e fo rm s o f . so ft j
ad ect i v es

are rarel y u s ed .

A few j
ad ect i v es have pred i cat i v e f o rm s , n am el y :
no 6 011E1116H
(B e11 HRE , a, 6 - - -
Hi s s o m et i m es u se d i ns t ead ) ; ad j ect i ves i n 0R i Hand —
—6H
,

0R l i ke pyccR iH Ru ssi an,

,
r o p 0110R 6 H to wn ad ect i v esj d eno t i ng
m ateri al s , li ke 3 0 110T6Hgo lden . .

Vowel I nserti on general l y t akes pl ace i n t he m as c s i ng bet ween t w o . .

final co nso nant s , b ut d efini te ru l es are no t p o ss i bl e : t 1epe r1E , HepHa

black, H
c JI e HE , OHJI EHa s trong, R p E II OR E , R p EHR a
’
firm ,
3 OJIE , e 11a bad .

25 . A ttributi ve D e cl e ns i o n .
—Thi s i s o ri gi nall y a co m b i nat i o n o f

the j
ad ect i v e w i th no u n end i ngs and t he fo rms of t he pers o nal pro no u n
of t he 3 d pers o n , e .
g.
,
HOB a + ero 116 B ar o , HOB y + eMy 116 B OM y .

With adj ect ives , as w i th n o u ns , we d i st i ngu i sh a har d and a So ft

decl ensi o n . The end i ngs o f t he no m . s i ng are
.

H 5
15
a1 oe
5
EI
HA S OFT: m 1 cc
15
5
M .

OH 1 cc

Hard adj ecti v es w i th accented en d i ngs hav e 611i n the no m S i ng masc . . .

and 6m i n t he gen s i ng m asc , and neu t . . . .

HA RD
S i ngu l ar Pl ural

- N . or G .

H6 B E1X E
'

116 13011

SOFT

e 555
01111 1 1 on

011
1111010 N . or G
26] LE SSONS 10 5
a . The i
e nd ng ro o f t he ge n . i
s ng . m as c
i s p ro no u nced [v 0].
,
The no m p l
neut . . . .

o f all t hree gend ers has t he s am e p ro nun ci at i o n , n am e l y [EIj e] , al t ho u gh t he s pe l l i ng

m
is e o f r t h e m as c u l i ne an d E151 fo r t h e fe m i n i ne a n d n eu te r — The no m s ing m asc . . . .

i s p ro no unce d [EIj ] o r [E1]

w —
.

. i
b The ns t s g e
r i n f m f.re qu e
. nt l y s h o
. s t h e f u l l e r f o r m I n OIo eIO : 116 13010 .

0 The ru l es o f v o w el v ari at i o n m ust be o b serv e d , e g x o p 6 111i H, x o p é maa , x0

555
. .
.

p 6 111ee , x0p 6 111i e ; cJI aHR i H, 011 11111 1 1, cJI aHR oe , cJI aHR i e .

26 . Po s s e s s iv e A d j e cti ve s (co m pare 28) hav e a m i xed decl ens i o n , i n

whi ch s o m e cases hav e n o u n e nd i ngs , o thers , a dj ect iv e endi ngs .

Thes e adj ectives are fo rm ed :

1 . Fro m n am es o f p ers o ns by changi ng the genit i v e en d i ng a t o OBE ,

51 to e B E ,
EI— H t o HHE .

2 Fro m n am es o f ani m al s in iii ; al so B 65

R i ii di vi ne , f ro m B OHQL '
.

Go d, R as aq coss ack s
’
fro m R as aRE , o x 6 THH q hunter
’
s fro m
o x 6 T11HR E , an d a few o thers .

Si ngu l ar Pl ural

IIaB JI OB Oii

IIaB JI OB EIMH

B 65
11E e ii

Wit h so m e hese fo rms t he us age i s not qu ite sett l ed ; t hus t he 100 s ing m as c
of t ,
. . .

II a JI OB E i s qu ite frequent and t he ad j ect ive B 65

B R i H has o fte n t he gen
, d at s i ng .
,
. .

m as c B 65 R E51 B65
. R EIO , .

The p atro nym ics that are deri v ed fro m these po ss ess i v e adj ecti v es
(II aB JIOB H q E , IIaB JIOB Ha) , co m pare 8 , hav e regu l ar no u n decl ensi o n 5 .
 106 E LE ME NTA RY RUSS I AN GR AMMA R [27
27 . Co mpari so n

A . The Pre d i cat i v e Co m p arat ive .

1 . The regu l ar f o rm ends i n Ee z —

1166p EI H 1106 p E e ;
’
H
R p ac B EI H

H cHJI E HEIH—cHJI E HE e
’
R pac B Ee , .

2 . A d j ecti v es m o re than three syl l abl es u se 6611 11e w i th the po si

of '

t i ve , e .
g .
,
o 6p a3 6 B a111IEI H e du cated— 6 6 11130 O6p a3 6 B a11E .

3 .fo rty ad j ect ives hav e pred icati v e co m parati v es i n e o r me ;

A bo u t
s u ffixes are Often d ro p pe d i n these f o rm s and fi nal co ns o nant s are ,

s o ft ened e g — aHEIIIe HaHeR i H ar— aHEme B EIc6R i H

p aHH i H ea rl y p
,
. .
f , H , ,

hi gh B EI IIIe cr apEIH o ld—0Tap111e M 0110116H yo ung— M 01165

—
, Re , .

4 A few i rregu l ar, x 0p 6111i H —

. are e .
g .
, good nq e, 6011E1116H bi g
—6611E111e ,
M aHeHER i H small -
M é HEHIe .

B . The A ttri buti v e Co m parati ve .

In attribut i v e fu ncti o n , the co m parati v e i s m o stfrequ ently expressed

by 6 611 lse w ith t he po sit i ve
'
B ut a nu m ber o f adj ect i ves f o rm attrib .

u t i v e co m parat i v es co rres po nd i ng t o t he regu l ar p red i cat i v e co m

p arat i v e ; t hey end i n 4 311mi H a5 1 cc) o r 111i ii ; EH1ni H i s change d -

,
- - -

t o aH111i H after s o ftened co ns o nant s (co m p are

-

Inst ances
’ —
611 E 11HE 121 6JI EI111E H111iH
’’ ’
' —
HaHEHiH HaJI E HE Hmi H
’
1
Rp E
’
Im i H— R pEn a m iH B EIc6R i H— B EIco a m iH
M 0110116H —M 11a111n i H (B EIcIHi H
cTa n
p i
E i — cp apm i H ‘

HHS R i Hl ow —Hfi s miH

6011E1116H— 6611EH1i H M an eHER i H— M é HEIHiH

x o p 6111i H ~ —11y1m iH
.
t
.

Rul es are o f l itt le avail fo r t he fo rm at i o n o f t he co m parat ive; t he fo rm s in act ual

u se m u st be as ce rt ai ne d by read ing and reference t o d ict i o naries .

C . UPE RLA TIVE

THE S .

The e i s no s peci al fo rm fo t he s upe l at ive ; i t i s e xp resse d

r r r

(a) B y co m p arat ive f o m s ; es pe ci all y t he at t ribut ive co mp arat ive i n EHmH

r ,

aHn i H has al m o st al w ays co m p a at i ve m eaning

I r .

(b ) B y caM H w it h e it her t he p o s it ive o t he co m p a at ive : caMEIH Rp acH EIH

EI r r B

mo s t beau tifu l , caM EI H q m i H bes t .

(0) Wit h a few ad j ect ives by t he ,

co mparat ive w it h t he p refix HaH e .
g
.
,
HaH

JIq i H bes t HaH66 11E111i H bi ggest ,

.
108 EL E M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R [29

CON STRU CTION :

l . The i n t he genit i ve s i ngu l ar aft er the no m i

co u nte d no u n s t and s

nat i ve and accu s at i ve o f t he nu m b ers 2, 3 , 4 , b ut i n t he geni t i v e pl ur al

aft er all nu m bers fro m up 5 .

2 . A fter num bers in Obli qu e cases t he no u n s t an d s i n t he s am e cas e

as the nu m b er .

3 . In t he cas e o f co m p o u nd nu mbers t he l ast el em ent d eci des t he

fo rm of t he no u n .

4 . An j
ad ect i v e a fter a numeral agrees w i th i t s no u n i n nu m ber an d

case ; bu t i f the no u n st and s i n the gen it i v e s i ngu l ar, acco rd i ng t o

the j
ad ect i ve m ay s t and ei ther i n t he no m i nat i ve pl ural o r t he

geniti v e pl u ral .

Inst ances

(11001113 IIH
’
(1) 113 a HHi e XB
I/I ) HHH the las t two days
'

(2) HHTE 111IHXE HHeH

(3 ) TEI CH Ha 011Ha HO HE 1001 ni ghts (A rabi an N i ghts ) .

29 The Ord inal s

. .
-
5
1R 6 B EIH
II Op 11 .

1st IIé p B EIH 10th HecHTEIH 100th 06 TEI H

2d B TOp 6H 20th HB aHHaTEIH 200th HB yx c6TEI H

HHHaTEI H
‘

3d Tpé Ti H 3 0t h Tp 200t h Tpexc6TE1H

4 th HeTB epTEIH 40t h co p OR OB 6H 5
00t h HHTH06 TE1H

5
th HHTEIH 5
oth HHTnHecHTEI H 600th H
111e0THc6 TEI

6th m ecT6H 6 0th mecTHHecHTEIH 1000t h TEIcH H HEI H

7 th ce HEM 6H 7 0th 5
ceM H11ec 1TE1H
2000t h HB yXTE m
'
HHHEI H

8 th B OOEM 6 H 8 0th B ocEM HHecHTEIH 2l st HB aHHaTE Hé p B EIH

9th HeB HTEIH 90th IIGB HHOCTBII/I 32d Tp HHHaTE B To p 6H

The o rdi nal s hav e regu l ar adj ect iv e decl ensi o n with the except i o n o f

Tpé Ti H, which i s decli ned like B OHt i H, 1] 26 .

so] LE SS ONS 109

THE ~ —
PRE P O S I TI ON Il pe 11116rE

30 Pre po s iti o ns m ay
. re qu i re o ne , two , or three cas es , as sho wn in
t he fo l l o wi ng d i agram :

Ins t r .

B E , 11a, 0

3 a, 11011E , né pe nE

B es i des , the genitiv e i s requ i re d by pract i cal l y all prepo s i ti o nal ad

v erbs , i e , p rep o s it i o ns w hi ch are d eri v e d fro m o ther p art s o f s peech,
. .

chi e fly fro m no u ns B M E cTo

’
i n p lace o f , i nstead ) .

Al phabet ical Li st , i ncl u di ng prepo s iti o nal d

a v erb s

6e 3 E G wi tho u t
. A .
,
L . on , u p o n
—113 11E
6 11H3 E G . near (Hano ) I . above , o ver

3 110 111; G down

. 0 (O6E 660) , A . agai ns t, L . abo u t

EmE cTo
’
’
G i ns tead
. 6 R0110 G . aro und

B HyTp H G . wi thi n OTE (6 TO) G from .

B HE G f o u ts i de o né pe nE (IIpe11E n pé no ) A I i n front f
~
.
,
. . o
_

3 63 1111 alongsi de of 110 A . up to , L . a fter D on, .

Ro p rE G . aro u nd l l 6a

B E (B 0) A . i nto , L i n . 1101
1E (116110) A . I . u nd re
G .
for HpH L . at, near

110 G . up to , u nti l 11p0 A . abo u t

33 A .
,
I behi nd ,
.
for 11p6 THB E G . agai n s t

H3 E G . out o f m
pé x G .
for the s ake o f
Rp6M B
'
’
G besi des
.
111
cpe 1 G i n the mi ds t
. of

RE (R 0) D . to 0E (00) G . from A ,
. up to , I wi th .

Mé xcny I .
, G between
.
y G . at, wi th
G p as t
. q é pe 3 E ( 11
pe3 E ) A thro u gh,
. across .
“

If t he fo llow ing w o rd begins w tih seve ral co nso nant s ,

-
E is us u all y

rep l a ed c by 0, e .
g .
, co MH OIO , l é IIO MHOIO, 11 6110 1111610 ; t he p rep o s t i i o n 0 has t he
fo rm O6E befo re v o wels (O6E 6TOME ) 6 60 ,
be fo re co ns o nant gro u p s (6 60 MH E) .
 E LE M E NTAR Y RUSS IAN G R AMMA R —3 2
110 [ 3 1

CONJU GA TION— CIIPHHCEHIE

THE V R
E B — I Jl a
‘
r6 11E .

3 1 The Tw o Co nj ugati o ns :
.

JI lS JI aTB
’
'
r o B Op HTE

I mp erati ve

P ast
’
HE JI aJIE , a, O, H TOB o p HJIE , a, O, H

3 2 The Firs t Co nj ugat i o n

.

A . Vocal ic Cl ass .

’
HE JI aTE—HE 11a
'
c ap
T h TE—cr ap h
' ' ' ’

IIaBa TE 11a Ho mRJIOB aTE— Ho xca11y .

m m an

R pEITE — R po
m m m m

B . Co ns o nant ic Cl ass .

(1) Wi tho ut Co ns o nant So fteni ng .

RJI aCTE— RJI an HecT H— Hec

m m m m

' ‘
B e3 l H— B es y
cTaTE —cTaH
em E

6paTE— 6ep
OIII I)
112 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN G RAMMAR 5 —
[3 3 8
3 5Th . e Im pe rativ e :

1 . Fu l l en d i ng : 71,
1 fine : HHH, HuHTe ; r 0B Op H,
r 0B o p HTe .

2 Weakened end i ng, i f u naccented :

5
.

a . A fter co nso nant s , E , EN : 6 1 15,

6y11ETe .

A ft er ’
b v o w el s , ii , t
’

. he : 11ai1, HE JI aii Te .

36 . The Infinit i ve

IA . JI aIO — ’
HE JI aTE
R o man e —HOHcaJI OB aTE
IIpEI PHy
— II EI r H TE
p y
R pOIO— R p EITE
—
HaIO HaB é TE .

IB .
(a) IIH m — IIHcfiTE
y ,
—
M e q y M e Té TE

( )
b BO B y— e B aTE 6e py
— 6 aTE
p ,

—
(c) any naCTE
m
M y— MOHE
( )
d o r .

II (a) r OB Op HTE y 1 HTE r

(b ) HepmaTE 01115
.
,

1 man ,

(0) cM OTp h TE B HHETE

’ ' '
.
,

37 . The Pas t Te ns e
1 . Regu l ar :
'
HE JI aTE , Po B Op - HTE
-
. 11E -
11E
. .

2 . Verbs i n HE , 3 TE , 3 TH, cTE , cTH

MO HE— M o rE (Mo r11a M o r116 , ,

M OPJI H )
HecTH— HeCE He0116 , HecJI H
(HecJIa , ) .

3 . Verbs i n cTH, OTE w i th stem s i n 11, T

y
B en B e0T H— B eJI E (B eJI a, B e116 , B eJI H)
5
,

many ,
11a0TE— 11a11E (II aJI a , 2
111
1110 , 11 mm ) .

38 . The Ve rbal A d j e ctive s

[HTE ]
’
Present Geru nd : HE 11a rOB o p-
a
fi
u
H -
.

[HTE ]
’
Present A cti ve Part i ci pl e : 1111 11a r o B o p-

-
10 111i ii -
5
1 111i ii
’

'
Present Pass 1v e Part i ci pl e : HE 11a 1116 6 -

[HM E ]
-
cMEl ii

Past Geru n d : H01110 6H JI E [

’
HE 11a -
]
mH
'

-
BE , -
B H1H -
BE , -
B .
39 . Pe rf e cti ve and Impe rf e cti ve A s pe ct

A . The Perfecti ve i s deriv ed fro m the I mperfecti ve A spect by a prefix

'— ’
HE HaTE CHE 11aTE y
t
HTEr— HayHHTE
—
HHBT yB HHETE
’
B E .

B . The I mp erfecti ve i s deri ved fro m t he Perfecti ve by st em v ari at i o n

1 . Co m po u nd Verbs
a . B y Su ffix
OTR pEI B fiTE fro m OTR pEI TE ; HpH11 MEIB aTE y fro m Hp HHyM aTE ;

HayHé TE fro m Hay HHTE .

b. B y Change of t he Stem Vo wel

cO6Hp aTE fro m co 6p aTE , co 6e p y

1100E111aTE 110011aTE , 11 01111116 .

2 . Si m pl e Verb s
a . Stem Lengtheni ng

HEB RTE fro m HETE ; cTaHOB HTEcH fro m m an ;

HaHaTE fro m HacTE .

b. M E fo r HTE o r HyTE

Hc é f
TE ro m Ic T HTE ; R pHHaTE fro m R pHR HyTE .

40 . D e finit e an d Inde fini t e A s pe ct .

H TE be i n the habi t of go i ng—

H TTH be o n the way
o
Ho cHTE wear (as a ru le) — He0TH carry, wear (at p resent)

B OHHTE be a gu i de (i n general) —B ecTH l ead to a p lace .

 VOCA B U LA RIE S FOR TE X TS I—VIII

I II

IIIR 611a s cho o l . V HHJI Hme s cho o l .

é TOTE , eTa, 6TO thi s

.
. 6 011E 1116H bi g .

R 6 M HaTa ro o m . s na Hi e b u i l d i ng .

III Hp 6 R E , a, 6 w i de . HJI H or .

B EIc6 R E , a, 6 high . 5
1 I .

H and .
y HHTeJI E t eacher .

OR H6 w i n do w . HM H fi rs t nam e .

II OTOJI OR E cei li ng . (baM HJI i H fam i ly nam e .

B OTE here (there) i s . B EI yo u .

B OHE there i s .
y HeHHR E s t u dent

Ra b (teacher s ) y HeHHHa (fem )

’
t enp a des k . s t u d ent .

cTyJI E chai r .
y q y I t each .

m RaIIE cu pb o ard . B EI q TecE yo u l e arn , st u dy .

flo or . BEI XOTHTe yo u w ant t o .

Ho cR a b o ard , bl ackb o ard . Hs y a E l earn , s t u dy .

HaH R a st i ck , p o i nt er .
pyccR i H Ru ss i an .

Ht é JI TL ; 5
'
R e11T a, JR eJI TO ye ll o w . Hs EIR E l angu age .

T6 11e al so R HH bo o k
1 . ra .

R ap a H
naIIIE penci l . r p aM MaTHR a gramm ar .

11ep 6 pen . aHrn i HcR i H E ngl i sh .

H61R HR E penkni fe . cJI OB apE d i ct i o nary .

a an d , b u t (w eak advers ati ve co n T 6 HR i H (T6 HOR E ) thi n,

T o HR a .

j u n cti o n ) JI erR i H (ner OR E JI er R a 6 ) li ght

'

.
, ,
.

HO but (s tro ng adv . B am E yo u r, HamE o u r .

HepeHE , Hep Ha, Hep Ho bl ack . Te Tp a E , H fem . no t eb o o k .

M OH my . M an eHER i H s m al l .

’
TyHE , a, 6 du l l , bl u nt .
HE JI a1O I d o .

HE 11aeTe ya; d o
’
o cr epE , 0 0Tp a, 00Tp 6 s harp . .

6yM ar a p aper . JI H i n terrogati ve p arti cle .

r11 a110R E , rn aHRa, r11a11R O s m o o th HETE n o , 11a yes

5
.

qu es t i o n 55
T 1 11e11EI H (4 m ) 6 ) heav y
'

B 011p 6 cE .
-
e.11a, .
,

HTO w hat . HTO w ho .

R aR 6 B E , a, 6 of what ki nd R OTo p EIH whi ch .

OHE , OHa, OH6 he s he , it . R aR E ho w (what ) .

117
118 E LE M E N TAR Y RI

III

I OB o p HTE
‘
s p eak .

no -

pyccR H (i n) Ru ss i an .

He no t .

Ho -
aHrn i HcR H (i n) E ngl i sh .

yIII aTE li s t en
c .

cn p am HB aTE as k .

O TB EHaTE an s w er .

Hano (it i s ) nece s s ary, (o ne ) m u st .

HO HTH al m o s t .

B cerna al w ays .

0R 6 p o fas t , so o n .

M é HJIe HHO s l o w .

e
za if .

IIOHHM aTE u n d ers t and .

116 111R eHE ,

-
1R Ha, -
5
E H6 , p lu r .
—
1R HEI

co m pel l ed , m u st .

Ro ma w hen ,
To rna t he n .

OOE HOH HTE ex pl ai n .

n o vR an yHcTa pl ease .

naeTE he gi v es .

0 6E HcHé Hi e ex pl an at i o n .

611 ar 011apHTE t hank .

e ac h yo u (ace ) ,
HaM E u s (dat ) .

cn acr16 0 thank s
’

yp OR E l es s o n .

p HHEIH d i fficu l t .

OHeHE v e ry .

HH TaT E read .

RaH mEIH each , ev e ry .

Ha o fte n

5
cr o .

5
11 1 1111 0 necess ary ; M HE H . I m us t
nep e B OH TE H t rans l at e .

To t hat .

T ene p E no w .

Hp OHB HOHI é H i e p ro nu nci at i o n .

11116 31 111 b ad .

6 mm . w i l l be .

x o p 6 1ni H -
6 111E , a, 6 ) go o d .

II O T 6 M E t hen .
120 E LE M E NTAR Y RUSSI AN GRAMMA R

cna
crE HH bed ro o m .

py6 axa s hi rt . IIOM E ho u se .

B Op OTH HR E co ll ar .
COCTOHTE co ns i st s .

BE 6 6l11eME al t o get her .

R pEI III a ro o f .

TyaJI é TE t o il et .
r 6 p 011E ci t y .

Ra
npo no n a eTca l ast s ; t akes .
MH6 ro (w gen ) m any . . .

y M eH 1 w ith 5 '

me .
B E TpH (H eTE I pe) B Tanca f
Of t hree
II OJI q aca hal f an ho u r .
(fo u r) fl o o rs
116 a (w gen ) after . . .
Br c E flo o r .

3 ax 05
Ry I go .
R B ap THp a d wel l i ng, ap art m en t.

cT0116 B a 1 5d i ni ng ro o m -
.
Hax 611H TC 1 5i s s i t u ate d .

B TOp O H seco nd
cav
R yCE I s it do w n
.

HeH lo c s i ng; o f OHa

3a (w i ns tr and acc ) be hi nd fo r
. .
. .
. . .
,

saB Tp aRE b reakf ast .

01113
.
’
11y101111e t he fo ll o wi ng .

ci ne
TOCT HHaH, npieM HaH recept i o n
yet .

ro o m , p arl o r
r 0T6 B EI H rea dy .
.

R yXHH k i tchen
yTpeHHi H m o rni ng
.

IIp HHHM aTE re ce i ve

r as é Ta ne ws paper
.

HamR a cu p .
I OCT
‘
L gu est .

M 0110R 6 m ilk .
yCTn aHE i s co v ered .

R OB ep E Carpet
r Op HHi H ho t .
.

c HEI H
npeR p a beauti f ul
HaH t e a
.

R ap THHa p ict u re
HB a t w o
.

5
.

CII HTE t hey sl eep

EcTE eat , 9 h
.

. .

5 1116 1111 peo pl e

11
21116 . egg s () .

Hyc6R E p i ece .
CTO HTE t hey s t and .

R p OB aTE , fem bed

‘
’

x 11 ls6E bread
. .
'
.

RO M611E bu reau , d res ser

(w i ns tr ) w i th
.

CE . . .

a r OTOB JI HTE prepare

Ma butter
.

cJIO .

cax apE s u gar .

R ym aHEe fo o d .

BCTHEI e IIpHn a0EI v i ct u al s

'
CE
1110 61116 I l o v e, li ke
.

x p aH HTE kee p , s t o re
cJI aHR i H sweet :
.

10 B a1
R11a1 5 pantry l arder
cnep B a firs t
.
,

r
.

r16 r pe 6E cell a
fter that
.
’
3 aTE M E a then
sa break fast
.
,
B Tp aR aTE e at .

R aR 6H what ki nd ’
O6E 11aTE eat d i nner
.

0R 611ER O B pé M eHH ho w m u ch ti m e,
ymHHaTE eat s u pper .

ho w l o ng 6R 0110 (w gen ) a ro u nd
.
. . .

R ym aTE eat .
’
HE CR OJI ER O sev eral , a few .

HO HeMy why . II OR pEI TE co v e re d .

Iro TOM y HTO becau se . CR aTep TE t abl ecl o th .

OCA B U LA RIE S 12 1

d
R 6 ) e co ffee .

caHE garden .

Hé peB o , p l 11epé B E11 tree

'

. .

i1 6a (w gen ) after . . .

ryJIHTE t ake a w al k .

TEHH CTEIH Shady .

Ho p6 ra w alk , w ay .

Her6 gen .
f
o HTO .

111111 (w .
gen .
) fo r .

CJI y5
R HTE serv es .

VIII

B ecHa s pri ng .

HaHHHaTEca begi n .

0TH11 E ,m as c . st yl e, cal e ndar .

H 6 B E1H ne w

CTapEI H Ol d .

6ceHE , fem . au t u m n .

ho u r; HB a ok
’
HacE Haca t w o o cl c

MHHyTa m i nu te .

IIOJI OB HHa hal f

HH0116 nu m ber, d at e .

cer 6i1H11 t o d ay .

HXE gen acc pl o f OHE OHa, 0 116

-
. . .
,

d ay . 0 (w . loc ) . ab o ut, fo r}
TaR 6H s u ch .

Has EIB aTECH be cal le d .

122 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN GRA MMA R

LE S SON XXXVII

The words i n thi s less o n are no t i nclu ded i n the General Vo cabu lary .

I JI aB HEI H pri nci pal , firs t IIHca w ri t er

‘
.
pE .

B EI Hr pHIHE prl ze , w m ner . 6Hp1R eB HRE s pecu l at o r .

CHaCTJIHB eHE l u cky fel l o w .

~

CTOJI HpE cab i net - m ak er .

66 11110 m o re . M 0116 HH11a m ilkm ai d

0116p a qu arrel , d i s pu te . ca11 61R HHR E sho em aker .

O TR pOB é HHO o penl y, frank ly . R yné IIE m erchant .

y3 HaTE l earn , fi nd o ut .
peM é CJI eHHHRE art i s an :

11B yxc6 TE TE10 1 HHEI

-
5 H Of HM HIHRE d ri v er, d raym an .

ubl es w o rth
’
i . e .
,
r . R yx apR a co o k
6H116TE t icket . 6y110 HHHR E b aker .

nOCTOB E p HEIH, s up erlati ve JIOCTO

'
xy116 1R HHR E art i st .
'

B E p HEHmi H t ru st w o rthy
’
. HHH6 B HHR E o ffi ci al .

paBCR as E s t o ry, rep o rt . n p ano p mHR E ens i gn .

00061116Hi e i nfo rm ati o n . HOSTE po et .

HaHHeTCH wi l l be fo u n d meHa w o m an, w i fe

5g
. .

110111111 o! HE HHeRE sext o n .

pa3 6epH s elect , fi nd o ut ! 11O HE d au ghter .

np aB Ha t ru th 6yR HHH0TE deal er i n old bo o ks

‘

. .

5
RHBeTE li ves . R o p 6 He , co mp . o f R Op 6 TR i H, s ho rt

TOTE t hat .
(i n sho rt , bri efly) .

apTé JI EIIIHR E (um o n) wo rk J1H116 face , pe rs o n .

m an . Has o B yTE t hey w i l l nam e .

 124 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R

6 E1B aTE [b E1v at

‘
] aIO , - -
aem E -
110 v s i it . B OJIOCB
'
[v o l as ] pl .
-
aor -
E1, d ip -
.

6 E10TpE1H[ bEl st rEIj ] pr .

f e .
,
cp .
-
B Hm i H
' ’
hair .

fast rap id BOHE [v o n] t here (i s )

5
.
, .

] 6y11y, 9 h (6E111E , B o npOCE [v ap ro s ] qu est i o n

‘
6 E1TE [b EI t -
11e 111E , , .

a , 0 ) be . B o po r a [v aro t a, v arat a] n eu t
'

pl gate . .

— 110
.

6 13m m) [be gatf] -

a10 , -
acm E run . B o pOT HH RE [v aratn i k ] co ll ar .

6 111111 [b d a] nee d , m i isery . B OCRpe ce HE e [v as k ri s e n e] Su nd a

y
6 B 11HE1H [bs d nEIj ] p o o r
'
. BOTE [v o t ] t he re (i s ) .

6E 5 5
RH111E— 110 a10 , aeInE — B 11acTE
‘
R aTE [bi i at ] 6Ery, B nanaTE [fp ad at ]
‘
-
ru n .
- -

6 E 11Ra [balk a] s qu rrel i .

11y Il é III B (B naJI E ) f all (i nt o )
-
,
-
.

6 E11E1H[ be l EI j ] pr
'
.
f a .
, w hite . B HOJI HE [fp al n s ] e nt i re l y .

B npaB ny [fp rav du ] t ru l y, i ndee d .

[v annaj a] adj decl b at hro o m B np aB o [fp ravp ] t o t he ri ght

’

B aHHaH . . . .

B acE [v as ] ace of B EI yo u . . E parE [vrak ] e ne m y .

B a HI E [v as] yo u r . B pe MH [ v re ma] t i me .

B B e px y [vi rxu ] ab o v e , u p t he re B ce [fs o ] everyt hi ng all

'

. .
,

B e 3 TH [vi s ti ] Be s y, s emE ; B es E , B e 3 11a, 6 -

B ce rna [fs i 7 d a] al w ays .

—110 c o nvey, c arry (o n a w ago n ) . B cRaRHB aTE [ fs k aki v at ] a , acni E

‘
- -

B e nH Ri H [vi l i k EI j ] pr f a great Hy, HHIIIE j u m p

‘
B CROHHTE [fs k aé i t ]
-
’ -
.
. .
,

B e ce nEI H[vi s O f a, cp E e,
’
l E1j ] p r . .
-
.
-
up .

merry, happy . B cnyXE [fsl u x] al o u d .

m a n [vi s na] p l .
( B eCHEI ) sp ri ng . B cr aB aTE [fst av at ] B CTa16
' ‘
,
-
e mE — B cr aTE '

B e cm [vi s ti ] B e 11y, 11e111E ; B eJI E , a, 6 , H B CTaHy, He 111E , st and u p , get u p

' - -
.

l e ad , gui de . B CTp BHaTEca

’
[fst ri é at s a] a100E , é e n1Ec11 - -

B CCE , B c11, B ce ve s , [ fs a, fs o ] al l —B CTpE THTE c5 Hy0E ’ ' ’

TH111EC11 m eet
.

1, , .

B e He pE [ve é i r] p l e , eve ni ng . . E C I;[fs s ] pl of B eCE al l

'
. .

B e 111E [ve é é ] f , g i p t hi ng, Obj ect

-
.
-
. . B CHRi H [fs akEI j ] each , every .

B3 1 10pb [v z d o r] no nse n se
'
. B To p o ii [ft aro j ] se co nd .

B HH HTE [vid a ] a10 ,t ae rn E — ‘

y see - -
. o gu T E [fxa d i t
‘
] m ’
y, 11H111E — B OHTH

B H1 1E [v i t ] s i ght , l o o k [v aj ti ] B OHHy, 11e111E (Ro menE , 11111 a) - -

.

[ i i H —
go i n,
‘
B H
H E TE
'
v d t ] B Hcy, 11 H 111E y see -
. ente r .

B HH Ra [vi l k a] f o rk . BE [v , f]
p rep w do t and ace i n, . . . . i nt o .

B HHHTE [vi n i t ] RI6 1H211nE — 06 E b l ame

‘
-
,
-
. B El B o nHTE [V H v ad i t ] m y,
‘ '
I1H111E
—B 1§1
B HCETE i ] H — IIOB H
‘
[v s e t B HIIIy, c 1n E C -
x
B e CTH -
11e111E -
B e11E )
HyTE Hy, HeInE h ang (u p )
,
- -
. l e ad o ut .

B JIEB O [v l s v o ] o n t he l eft V Erz d arav l i v at

‘
. B u s no paB nHB aTE [ ] -
a10 ,

B M ECTO [v m e s t o ] prep w gen i nst ead

’
. . . .
-
ae nI E — B 1§13 110pOB ETE
B HHM aT E [v ni m at ] a acril E— B 115 c
‘
IO , 1TE , - -
4 310 , -
Ee1nE re o v er .

M eH1 E hear a10 , é e111E— B I§1

‘
B HHMy, -
. B u s u B aTE [ V EI zE1v at ] - -
.

B eIII E , c all o u t
‘
Ro na [v ad a] as , np w at e r . . . 3 B aTE [V El z v at ] -
S o B y, -
.

]
’ — 110 gu i de
‘
B EI HB HHB aTE [ V EI l e é i v at
‘
]
B OH TH [v di t y, 11 H ac n1E
'
E a 1R 111E -
.
-
a10 , -

B o e TE , s ee B EI TE . BEI H EHHTE
'

[V El li é i t ]
‘
-
Hy, -
HH111E cu re .

B O3 HTB [v az i t ] 5
R y 3 H111 E—
‘
110 -
,
’
co nvey . B bl Hu M aTb V EI n i m at
[
‘
] -
aIO , -
ae n1E
v mnu t
‘
B o an h [ v ozl e ] w gen ne ar, at B 13 HyTE [ ] Hy, Hen1E t ake o ut
’
prep
- -
. . . . .

B 03 E ] [
vos l o ad . BE mo c HTE [V EI nas i t ] ‘
-
111 y,
’
CHm E —B E1 '

Boi
’

ma [v aj na] pl . w ar . He cr H [v mnis ti ] cy,

' - -
ce 111E carry o ut .

ROHTH, s ee B XOH TE H . B EICORi H [V E1s0k E1j ] p r . cp . BEI me ,

BOJI RE [v o l k ] g ip
-
. wol f . BEIcmi H high .
 VOCA B ULA RIE S 12 5
B EITE [ V EI t
‘
] B 610 , B OemE —Bs ro ar .
name [ d ai s ] ev e n .

B EI B3 R aTE
'
5 [ j i i at ]
VEI
‘
c ream, -
é e 111E nané Ri H [d alo k EI j ] p r . cp .
Han Ee ,
“ "
Ene m E HdH E me , far
‘
BEI ExaTE [V EIj ixat ] B
'

uy, .

r ide ,
ive o ut
dr . nB o e [d v o e] tw o (t o get j he r ) .

[ e t ] i ndee d ne HE [de n] m , ge n HHH, d ay

‘
B EnE v . . . .

B EpHTE [ ve ri t
‘
] p 10 ,
’
p Hn1E
-
110 bel ieve .
ne HE rH [d e ng ] m p l m o ney i . . .

m es s age [d i re v na] d ip
‘
B EcTE [ ] ve s t gip new s , ne pe B Ha gp B e HE
- - -
.
,
. .
.

B BTB B [re t f] f , g i p
’
branch .
-
. . v i ll age .

Tp EI , w i nd ne p e B o [de riv o ] p l JIepé B B H,

'
B ETe pE [ve ti r] pl Tp a, .
-
. . np .

B ETRa [vet k a] b ranch , t w i g . t ree .

5 R H111E —
5
’
[ di ri at
‘
ne p xcaTE ] -
Ry ,
110
I as e r a [gaz s t a] new sp ape r
‘

ho l d
'
.

h
.

rnh [y d s ] w ere
HHTH [di ta] 1] 13 , chi l d
’
.

[7 d s t o ] so mew here
.

rnE- To
[dl a, d lI ] pr ep w gen fo r
.

r e po ii [ gi ro j ] he ro
.
. . . .

il
‘

110 [d o , d a] pr ep w gen t o , u nt
.

—110
. . . .

‘
r H6 HyTE [gi bnu t ] Hy, He111E
1106 pE1H [d o b rEI j ]
- -

1106p 13 e , HyHm e ,
’
cp .

d es t ro y
go o d
.

pr . .

r nanRi ii [gl at k EIj ] pr f a, H 5

‘

. .
-
cp . r H JR e ,
110 1111E ra n i
h 5
.

sm o o t
—
.

110111 11
1 [do l gEIj ] cp .
116 11E111e , 11011111 111 5
r 11a3 E [gl as ] p l a) eye
m i H, 116 11 Be , l o ng
. .
'

y65
. .

r ny6 O R i ii [gl ub o k EIj ] pr

‘

cp r 11 Re

d eep
. .

1o a
r [ d o lk ] p l de t . b .

5 5 6, H bl iged
.

110 11 R e 11E [ do l i i n ] R Ha o
[gl u p EIj ] pr f a , st up i d
-
‘ .
, ,
r nyn b ni
— co m pe l le d (m ust )
. . .

1 115 5 H 110 l o o k
‘
1 [g l d ] y 11
.
1
11
1 1“ I e t R 111E -
,
- -
.

r HaTE [ gnat ] r o 1116 rOHHm E—Ho Ch ase

‘ 11011E [do l ] d ale v al ley , .

no ma [ d o m a] at h o m e
. .
,

TOB o p H p16 , p H111E

‘
TE [ gav ari t ]
.

CRa - - -

aar E , c reamy CR é m e m E s ay
'
' 110M b [do m ]
'
n p 110M a, . ho use .

, .

no po r a [d o ro ga] w ay
ro i1E [go t ] p l ao r E1 g i p
.

- - -
.
,

t o u o na [ gal av a] as , n p
’ no po ro ii [d arago j ] pr f . . d ear, cp .

Ho p 6 5
. .

Re , Ho p o m aHm i H
I OJIOB HOH [gal av no j ] head
‘

1100Ra [ d as k a] as , n p b l ackb o ard

1 011011a [gal o d nEIj ] cp E e , hu ngry
1 ’ . . .

1] 13 d au ghter
. .

110 HE [ d 06]
“

1 0115 111 [go l EI j ] pr b are .

1
. .

n E m a T d
[ ja i i a t
‘
] a é n — 110 B
'

[go nei j ] adj decl ho u nd

o s E 1
0 e I E - -

1 0 11q
, ,

ri de
. . .
‘
xaTE [d aj s xat ]
ro p e [g o r e ] m i s f o rt u ne
d riv e (t hro u gh t o t he e nd )
.

ro po nE [go rat ] pl a , cit y

.
,

npaRa [d rak a] fi ght

. .

ro pHHi H [garaé i j ] pr ho t
.

cp . . .

np ar E [
'
d ra t ] H py, p
e e 111 E — ‘
pa3 -

POCTHHaa [gas ti naj a] adj d ecl p arl o r

ieces i
. . .

‘ te ar t o p k ll
ro cr E [ go s t ] g i p
.
,
gues t
-

l u m be r
. .

TOTOB EI H [ gat OVEI j ] read y

HpOB a [d rav a] w o o d , .

5RH111E— 3 a
.
‘

rpaM M aTH Ra [gram ati k a] gramm ar

npo xcaTE [d rai at ] z
ny,
a -

b
.

t rem l e
rpaM OTa [gram at a] al p h abe t rea d i ng
.

h er
.
,

r pe 6 e 11E [ gr e bi n] gen 6 H11 c o m b -

npyro H [d rugo j ] ot .

fi
. .
,
11pyrE [d ruk ] p l n p 11py3 E 11 r end
rpo 6 E [gro p ] p l E1 o r a , grave
. . .
-

f
. .

nypa RE [d urak ] ool

r yna TE [gu l at ]
‘
HemE— Ho w al k -
.

h h io n
.

uyma [d u m a] t o u g t , m e di t at .

Il [d a] yes
a .
Hym a T E [ du m a t ] a10 ,
a e n1E — no t hi nk
‘
- -
.

‘ —
naB aTE [d av at ] I1a16 , Haem E HaTE [d at ]
‘
Hy ma [du sa] as , np so ul

5
. . .

HaM E , Ham E , 9 h, 11a11E , a, o , H , give HE B O HRa [d e v aé k a] gi rl

5
.

[d av no ] l o ng ago , 2 ufinl [d at ] grandfat her

’ '
. ) .
126 ELE M E N TA RY RUSS IAN GRAMMA R .

— c do
i

HE HaTE [d al at [z dan1j al b u i l d i ng
‘ ’ '
] a10 , ae111E . s nam e .

1111110 [d e l o ] pl w o rk , act 10p0B E1H [z d arOV EI j ] cp E e, he al t hy

’
31 -

s npaB CTOB aTE [z d rast v av at ] Byro —

. . . .

Ha CH
'
M OM E HE JI E i n a t , reall y '
f c .
‘
e 111E -
,

HETH [d e ti ] , s ee HHTH . be w e l l ; s np aB CTB yHTe ho w are yo u .

SHECE [zde s ] here

[ j e sl i ] if
.

Ea
m i rro r
'

s e p RaJI o [z e rk al a] p l
.

e me [j i SIEo ] s t i ll
. .
‘

yet B HH a [z i m a] as w i nte r
.
,
np . . .

mam ,
[Hal ] s ad , re gre tt a b le ; M H B mam ) ,
’
[z l o j ] pr 3 0 11E , e11a, b ad , ev i l . . .

3 1100TE [z l o s t ] f w icke d ne s s
‘
w gen . .
, I am s o rry .
. .

5 —c harvest 3 HaTE [z nat ] a ae 111E, k no w

‘
‘
R aTE [i at ] cut , 10 , - -
HcHy, .
.

c aTE [i d at
‘
] may, —em E .
, w .
gen .
3 HaHHTE [z naci t ] Hy,
’
HH111 E, m e an
‘
.

e xp e ct .
s o p5 1 [z o ra] d aw n .

me [i e] em p hat ic p art icle .

ay6 Ho H [z u b no j ] t o o t h

me naTE [i i l at ] a10 , ae 1nE— Ho w i s h

‘
- -
.
3 y6 E [z u p ] g i p t o ot h -
. .

5 71 [H
116 1111 11 o l t EI j ] pr f
1
ye ll o w . . .
H [i ] and .

are na [Hi na] pl (me HEI ) w o m an . .

H b o t h and
211
'

me pTB a [i art v a] v ict im

. . . .

HB a [ i v a] w i ll o w
.

1R e HE [i c e] H wy, HememE (me r E , Henn a) —

Hrp aTE [i grat ] a 0 é
‘
110 c pl ay
—c burn
1 , e 111E - -
.

[ iz b
’
H3 6 a a] p l pe as ant s hut
.

5 ife
. .

R HB OTE [i i v o t ] l —
i é a a
‘
HB yHaTE [ at ] H3 yHHTE
.

z u 10 e 11 1 E - -

5
,
RHTE [i i t ] mHB y
‘
,
-
B ernE (111H11E a, O , ,
H ) [iz u é i t ] Hy, HH111E l earn
‘
-
’

ive
.

110 l .

H3 E [i s , i z ] p rep w gen o u t o f
'

. . . .

mm [ il i ] o r
3 a [z a] prep acc o r i ns tr behi nd fo r
HM 5
.

] 13 a nam e
. .

1 [ i m a] 1
. .
,
.

3 a6 o nETE , s ee 6 011 ETE

HCRaTE [i sk at ] Hi ny, HIHeIHE— n o seek
.
‘

[z ab o r] fence
.

3 a6 o pE
He HE , L a,
.

HCRpe HHErii [ i sk ri nnEI j ] pr

e nI E —
-

3 a6 hraTE [z abi gat ]

.

a10 , a
‘
3 a6 h
' '
- -

HcaTE [z abi i at ]
‘
ry, 5
RHn1E , m ake a
i c
s n e re .

[ i tti ] Hny Hnew — no

- -

HTTH E go ; see al so
c al l .

HTE
,

o
[z aft rak at ] t ake b reakf ast
.
‘
s aB TpaRaTE .

s aB Tpa RE [z aft rak ] b re akfas t . K am H

EIH [ k ai d EI j] ea ch ,
every .

3 a6 E1B aTE [z ab Erv at ] a10 , ae m E , — 3 a

‘
-
ma n [k az at
‘
] HayR y, 1Re1uE
’ —no S ho w ;
_ ‘

6 E1TE [z ab El t ] 6y11y, 11e 1nE , fo rget c11 see m

‘ '
- -
. .
\

B ar naB i e [z agl av i j e ] t it l e . RaROB o H [k ak av o j ] pr .

-
OB E , a, 6 , E1 of

aano pE [ [z ap o r] b o l t l o ck ,
. w hat k i nd c , ap e aran e , et c p .

a10 ae 1nE RaRo H [k ak o j ] w hich w h at k i nd

‘
3 aRpEIB aTE [z ak rEIv at ] -
,
-
,
.

3 aRpE1TE , -
R p 6 10 , -
R p 6e 111E , co ver ,
RaRE [k ak ] ho w .

Cl o se . RanaTE
‘
[k ap at ] ,
’
11 .111O, 11.11e111 E
—
3a

s ee II JI aT HTE . d rip d riz z l e .

3 ap 1
33 bl B aTb
'

[z ar s Z EI v at
‘
] -
a10 , -
ae111E RapaHna HI E [k arand as] pe n cil .

E5 K apmaHB [k arm an] p o cket

’ ’
s apEs aTE E Hcy, ’
- -
R e 111E , .

t ear d o w n, s l au g hter . RapTH Ha [k arti na] p ict u re .

[z ats m ]
hM E afte r t h at t hen RapTH H Ra [k arti nk a] l it t l e p ict u re
'
s ar ,
. .

aa q EM E [z aé s m ] w hy . Ratbe npa [k afid ra] d es k .

nr E [z ax ad i t ] 5 Ry, 11Hn1 E— s aH RB apTHpa [kv arti ra] dw ell i ng res i de nce

’ ‘
s ao TH -
,
.

[z aj ti ] s ati ny, 11e111E 1ue11E , 11111a, 6 ) - -

.
-
R11a110B a5
1 [kl ad av aj a] adj d ecl st o re . .

go , v s i it . ro o m .

3 B yRE [zv u k ] so u nd . R JIacCHEIH [k l asnEI j ] cl ass

128 ELE M E NTA RY Rt

mo n q ar b [m al é at ] m y, m u m— 3 a be
‘
' “

s i le nt .

mo ph [m o r] p l ague
'
.

M O ‘l B [m o c] mo ry, (mo m , Mo rn a,

6, — no can .

mynpe nb [mu d r et s ] w i se m an
'
.

mymmcb [m u é i k] peas ant

'
.

mymu q o xb [m u i i é ok ] gen “ m a, '

.

d em o f mymfi x m . .

MH TB [m mt ] M 6IO , e nn
‘ —no w as h - > .

M Im cb [m e s] M i s mny, Mencay
’ ' ’
.

M i nn [m al l so ap
, .

whe n i n [m as rt s ] m o nt h . .

ma c o [maso ] m eat
'

Ha [na] prep w dat . . . an d ace o n , u p o n . .

ae m b nav ari v at
‘
HaB apnpaTb [ ] -
aio , -

HaB aB HTb [n av ari t ] p io p im u b rew

‘ '
- -
> .
,

nc rp q [nafst re é u ] agai nst t o m eet

' '
.
,

nano [n ad o ] neces s ary; M H li H I m ust

’
. .

u anb B aTL [nadi v at ] a i o é e m b — nankr b

’ ‘ f '
-
,
’
-
Hem b p u t o n .

Haanau i e [naz v ani j a] name .

naau nar b ca [naz mv at s a] aio cr , a

'
e mb -
>
-

ca be called .

Hafi m s ee n axo m
’
'
i 'r b .

[nak an et s] at l ast
n auo u e [ 11> .

HaM I [ nam ] (d at ) u s
'
> . .

5
_

napo fio r ar b ca [narab o t at s a]
' ' -
a10 0 ,

-
aem L cH w o rk e no u g h .

napo n'b[naro t ] nat i o n , pe o p le .

HacannB aTb [n as ali v ai ] aro ,

‘
aenn - -
>

naco nm b [nas ali t ] J116 , 4 113111 5s al t ;

'
‘ '

m ake e nem e s i .

c
na 'i . [nas ] (aca ) u s .

u axo uwr b [naxa d i t ] an y, nu m b — nafi

‘ ’

T n [naj ti ] fl y, JIé III I 1)

a, 6 , 12 -
>

fi nd ; fo u nd be l o cated -
OH be ,
.

naq ano [nacal o ] be ginni ng .

na m nar b [naé i nat ] mo aemL — Ha i a

' ‘
t - l
,

m e nu (Haq an b
‘
Tb n aé at
[ ] J i ff y, “ :
f

a, o, n ) begi n begin
na hs ncar b
'
[naj iz at ] '
ée mL
‘
- —
na l; '

xar b [naj s xat ]

'
p e rm meet
‘
: .

u a ficn cfl naj s st sa] s ee he r b eat e no u gh

’ "
.

l i e [n e , n i ] no t .

u e fio [n e b o ] pl He6eca heaven, sk y . .
U L A RIE S 129

nno xo ii [pl axo j ] pr .

f a b ad .
, , cp .

nJI 6 1ne .

no [p o , pa] prep w dat , . . . acc .

, lo c . on .

n o GJI lann i sr b , e tc 6id i

'

n o finr b , '
s ee etc
' ' ‘
. b , .

no r pe fi'b [p o gri p ] pl ce ll ar .

no nne p m lca [p add crsk a] s u p p o rt , he l p .

no nnnmar b [ p adn i m at ] aio é e mb

'
‘
-
,

no nna r b [p ad nat ] Hn My, Me nn n5

‘ ' '
- - -
> .

a, o , n ) ) l ift , rai se .

no ncmar pnnar b [p at sm atri v at ]

‘
aio ,
'
-

aem b no ncmo r p hr b [ p at s m atre t

‘ ’
-

-
p m nb o se rve
p 16 ,
'
b .

no nb [p o t , p at ] pr ep w
'
. . acc . and i ns tr .

u nd er, elow b .

no manyfi cr a [p ai al st a] p l ease .

[p o z n o ] l at e
n o s nno .

no xamhcr b [p ak ami s t ] fo r
' '
‘
t he t me i
be i ng .

n o ne [p o l e] pl fie l d . .

n o no nn na [p al avi n a] h al f .

no n q aca [p al é i s a] h al f an h o ur .

no rm [p o l ] l s (Ha) y fl o o r
, .
-
,
.

HOM HHTB [p o m ni t ] M mo MHHIII I —c

‘ ' '
>
,

re m e m ber .

ae m b — no
‘
no nn icar b p ani k at
[ ] aio ,
' - -

nmcnyr b
‘
[ p ani k nu t ] Hy, H€III B
' - -

d ro o p .

no nnmar b '
[ p ani m at
‘
] -
aro , -
e mL
a —no
(
‘
na r b '
[panat ] n o fiM y ,
-
M é nn> n 6 nnn b '

a, o, n ) u nd e rst and .

b
.

no c no nn na [p as l ovit s a] p ro v e r .

no c ml; [p o s l e] prep w gen afte r . . . .

no cmnar b [p a s m l a
'
t
‘
] a 10 , ac m r — no - -
>

CJI aTb [p as l at ] no m mo
‘
n1n é nn se nd ,
-
. > .

IIOTO K b [p at o k ] b ro o k , s t ream
'
.

no r o no m
'

[p at al o k ] s g ,
pl . .

(n o r o n R a — n o r 6 m n ) ce i l i ng .

no r o my q r o [p at am u st o l be c au se
' '
.

no q e my [p aé i m u ] w hy .

no w” ! [p aé ti ] al m o st .

no III JI OCTB [p o sl as t ] s i l l i nes s

‘
.

' ‘
no q e car b [p aé i s at ] n1y, fl menn scrat ch -
, .

npannnnu fi [p rav di v mj ] j us t , s i nce re .

npas mfi [p rav mj ] pr f a, cp
’
e . . .

r i ght .

n pe mne [p re i d e] be fo re hand fi rst ,

.

np e lcpacn mii [p rik ras nmj ] beau t if u l .

npn [ p ri ] prep w l o c at , near . . . .

 13 0 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMAR

npnro r o nna m ' '

[ p ri gat av l at
‘
] -
’

fuo , -
é em b np mrar b '
[ p rmgat
‘
]
'
aro ,
’
ae nn> — npb l r
—npnro r o nnr b p ri gat ovi t
[
‘
] 6 B Jno , nyr b Hy , Henn > pl ay
' ' '
- - -
.

-
6 B nnn > m ake read y , p rep are . npo m ar s [ p rasé at
‘
] mo -
e mE
a -
u po
—
,

npnnyn ms ar s [p ri d u m bi v at ] aro ,
‘
-
ae nn cr nr b
' '
[ p ras ti t
‘
] -
n1y,
'
cr nnn >
'
f o give ;
r

—g
,

n pnnyma'r b [pri d um al ] a , man,

‘
ae nns np o o o d- b ye
'
- -
re .

t hi nk o ut , i nve nt . npa M o [p ram o ] st rai ght .

npm cas b mar b e w E— nycr nr b

‘
'
[ p ri k az mv at ] -
aio , -
ae nn> nycxar b [ pu sk at ] aro , a ' ‘
- - ' '

npmcas ar b nymy, e r nnn l et l o o se re l e ase

‘
prik az at
’
'
[ ] an y, 4 106 1111: '
>
, .

co m m and . nycr o ii [p u st o j ] e m pt y v ai n; nycr 6e !

'

,
'

npn nanne mar b '

[ p ri na dl i z at ]
‘
mo ,
-
a
ew b n o nse nse !

bel o ng . nmr ar b
' '

[e t at
‘
] ai-
o , ae nnr
—no t ry .

npn nnmar b aro , aew b [p al i t ] n nrnI> — p ac

‘
p ri ni m at ] ‘ ’ ’
'
[ -
na nnr b '
Jno , . o p en

npn na r b '
[ p ri nat
‘
] a n y ,
-
M e lII I> (np fi w de i .

HHJI L , ’
a, o, n ccept ) a .

npnnac'b [ pr i p as ] v ict u al s f o o d ,
. Pa6 0r a [rab o t a] w o rk
'
.

npnxo nnr b '

[ p ri x adi t
‘
] -
9R y,
’
nn m E pafio r ar b [ rab o t at ]
' '
‘ ’
aro ,
'
ae m b — no
np i ii r n '
[ pr i ti ] np i fi n y ,
-
ne m b ap w o rk .

ch
p ro a ; MH ls np n x 6nnr cn I m us t
'
.
p afio q i fi[rab o czi j ] (g ens ) w o rk d ay
'

npn q é cms ar b [pri é o s mv at ] aro , pano nar b cn [rad av at s a] a cb , ae n1i ca

‘
aenn>
' - - - -
>

—
npn q e car 1 [p ri ci s at ] '
>
‘
-
ur y ,
’
n1enn . ,
— 06 be gl ad .

co m b .
pain [rat ] gl ad. .

npi é mnaa [pruo m naj a] ad j . d ecl . c

re e p pas s i [razve] pe rh ap s .

t i o n ro o m , p arl o r .
pa3 nyM i e [raz du ni i j e] hes it at i o n, i ndeci
ks mar b ] ai o , aem E— u pi i c i
‘
npi [ p ri j i é at s o n , u n ert a nt y
’ ' - -
.

arri ve [razdi le ni j e] d iv i s i o n
‘
t x ar b [pri j s x at 1
'
.
pas nk ne ni e
'
.

npc [p ro , p ra] prep w acc fo r ab o ut pas nlanar b [raz di l at ] a i m, f{ en15 p as

’ ‘ '
’
-
-
. . .
, .

npo naB aTE [p rad av at ] nai o, e m s — u po ri m m d i v i d e

‘
nk nnr b [raz d el i t ] JIIO, G
‘ ' '
'
-
, .

nar b [pro d at ] naM L , fl aw s sell pas b [ras] o nce

'
‘ ' '
-
. .

np o no n mar b [p rad al i at ] aro , acnu pacr nr b [ras ti t ] p amy (p o nl y) cr fi m b

‘ ' ' ‘ ' '
- - -
>

co nt i nu e .
—B £i ra se , i bring up .

npo s a [p ro z a] pro se p e fie no xb [ i bo nak ] pl pe 65 i r a, fil 64 , 4 ,

' '
. r .

np o ns u o m e n i e [p raiz naé e ni j e] p ro nu n b o y, chi l d .

ci at i o n .
po r n [ro k ] pl p o r a, h o rn . .

mycb , cnm r, [ro di na] ho me , co u nt ry

’
npo no cnr b cn [p ran as i t s a] ' -
po nn na .

cfl — npo ne cr ncb [p rani s ti s ] Hecyc.q bo no r b [ro pat ] m urm ur

- '
.
,

-
cé nn> ca v an s ih . po my , s ee p ac'
r nrb
'
.

a10, é e m5 [rub axa] shi rt

‘
dat ] py6 axa
'

np o nanar b '
[ p rap a
- -
.

— npo nacr b —
] my, menu ) 6 6
‘ ‘ ’
[ p rap as t pyfi n b [ u bi t ] Jno, n nn na cut
'
'
r r -
> .

(m an s ) sp o i l , '
ru n i .
pylca [ru k a] as , np h and . . .

‘ ’ — no ask pycc xi ii [ru sk mj ] Ru s s i an

npo cnr b [ pras i t ] n1y, cnnn>
' -
. .

p l py nna
’ ’

npo cr o fi [ p rast o j] f a, pyq e ii [ru é e j ] gs pq

t
'
pr . .
-
cp . r, . .

np 6 me pla n i . bro o k creek , .

mnar b [p racnt mv at ]
‘
np o a -
aro ,
-
ae nn,
— npo q e c1 b [p raé e s t ] q , u nem b ‘
‘
- - '
Cannr b ca [s adi t s a] camycb , canfim b cn
'

c hcr b [s e s t ] cé ny, ne nn s i t d o w n
’ ‘
re ad (al o u d )
’ '
. > .

npo q n mar s cn [praé i s é at s a] aiocr , a e -

>
-
c ant [s at ] pl
'

gard e n . .

m b cn— npo q ncr nr b cn p raé i s ti t sa

' '
cambe r ica [s alfet k a] n ap k i n
'
.

q ui re s
,
'
CTHIII I> CH cl ear up . caxapb [s ax ar] gs
'

y su gar .
-
.
132 ELE M E NTARY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R

e r pa m u mir st raé n m
’

[ j] pr .
f.
-
a, cp . J ls e
’ '

p nb [t rut ]
'
e ffo rt , d ifficult y .

t err ib le Tpa cr n
'
y t remb le
[tri s ti ] -
c -
cem L — no
5ch i
.
, .

[ ] st u l yn b n , H14 , Tyane r b [t u al e t ] t o i l et , d ress i n

’
CTYJIB np
’
cr a r ' '
. .
g .

cr hna [s ti na] as , n p w all Tyna [t u d a] t he re

' '
. . . .

cynap b [su d ar] l o rd , si r . Tyn o ii [t u p o j ] p r dul l . .

cynb fia [s u d b a] np fate , dest i ny ’

. . Ty rL [t u t ] t he n
' '
.

cynL [s u p ] s ou p a [t u ea] c l ou d
'
.
q .

c q acr nnnu ii [ é é rs li v mj ] h ap p y T ls nncr mii [ti ni st mj ] s h ady

‘
' '
. .

c q acr b e [ é é as t e ] h app i nes s , go o d l uck Ta rocr n ii [tagas nmj ] b u rde ns o m e s ad

“
‘
' '
,
.
p , .

[s z ] p rep w i ns tr w it h , w gen Ta mé nbl fi [ tri o l mj ] pr

‘
Cb
'

, . . . . .
, cp . .

fro m . heav y .

cL
' '
hnaT L [s j ad at ] naro ,
‘ ’ ’
nae 1n L — c 1d ; cr b
'
Ta nyr b '
[l m u t
‘
] Hy, HeIIIB —lI O d raw .

[ j
s e s t
‘
] J E E
,
4
t e at M '
up, d ev o u r .

'
cL
’
Ecr no il
’

[ s j i s no j ] b le; e at a c- fire np n Y [u ] prep w gen at . . . .

né c m v ict u al s fo o dst uffs 6

y pn ar b [ u bi rat
‘
'

] ar
o a
e rnL— y6 par 5
- - '

5 5
, .
,

cum [s u n] p l CH HOB b fl , 1T14, a s o n

. .
-
.
‘
[u brat ] p y, pew L (s ee 9 a) t ake - -

cmnar b [ p ]
s u at
‘ ’
n
'
n
r o ,
’
n JIe mL —no . aw ay, harvest .

c
‘

s at te r, p o ur .
yam [u v u ] al as !
c Eno ii [ s ido j] yro n [u gal ] (l oc B B yr ny) c o rner
'

gray
’
. . . .

C Eno [S e no ] hay yaicac b [ni l s ] te rro r

’
' '
. .

c hcr b , s ee cann TL cn yme [u é e ] (ym6 , ya m ) al ready

' '
. .

c fia r b
' '
[ s e at j
‘
] C is lo ,
’ '
-
emL — no sow .
yxcn nar b [u i i nat ] a , ae m L eat s u ppe r
‘ ' - -
.

ys naB a T L [ uz na v a t ] ai o, aé m L — y3 nar
‘
- - '

Taico ii [t ako j ] su ch t hat , .

-
a ,
-
ae nn> he ar ,
l e arn .

Ta m . yicpb mar b u krmv at a e mL

a
‘
[t ak ] so .
[ ] -
,
-

TaM B
'
[t am ] t here .
p b l Tb [ uk rbl t
‘
] -
6 IO, -
6e nn> d
c ve r .

Tapa nr acb
' '
[t arant as l t ravel i ng co ach .
ymn par b [ u m i r a t '
am
]7 , ae w E— yme pe r b
‘
- '

Tape m ca [t ar al k a] p l ate [u mi re t ] yMp y, p é nn d ie

‘
-
. > .

Te JI é HO K B [til o nak ] pl
'
. 16 , 4 cal f .
ymnmfi [u a I j ] pr (yme HL , ymHa)
'

.
'

Té mnmfi [to a Ij ] pr . MHa, 6, Id ;

'

cp .
f he
’
se ns ible clever ,
.

dark , o b sc u re .
ynnmar b [ a'
io , ae w L — yna TLun i m at ] ‘
- -

Iu nal ] yfi My, yfi me m b (n i JI L , a, 6 , n)
‘
Te ne pb [ti p e r] n o w
'
.

Ten a mfi [tOl j] m en s , n J1a 6 , n; st op , s i l en ce

'

pr
-
. .
,

cp . w arm .
yn o cnr b [ u na s i t
‘
] ury,
’
cn1n L — yne cr fi - '

Te Tpa m i .
[t t rat
‘
] f . book no t e .
[ u n s ti i
] cy, Oé m b carry aw ay, t ake - - .

Tfi me qu iet a —
[ti xmj ] slo w
‘
Tn xi ii cp .
,
.
y n
n a a T L [ p
u a d a t ] c nu ynac -
>

hat [up as t ] ynany, né nn (ynaJI L ) f al l

‘
To [t o ] t .
-
> .

To m a [t a yda] t '
hen .
yp o rcL [u ro k ] l ess o n
'
.

To me [t o i 5
] al s o ycr nanL [u s l an] c o vere d
' '
. .

[t o l k ] se nse yrpe nnbl ii [ut ri nnmj ] m o rni ng

'
TOJI K b
’
.

TOJl b lCO [t o lk o ] o nl y .
yTpo [u t ro ] p l m o rn i ng . .

To mci fi [t o nk mj ] pr f . .
-
a, cp . T6 Hb me , yT i ; m'
a r l [u ti é a t
‘
] m o , a e.rnL —yr fi mn - ' '

hin TL [u t aé i t ] n1y, 1nnnn c o mf o rt

‘
afi m i fi t
’ ’
To n q . > .

TOT’L [t o t ] t he n yx o [u x o ] np ym n, g i p e ar .
-
. .

—
.

TOT ‘l aCb
’
[t at é as ] mmed i iatel y .
y n
x o n r b [u x a
'
d i t
‘
] m y, n
'
n m L yfi Tn
[t ro j k a] t eam o f t hree ho rses [u j ti ] yfi ny, né nn (yme n L , yn ma, 6 )
’

Tpo i u ca
'
-
. >

nnb l ii [t ru d nmj ] pr nna,

'

JIe Hb o, n go aw ay
’

p
- -
. .
,

cp .
-'
b
’
e d ifficul t .
yq e finnm . [ué e bnik] te t x bo ok .
 VO CA B ULA RIE S 133

yq e nmcb qm mr r [é i ni t ] 4 116 , Rnnm —

' ‘ ’
[ ] uci ni k st u dent no 0 do ,
'
. .

yuc u n na [u ci ni t s a] st u dent (gi rl ) m ake , re p ai r, s harpe n

'
. .

yq nnn me [u é i li see] schoo l t m cno

[é i s l o ] p l num be r, d at e
’

5
. . .

y m r e m [u é i ti l ] p l n o r 4 1, fl 14, q ncm r b [é i s ti t ] ury, cr nmL — no

‘ ’ ’
Bu
' ' '
' , -
.

te a cher . clean .

it ] n L — na ch;
'

a, mi e,
‘
j] f
’

ya L [ ue yq y, q tea q ncr u fi [ Cl St BI pr . .
-
cp .
tu

-ca st u dy, l earn cl ean .

—
.

q nr ar b
' '
[ct al i ‘
] -
aio , -
a
e nn > no re ad
f am i l y name
.

(Damn ni n [fami li j a] [St o ] w hat 1[ 20

.
t
rr o ,
.

q r o fim [ St o b m] so t h at i n o rder t h at
'

Xn kfib [x l e p ] p l LI bread ;
, .
' '
.
’
pl .
-
agra1n .

q r o nnfiynb [ St o ni b u t ] w h ate v er
' - -
‘

XOJIM B [x o l m ] hi ll pl
.

nya r b [é u j i t ] nyi o , e m L — no fee l

'
. . ' ‘
-
.

xo no nnmil [x al o dnmj ] pr nn a,
’
-
.

-
6, 4 1
1 co l d .
Ill am ca [Sapk a] hat .

m i fi [xaro é i j ] pr go o d ,
'

ep m npo rci ii [Si ro k mj ] pr

’
xo po . .
cp . . nu l p e ,

m npo q afi m i ii ro ad , w d e b i .

xo r b ['
] al t ho u gh xo t
‘
.
HI KaIIL '
[ Sk ap ] ls . BL
’
m y, p l -
. cu p

xo r hr b [x ate t ] m y,
' ' ' ‘ '
t 1e r nr> , 3 a w ll i .
b o ard
—co
.

Hfi m L m no na [Sk o l a] sch o o l
‘
xpannTL [xrani l ] 4 3 16 , -
.

keep , st o re .
m lcyp a [Sk u ra] fur, sk i n .

mmmrar b [Sm mgat ]

‘
aio ,
' - -
c
a nu >
Hapcxi ii [t sarsk LIj ]Ts ar s
‘
’
.

mmmr nyrb [ Sm mgnu t ]

‘
Hy, '
He I[ IB
nac B o [t s arst vo ] e m p i re
- -

Ts ar
.

sl ip
napb [t s ar]
.

m o no r L [So pat ] w hi s pe ring

.

' '

nB bTL [t svs t ] pl
' '
a .
-
co l o rs ,
.

fl ow ers .
'
bru s h
Il l e r ica [Sé o t k a]
'

ho le
.

nk nmii [t S l I j ] pr f a,
’
lae w
mé r o q lca [ § é ot aé ka] l it t le b ru sh
' "
-
cp -

—
. . . .

nhne H BTL [t 8 1p i ne t ]
‘ '
’ ’
ls ’
e 1nL

beco me rigid co ngeal [j e s t ] E1115 — 5

'

130m,
‘
0 ,
.

, 1l 9 h no e at .

Exam [ j xat ] i s ny, E nem L—no i de

‘ ’ ‘
'
' , e r
q aii [é aj ] gen y t e a p l
' .

. . .

q acr o [ é ast o ] o te n
'
f .
Br anch [ et aS] flo or , st o ry .

‘
[é as t ] g cp
'

q acr b p art
-
. .
3 TOTB
'
[ s t at ] t hi s , T
l 19 .

nacL [ cas ] '

t i me h o u r , .

q a nm a [ cask a] cu p . $1 [j a] T I17 I .

‘
l e JIOB fi K B [ é i l avck ] p l m oan m an
’ '
. . nr né no m [ j i gn o nak ] 7é r a, 1 ] l am b .
'
.

q é p nmfi [ é o rn mj ] pr p Ha, .
-
o, H 513 mm [j IZ b l k ] t o ngue , l angu age
. .

b l ack . a fi no [t s o ] pl gp ma ns , e gg . .
'
.

co mb; a po no ii [ j Irav o j ] s u mm er (grai n)

‘
[é i s at ] m e mL
’
q e caTL -
1n y, no .

s ratc c h . a nuu cb [ j aé é ik ] d raw er

’
'
.