Bba English Lecture

STUDENT COPY
IBA
Name: Batch:
ENGLISH LECTURE – 07
Contents Page
Part 1 REVIEW TEST
Part 2 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE
EQUAL COMPARISON
UNEQUAL COMPARISON
ILLOGICAL COMPARISON
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
MULTIPLE NUMBER COMPARATIVES
DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
ITEMS INVOLVING PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Part 3 READING COMPREHENSION
Part 4 TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT
VOCABULARY
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REVIEW TEST
TIME: 20 Minutes SCORE:.............................
Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns.

1. As he crossed toward the pharmacy at the corner he involuntarily turned his head because of a burst
of light ___________ had ricocheted from his temple, and saw, with that quick smile with
___________ we greet a rainbow or a rose, a blindingly white parallelogram of sky being unloaded
from the van—a dresser with mirrors across ___________, as across a cinema screen, passed a
flawlessly clear reflection of boughs sliding and swaying not arboreally, but with a human vacillation,
produced by the nature of those ___________ were carrying this sky, these boughs, this gliding
façade.
2. In the loveliest town of all, ___________ the houses were white and high and the elms trees were
green and higher than the houses, ___________ the front yards were wide and pleasant and the
back yards were bushy and worth finding out about, ___________ the streets sloped down to the
stream and the stream flowed quietly under the bridge, ___________ the lawns ended in orchards
and the orchards ended in fields and the fields ended in pastures and the pastures climbed the hill
and disappeared over the top toward the wonderful wide sky, in this loveliest of all towns Stuart
stopped to get a drink of sarsaparilla.
3. All I know is ___________ I stood spellbound in his high-ceilinged studio room, with its north-facing
windows in front of the heavy mahogany bureau at ___________ Michael said he no longer worked
because the room was so cold, even in midsummer; and ___________, while we talked of the
difficulty of heating old houses, a strange feeling came upon me, as if it were not he ___________
had abandoned that place of work but I, as if the spectacles cases, letters and writing materials
___________ had evidently lain untouched for months in the soft north light had once been my
spectacle cases, my letters and my writing materials.
4. It is true ___________ Alexei Alexandrovich vaguely sensed the levity and erroneousness of this
notion of his faith, and he knew that ___________, without any thought ___________ his forgiveness
was the effect of a higher power, he had given himself to his spontaneous feeling, he had
experienced greater happiness than ___________ he thought every minute, as he did now,
___________ Christ lived in his soul, and ___________ by signing papers he was fulfilling His will,
but it was necessary for him to think that way, it was so necessary for him in his humiliation to
possess at least an invented loftiness from ___________ he, despised by everyone, could despise
others, ___________ he clung to his imaginary salvation as if it were salvation indeed
Define whether the following sentences are CORRECT (C) or INCORRECT (I). Correct mistakes.
1. My neighbor is very proud of her new grandson who born last week.
2. I'm very fond of this old brooch because it was belonged to my grandmother.
3. My family live in Scotland but I was educated in France.
4. I'm afraid I can't lend you my camera. It's repairing this week.
5. The bridge was collapsed during the floods but fortunately no one was using it at the time.
6. The word "stupid" was in my report but it wasn't referred to you.
7. I'm sorry I'm late. I got held up in the traffic.
8. When did you discover that the money had been disappeared?
9. Children under the age of seven do not allow in this pool.
Fill in the following blanks with the right word from the options below.
1. Distinguished humanists might sneer at him as "a ____________ sophist" since he was always very
expressive but from this time his ambition was not only to be the greatest scientific authority in
Germany but also the champion of the papacy and of the traditional church order.
(A) gregarious (B) gargantuan (C) garrulous (D) gripping (E) gigantic
2. Remember, too, that, although Death is ____________, yet he is just; for he brings retribution to the
rich for their wickedness, and gives the poor eternal rest from their toil and sorrow.
(A) inexorable (B) indefatigable (C) impossible (D) intolerable (E) imperturbable
3. His temper and life seem to have been remarkably free from all that was jarring, jealous and fretful;
unless, indeed, we are to accept as true the account of his wife's character which represents her as
having been no fit mate for him, but an ____________ shrew and skinflint.
(A) inevitable (B) incorrigible (C) impeccable (D) imaginable (E) impending
4. Cromwell was essentially a conservative reformer; in his attempts to purge the court of chancery of its
most ____________ abuses, and to settle the ecclesiastical affairs of the nation, he showed himself
anxious to retain as much of the existing system as could be left untouched without doing positive
evil.
(A) furtive (B) gratuitous (C) fervent (D) fallacious (E) flagrant
5. The ____________ were locked up and deprived of all hope of earning means to obtain enlargement;
while their families and persons dependent on them shared their imprisonment and added to the
overcrowding.
(A) impecunious (B) incorrigible (C) indomitable (D) impatient (E) impervious
PART I: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE
Most descriptive adjectives have three forms: the positive (happy), the comparative (happier), and the
superlative (happiest).
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
hot hotter hottest
interesting more interesting most interesting
sick sicker sickest
colorful more colorful most colorful
● The positive shows no comparison. It describes only the simple quality of a person, thing, or group.
The house is big.
The flowers are fragrant.
● The comparative involves two entities and shows a greater or lesser degree of differences between
them.
My dog is smarter than yours.
Abir is more athletic than Samin.
Spinach is less appealing than carrots.
It is also possible to compare two entities without using than. Is this case, the expression of the two
will usually appear someplace in the sentence.
subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (noun)
OR
of the two + (noun) + subject + verb + the + comparative
Siam is the smarter of the two boys.

Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.
Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
Remember: 2 entities – comparative

3 or more - superlative
● In the superlative degree, three or more entities are compared, one of which is superior or inferior to
the others. The following rule applies.
adjective + est in + singular count noun
Subject + verb + the + most + adjective +
least + adjective of + plural count noun
Ryan is the tallest boy in the family.

Disha is the shortest of the three sisters.
Those shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.
NOTE: After the expression one of the + superlative, be sure that the noun is plural and the evrb is
singular.
One of the greatest cricket players in the world is Brian Lara.
Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
Adverbs usually are not followed by –er or –est. instead, they are compared by adding more or less for
the comparative degree, and by adding most or least to form the superlative.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
carefully more carefully most carefully
less carefully least carefully
dangerously more dangerously most dangerously
less dangerously least dangerously
Monzur drove more carefully than Abrar. (comparative)

Arna dances more gracefully than her partner. (comparative)
That child behaves the most carelessly of all. (superlative)
Natasha plays the most recklessly of all. (superlative)
EQUAL COMPARISON
An equal comparison indicates that the two entities are (or are not, if negative) exactly the same. The
following rule generally applies to this type of comparison.
adjective noun
subject + verb + as + + as +
adverb pronoun
NOTE: Sometimes you may see so instead of as before the adjective or adverb in negative comparisons.
He is not as tall as his father.
OR
He is not so tall as his father.
NOTE: Remember that the subject form of the pronoun will always be used after as in correct English.
Rafa is as tall as I.
You are as old as she.
Examples of equal comparisons:
My book is as interesting as yours. (adjective)
His car runs as fast as a race car. (adverb)
Amit sings as well as his sister. (adverb)
His job is not as difficult as mine. (adjective)
OR
His job is not so difficult as mine.
The same idea can also be conveyed in another way.

noun
subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as +
pronoun
NOTE: As high as means the same as the same height as.

My house is as high as his.
My house is the same height as his.
Be sure that you know the following adjectives and their corresponding nouns.
ADJECTIVES NOUNS
heavy, light Weight
wide, narrow Width
deep, shallow Depth
long, short Length
big, small size
NOTE: Remember that the opposite of the same as is different from. NEVER use different than.
My nationality is different from hers.
Our climate is different from Canada’s.
Examples of the same as and different from:
He speaks the same language as she.
Their teacher is different from ours.
My typewriter types the same as yours.
She takes the same courses as her husband.
UNEQUAL COMPARISONS
This type of comparative implies that the entities are comparable in a greater or lesser degree. The
following rules generally apply to this type of comparative.
1. Add - er to the adjective base of most one -and two- syllable adjectives. (Thick-thicker; cold-colder;
quiet - quieter)
2. Use the form more + adjective for most three-syllable adjectives. (more important, more believable)
3. Use the form more + adjective for adjectives ending in the following suffixes -ed, -ful, -ing, -ish, and
-ous. (more hated, more useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious)
4. Double the final consonant of one-syllable adjectives which end in a single consonant (except w, x,
and z) and are preceded by a single vowel. (Big-bigger, red-redder, hot - hotter)
5. When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, change them to ‘i’ and add -er. (happy-happier, dry -
drier)
NOTE: The -er suffix means exactly the same as more. Therefore, they can NEVER be used together. It
is NOT CORRECT to say:
“more prettier, more faster more better”
Subject + verb +
¿¿
*One can add - er to only a few adverbs: faster, quicker, sooner, and later.
NOTE: Remember always to use the subject form of the pronoun after than.
John’s grades are higher than his sister’s (adjective)
Today is hotter than yesterday. (adjective)
This chair is more comfortable than the other. (adjective)
Unequal comparisons can be further intensified by adding much or far before the comparative
Subject + verb +
{far¿ }¿ {}+¿ {adjective¿} ¿{}+er+than+¿ {noun¿}¿ {}
Subject + verb +
{far¿ }¿ {}+¿ {more¿}¿ {}+¿ {adjective¿ }¿ {}+than+¿ {noun¿ }¿ {}¿
Leo’s watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
Nouns can also be used in comparisons. Be sure to use the determiners correctly depending on whether
the adjectives are countable or non-countable.
Subject + verb + as +
{many¿}{much¿}{lit le¿}¿{}+noun+as+¿{noun¿}¿{}
He earns as much money as his brother.
I have more books than she.
February has fewer days than March.
They have as few classes as we.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
Before payday, I have as little money as my brother.
Exercise 1: Choose the correct comparison word in the following sentences.

1. Of the twenty applicants, Lamiya is the (better/best) qualified.
2. Of the two dogs, Rover is the (better/best).
3. I am the (elder/eldest) of my five sisters.
4. I am (elder/eldest) than my brother.
5. (Among/Between) the two countries, they should be able to raise the money for aid.
6. Of all the speeches I heard, his was the (more/most) compelling.
7. After returning from our vacation, I was (happier/happiest) to be home.
8. (Among/Between) the three independent candidates, only he seemed qualified.
9. It was certainly the (less/least) of the two evils.
10. She was the (shorter/shortest) member of the graduating class.
Exercise 2: Put than, as, or from in each of the following sentences.

1. The Empire State Building is taller ____________ the Statue of Liberty
2. California is farther from New York ____________ Pennsylvania.
3. His assignment is different ____________ mine.
4. Louie reads more quickly ____________ his sisters.
5. No animal is ____________ big ____________ King Kong.
ILLOGICAL COMPARISON
One of the sneakiest question types on the English section of IBA BBA admission test is when two things
or people are being illogically compared. Students should always remember that they can only compare
apples to apples and oranges to oranges.
Let’s see if you can spot the illogical comparisons below:

● She enjoyed Haydn’s symphonies more than Mozart, though she preferred Mozart’s piano music to
Haydn.
● The number of exports in Arlandia this year was less than the exports in 2007, prompting austerity
measures from the government.
● I prefer the novels of George Orwell to Aldous Huxley, because the latter is more concerned with
affecting an air of erudition than telling a good story.
For the first sentence, we are illogically comparing Haydn’s symphonies to Mozart himself. You can’t
compare a musical piece to a man. Instead, we want to compare the symphonies of Haydn to the
symphonies of Mozart.
● She enjoyed Hayden’s symphonies more than those of Mozart, though she preferred Mozart’s piano
music to that of Haydn.
Notice that we did not just say “Mozart’s symphonies”, but those of Mozart. The ‘those’ is a pronoun that
refers to symphonies. Had we only been comparing one thing, say a “symphony”, then we would have
used that of Mozart, where that refers to a singular noun. Also, notice the second part of the sentence:
“Mozart’s piano music to THAT of Haydn”. Without the “that of”, you’d be making an illogical comparison
of Mozart’s music and Haydn.
Now, let’s take a look at both sentences 2 and 3 corrected:

● The number of exports in Arlandia this year was less than that of 2007, prompting austerity measures
from the government.
● I prefer the novels of George Orwell to those of Aldous Huxley, because the latter is more concerned
with affecting an air of erudition than telling a good story.
Always make sure you are comparing the same two nouns. In order to avoid wordiness you can replace a
singular noun with that and a plural noun with those.
Examples of logical comparisons:

Akib’s car runs better than Islam’s.
(Islam’s = Islam’s car)
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California.
(that of = the climate of)
Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
(those in = the classes in)
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
A few adjectives and adverbs have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Far Farther Farthest
Further Furthest
Little Less Least
Much
More Most
Many
Good
Better Best
Well
Bad
Worse Worst
Badly
I feel much better today than I did last week.
The university is farther than the mall.
He has less time now than he had before
MULTIPLE NUMBER COMPARATIVES
Number multiples can include: half, twice, three times, four times, etc. Study the following rule.
much noun
subject + verb + number multiple + as + + (noun) + as +
many pronoun
NOTE: It is incorrect to say: “twice more than,” etc.
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Jame ate three times as many oysters as Wahee.
Rafid has half as many records now as I had last year.
DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
These sentences begin with a comparative construction. Thus the sentence following these, must also
begin with similar comparative.
the + comparative + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb

The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Rana felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
the more + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb

The more you study, the smarter you will become.
The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got.
The more he slept, the more irritable he became.
NO SOONER
If the expression no sooner appears at the beginning of a sentence, the word than must introduce the
second clause. Note also that the auxiliary precedes the subject.
no sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb
No sooner had we started out for Bichanakandi than it started to rain.

No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave.
No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody else.
NOTE: No longer means not anymore. NEVER use not longer in a sentence that has this meaning.
Rayaan no longer studies at the university.
(Rayaan does not study at the university anymore.)
Shabnam may no longer use the library because her card has expired.
(Shabnam may not use the library anymore.)
Exercise 3: Define whether the following sentences are CORRECT (C) or INCORRECT (I). Correct
mistakes.
1. They were the most poorest people I had ever seen.
2. West Germany is one of the most highly industrialized nations in the world.
3. When he won the contest, he was the most surprised person than the other contestants.
4. I went to Belgium, Holland, and England last year, and I liked Belgium better.
5. Is the Sahara the largest desert in the world?
6. August is the hottest and most humid month of the year.
7. It was the most biggest building I had ever seen.
8. That company sold the most sophisticated computer equipment that we had ever found.
9. Dr. Henderson was the most thorough doctor than Jane ever known.
10. John, Phyllis, and Mary were all saving money to go to Egypt, and John saved the most.
11. Paula, Susie, and Jill bought new homes, but Paula's was more elegant.
12. Peking is most densely populated city in the world.
13. The damage caused by the hurricane was the worst than had ever occurred in that state.
14. She bought a new color television, a stereo unit, and an AM/FM radio and the television was the
most expensive.
15. Macy is the fastest runner than the other team members.
ITEMS INVOLVING PARALLEL

STRUCTURES
In certain structure items, the correct use of parallel structures is tested. Parallel structures have the same
grammatical form and function. Look at the following sentences:
She spends her leisure time reading, camping, and fishing.
Here, reading, camping, and fishing are all gerunds. The sentence could also be phrased as:
She loves to camp, to fish and to read.
Here, to camp, to fish and to read are in infinitive forms.
He changed the oil, checked the tire pressure, and filled the tank with gas.
The three main verbs are parallel.
Nancy plans to either study medicine or major in biology.
The two forms are parallel.
Nancy plans to study either medicine or biology.
The two nouns are parallel.
Many other structures must be parallel in certain sentences: adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, prepositional
phrases, noun clauses, and others.
Sample item
San Francisco has a pleasant climate, ___________ and many fascinating neighborhoods.
A. exciting scenery B. has exciting scenery
C. that the scenery is exciting
D. the scenery is exciting
This sentence contains a series of three objects after the verb has: the first and third are noun phrases (a
pleasant climate and many fascinating neighborhoods). To be parallel, the second object must also be a
noun phrase. Therefore, choice (A) is the correct answer; (B), (C), and (D) are not parallel.
Exercise 4: Identify the part of each sentence, which is not parallel in structure, and write the
correct structure.
1. The rules were quite clear: no smoking, they couldn't have visitors, and no loud music.
2. Frida loved to run, doing her homework, and to watch television with her friends after school.
3. Essential to friendships are trusty and caring.
4. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wisdom.
5. This vacation I plan to swim, to hike, and getting lots of fresh air in the mountains.
6. Megan always believed that exercise and to read good books made her a wellrounded person.
7. Removing the front door and to carry the four-poster bed upstairs were the hardest parts of the
move.
8. Increasing dietary intake of calcium and to exercise regularly are ways to prevent osteoporosis.
9. Marcia does not know whether to put hot food directly into the refrigerator or letting it cool first.
10. Many parents in our school district know neither how to make the school system work for them nor
spotting problems before they get out of hand.
11. Will is not sure whether the rock he found is igneous or to be a sedimentary rock.
12. Botanical gardens not only educate the public about plants but also centers for scientific
investigation into botany.
13. Amber can't remember whether a checkerboard had sixty-four squares or that it has forty-eight
squares.
14. Before he died, he had sold his house, wrote a will, and set up a trust fund.
15. John registered for both Electrical Engineering and to study mathematics.
Exercise 5: Detect the erroneous part
1. The bellflower is a wildflower that grows in shady fields, in marshes, and mountain slopes.
A B C D
2. Computers are often used to control, adjustment, and correct complex industrial operations.
A B C D
3. Eggs may be boiled in the shell, scrambled, fried, and cooked in countless another ways.
A B C D
4. Many places of history, cultural, or scenic importance are known as national monuments.
A B C D
5. By the time they completed their journey, the young explorers had overcome their fears, sharpened
A B C
their survival skills, and had developed a healthy respect for nature.
D
6. Happy people remain happy in Spring, Summer and in Winter.
A B C D
7. The dictionary can be used to find: word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and
A B C
looking up irregular verbs.
D
8. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner.
A B C D
9. Everybody wants to meet him, to talk to him, and get some money from him.
A B C D
10. He described skiing in the Alps, swimming in the Adriatic, and the drive across the Sahara Desert.
A B C D
PART II: READING COMPREHENSION
HIGH 5! READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES
Does your mind go blank when you are asked,
- “What was this article (or chapter) about?”
- Do you write reading notes about an article or book chapter but cannot boil it down to four or five
main points?
- Do you keep asking your professor for some easy strategy on how to summarize texts?
If you answered yes, then there is a simply strategy called “the High 5!” that you can use to help enhance
your reading comprehension. It is a simple and effective approach formulated to enhance the
comprehensive abilities of students. By using this technique, students are able to understand the material
and direct their attention to the details. It thus enhances students learning and helps them prepare for an
essay or report submission or even for a test.
It involves 5 steps:
1. ACTIVATE BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Making connections between what you know and what you are reading, helps improve your overall
understanding of the text. Research has shown that better comprehension occurs when students are
engaged in activities that bridge their old knowledge with the new.
For example, a simple question like “what do you know about … (a particular topic)” will stimulate
students’ previous knowledge of that topic. This will help them connect the current reading to their already
existing knowledge and make the new reading more stimulating and engaging. The strategy allows
students to work their way up from an already existing schema, instead of starting a new one.
2. QUESTION
You should generate and answer question before and during your reading. Each student should be able
to reflect on three main questions, namely, a right now question, an analytical question, and a research
question.
A ‘right now question’ focuses on the material presented. What is the essence of the material read? What
are the facts that are being mentioned?
An ‘analytical question’ requires students to ponder over what they have learnt. What does the author
want me to understand from this material?
A ‘research question’ encourages the students to look for information beyond what is in the text. This
allows for more comprehensive active learning to occur.
3. ANALYZE TEXT STRUCTURE

Analyzing text structure involves knowing how writers organize information and how the ideas in a text are
interrelated to convey a message to a reader. The reader’s ability to see the pattern or the direction the
writer is taking in a piece of text has an influence on effective and efficient comprehension.
The various types of structure fall under these main categories:
1. Fiction structures – these focus on relating an imagined story generally using the features of setting,
characters, and various plot elements. Fiction structures are generally categorized into genres, such as,
fantasy, science fiction, historic realistic fiction, etc.
2. Expository structures – these focus on informing, describing, explaining, or defining the author’s
subject matter to his or her reader. Expository text can be made up of at least six different structures.
These structures are: cause and effect; compare and contrast, time sequence, problem/solution,
definition/description, and enumeration or steps to accomplish something
3. Argument structures – these focus on presenting the writer’s view on a particular subject and
persuading the reader to hold that same view by presenting evidence or giving reasons. The categories of
argument are defined by the type of appeal the writer is using: Ethos, Pathos, or Logos and the form of
the argument: inductive, deductive, etc.
4. CREATE MENTAL IMAGES

Good readers form a picture in their mind of what they are reading. * Great readers move beyond just
pictures of content to structural images as well. They visualize how the text is structured. For this reason,
strategies 3 and 4 reinforce each other. Structure is the key to comprehension…it gets at the writers’
purpose, whether it is to simply inform their audience, analyze a complex topic, or argue an interesting or
controversial issue. Purpose shapes the content of a text and also shapes the mental images the reader
creates.
5. SUMMARIZE
Summary is “the ability to delete irrelevant details, combine similar ideas, condense main ideas, and
connect major themes into concise statements that capture the purpose of reading for the reader” (Block
& Pressley 117).
To summarize using the High 5! Strategies follow this methodology:
1. Read the text
2. Identify the text structure
3. Make a diagram of the structure
4. Discard redundant information so only the key ideas remain
5. Circle only the critical ideas that you need for the summary
EXERCISE 6
QUESTION 1
Read the passage below and then choose the best answer to the question. Answer the question on the
basis of what is stated or implied in this passage.
Experienced truck drivers often travel in a convoy--a group of trucks that are traveling to the same part of
the country. Convoys can help truckers to stay alert.
The author implies that professional long-distance truck drivers may avoid traveling alone because:
A) They might drive too fast.
B) They want to arrive before anyone else.
C) Accidents happen more frequently to lone truck drivers than to car drivers who travel alone.
D) Long-distance travel can cause drowsiness.
QUESTION 2
Read the passage below and then choose the best answer to the question.
Huge beasts such as the dinosaur have never really become extinct. Mothra, a giant caterpillar who later
becomes a moth, destroys Tokyo, and stars in the 1962 Japanese film named for him. Mothra is born,
dies, and reborn regularly on classic movie channels. In Japan Mothra is one of the most popular films
ever made. Mothra has survived the creation of more current scary creatures such as giant apes,
extraterrestrial beings and swamp creatures. More than 30 years after his creation, Mothra still lives.
The main subject of the passage is:
A) the reasons that fads do not endure
B) the lasting appeal of Mothra
C) the difficulty of marketing good horror movies
D) old models for creatures are still used because making new monsters is expensive
QUESTION 3
Two underlined sentences are followed by a question or statement. Read the sentences, and then
choose the best answer to the question or the best completion of the statement.
Anxious to ensure that America would depart from European traditions regarding religion and royalty, the
early U.S. could be described as a place that focused more on work than on the entertainment offered by
spectacle and ceremony in the Old World.
However, national celebrations such as the lighting of the White House Christmas Tree and the
ceremonies used to swear in new federal officials give the American people some experiences that are
based upon national tradition.
What does the second sentence do?
A) It cancels the meaning of the first.
B) It provides an example of the first sentence.
C) It adds more detail to the first sentence.
D) It offers an exception to the information given in the first sentence.
QUESTION 4
Read the passage below and choose the best answer to the question.
The Earth’s past climate--including temperature and elements in the atmosphere--has recently been
studied by analyzing ice samples from Greenland and Antarctica. The air bubbles in the ice have shown
that, over the past 160,000 years, there has been a close correlation between temperature changes and
level of natural greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane. One recent analysis from Greenland
showed that at the end of the last glacial period (when the great ice sheets began to retreat to their
present position), temperatures in southern Greenland rose from 5 to 7 degrees in about 100 years.
Air bubbles are not the only method of determining characteristics of the Earth’s ancient climate history.
Analysis of dust layers from ancient volcanic activity is another such method; as is the study of ice cores,
which interpret past solar activity that may have affected our climate.
This passage states that:
A) the Greenhouse effect is destroying the planet’s atmosphere.
B) temperatures in Greenland have been unusually stable over the past 100 years.
C) there is more than one kind of information that scientists can use to determine the characteristics of
the Earth’s early climate.
D) solar energy is the wave of the future.
QUESTION 5
Two passages are followed by a question or statement. Read the passages, then choose the best answer
to the question or the best completion of the statement.
Before video cameras were widely used, home and business owners had to rely only on written reports
and photos as a way to document their valuables for insurance purposes. This form of documentation
was difficult for some insurance policy holders. They found it was easy to lose lists, forget to add new
items they purchased, or delete items they no longer had. As a result, these insurance inventories were
often inaccurate. While videotaping is not an option for every home or business owner, this kind of
insurance documentation is helpful for some.
How are these passages related?
A) They repeat the same idea.
B) They contradict one another.
C) They compare two forms of written documentation.
D) They present a problem and a solution.
QUESTION 6
Two underlined sentences are followed by a question or a statement. Read the sentences, and then
choose the best answer to the question or the best completion of the statement.
Public speaking is very different from everyday conversation.
First of all, speeches are much more structured than a typical informal discussion.
How are these sentences related?
A) Sentence two offers support for the statement made in the first sentence.
B) Sentence two contradicts the statement made in the first sentence.
C) Sentence two shows an exception to the first sentence.
D) Sentence two compares two kinds of speeches.
QUESTION 7
Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in these passages.
French physicist Charles Fabry found ozone gas in the atmosphere in 1913. At room temperature, ozone
is a colorless gas; it condenses to a dark blue liquid at -170 F. At temperatures above the boiling point of
water, 212 F, it decomposes.
Ozone is all around us. After a thunderstorm, or around electrical equipment, ozone is often detected as a
sharp odor. Ozone is used as a strong oxidizing agent, a bleaching agent, and to sterilize drinking water.
This gas is also highly reactive. For example, rubber insulation around a car’s spark plug wires will need
to be replaced eventually, due to the small amounts of ozone produced when electricity flows from the
engine to the plug.
These passages imply that:
A) Ozone is the result of pollution.
B) High ozone levels in the atmosphere will cause large numbers of people to buy new car batteries.
C) Ozone has no practical uses.
D) Ozone is a natural part of the Earth’s atmosphere.
QUESTION 8
Read the passages below and then choose the best answer to the question. Answer the question on the
basis of what is stated or implied in these passages.
Many people who have come close to death from drowning, cardiac arrest or other causes have
described near-death experiences--profound, subjective events that sometimes result in dramatic
changes in values, beliefs, behavior, and attitudes toward life and death. These experiences often include
a new clarity of thinking, a feeling of well-being, a sense of being out of the body, and visions of bright
light or mystical encounters. Such experiences have been reported by an estimated 30 to 40 percent of
hospital patients who were revived after coming close to death and about 5 percent of adult Americans in
a nationwide poll. Near-death experiences have been explained as a response to a perceived threat of
death (a psychological theory); as a result of biological states that accompany the process of dying (a
physiological theory); and as a foretaste of an actual state of bliss after death (a transcendental theory).
The primary purpose of this passage is to:
A) entertain
B) persuade
C) inform
D) express disbelief in the afterlife
QUESTION 9
Read the passage below and then choose the best answer to the question on the basis of what is stated
or implied in these passages.
In most cases little birds lay little eggs. The kiwi is an astonishing exception to this rule--it is a smallish
bird that lays a big egg. The kiwi, a flightless bird found in New Zealand, weighs about four pounds, and
its egg weighs, believe it or not, about one pound. That is one-fourth of the bird’s body weight! If an
ostrich laid an egg that was in the same proportion to the ostrich as the kiwi egg is to the kiwi, an ostrich
egg would weigh a whopping seventy-five pounds instead of the usual three pounds.
Which statement below best describes the organizational method used in this passage?
A) description
B) comparison/contrast
C) chronological
D) cause/effect
QUESTION 10
Jazz is a peculiarly American contribution to Western culture. It was born out of the unique experience of
American Blacks. Although its history is not entirely clear, jazz obviously has roots in the rhythm patterns
and melodic lines of Africa, the tradition of Christian spirituals as sung by slave communities, the music of
the blues as developed in the Deep South, and ragtime.
According to this passage, one can conclude that:
A) Jazz is the sole Black contribution to Western culture.
B) There is some difficulty tracing the origin of jazz.
C) Jazz is most closely related to spiritual music.
D) Jazz is not a complex musical form.
QUESTION 11
Read the statements below and then choose the best answer to the question from the list of lettered
choices that follows.
Sometimes when we don’t get enough sleep we become very short-tempered.
It is important to set a time to go to bed that is realistic.
How are these two sentences related?
A) The first sentence explains the meaning of the second.
B) The second sentence explains why a lack of sleep affects us.
C) The second sentence proposes a solution.
D) The second sentence contradicts the first.
QUESTION 12
Most people collect Star Wars toys for sentimental reasons.
Some people collect them strictly to make money.
What is the relationship between the two sentences?
A) cause and effect
B) contrast
C) repetition
D) statement & example
QUESTION 13
Answer the question based on what is stated or implied.
There are two kinds of jewelry that I do. There is commercial jewelry--class rings, necklaces, the kinds of
things most people wear. I sell these items to meet my expenses for raw materials, supplies, and to make
my living. The other, more creative work I do makes me feel that I am developing as a craftsperson.
The author of this passage implies that:
A) Artists are poor.
B) There is no market for creative work.
C) Commercial and creative work fulfills different needs for the artist.
D) Rings and necklaces cannot be creative.
QUESTION 14
Some actors and rock stars are paid almost 100 times as much per year as school teachers. Not to
downgrade the role of entertainment in our lives, but these people are not the valuable social resource
that educators are. As another example, professional athletes earn vastly more than the nation’s
firefighters. Again, there is little doubt that the lower paid group contributes a more vital function to
communities. Finally, dress designers, who can make up to $50,000 for a gown, far out-earn police
officers, whose very presence makes our cities and towns livable.
Based on this passage, the earning power in our society:
A) is subject to staggering inflation.
B) does not relate to one’s usefulness in society.
C) is highest among those whose achievements are the greatest.
D) should be highest among actors and rock.
QUESTION 15
Jenny does not like cake.
She does not like to bake it, to ice it, or to eat it.
What does the second sentence do?
A) It states the cause of the first.
B) It compares the three things Jenny does not like about cake.
C) It draws a conclusion about Jenny.
D) It emphasizes what is stated in the first.
PART III: TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT
Define whether the following sentences are CORRECT (C) or INCORRECT (I). Correct mistakes.
1. This book is more better than that one.
2. This year's prices will certainly be much higher as last year's prices.
3. Since there were two possible ways to get to New York, we had to decide which one was better.
4. The customs in this country are more traditional than those in the United States.
5. Her letter was more friendlier than this.
6. She was happier than anybody in her family.
7. Nancy was luckier than Fred in Las Vegas.
8. Betty's homework is usually more organized than that of any other students in the class.
9. The weather was much hotter this year than in 1970.
10. The final exam was more difficult than the mid-semester exam.
11. The first performance was more crowded as the second one.
12. The new student reads faster than anyone else in the class.
13. Fred's project proposal was much more economical than Brad's.
14. Robert's new home is more expensive than any house in the neighborhood.
15. Henry had a rather bad accident, and it was a miracle that he was not hurt more worse than he was.
16. You can use any of those three pens, but the red one is the best for marking on heavy material.
17. That place serves the goodest ice cream in town.
18. Dr. Jones was certainly among the smartest men I had ever known.
19. He got the baddest grade he had ever received on an exam.
20. The crimes committed by that murderer were the most heinous in the history of that town.
Find and correct mistakes in parallel structures in the following sentences.

1. Steel is alloyed with manganese to increase its strength, hardness and resistant to wear.
2. Sacramento is the commercial, industry, and financial center of California's Central Valley, as well as
being the state capital.
3. Folklore consists of the beliefs, customs, traditions, and telling stories that people pass from
generation to generation.
4. Because of their hardness, industrial diamonds can be used for cutting, to grind, and drilling.
5. Scholar John Fiske wrote on history, religious, and sociology.
6. T.S. Eliot was equally distinguished as a poet, he wrote criticism and dramatist.
7. The book contained stories, poetic and plays.
8. She needed some shoes that were inexpensively, hard-wearing and attractive.
9. The paper contained mistakes in grammar, spelling and stylistic.
10. In the mornings, he usually has some coffee, reads the newspaper and will jog.
11. They do not eat pork nor are they eating shellfish.
12. Most visitors to London or Paris spend their time visiting the museums and to shop.
13. The course was very interesting and practical but costs.
14. Check your verbs for tense and agree.
15. By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives and it costs us less.
16. My home offers me a feeling of security, warm, and love.
17. The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and planting crops.
18. When I refused to help her, she became very angry and shout at me.
19. In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and to work on my stamp collection.
20. Computers are often used to control, adjustment, and correct complex industrial operations.
21. Mathematics can be considered a language, an art, a science, a tool or playing a game.
22. Many people who live near the ocean depend on it as a source of food, recreation, and to have
economic opportunities.
23. This summer the Recreation Department will sponsor classes in swimming and to lift weights.
24. A bulldozer is used for pushing earth and to grade it.
25. Pauline read the book, wrote a report, and returning it to the library.
READING COMPREHENSION
Read the sentences below and then choose the best answer to the question from the list of lettered
When we write a check that we know is going to “bounce,” we are in fact performing a criminal act.
It is a crime to knowingly write a “hot” check, one we know we don’t have sufficient funds to cover.
What does the second statement do?
A) It provides supporting evidence for the first statement.
B) It restates the central idea of the first sentence.
C) It draws a conclusion from the first sentence.
D) It provides a contradictory point of view.
Read the passage below and then choose the best answer to the question from the list of lettered choices
that follows.
Before the invention of automobiles and airplanes travel was a slow process. When traveling long
distances families would be out of communication until the travelers reached their destination. Sometimes
people lost touch with each other permanently.
The author would most likely continue the passage with which of the following sentences?
A) Airplanes make travel more fun.
B) Driving a car helps families stay in touch.
C) Cars can be used to travel comfortably.
D) Advances in communication have helped travelers stay in communication.
Read the following paragraph to answer the next two questions (Questions 1 & 2).
A hare was very popular with the other beasts who all claimed to be her friend, but one day she heard the
hounds approaching and hoped to escape them with the help of her many friends. “What are friends for,”
she asked herself, “if not to help out in time of need?” Furthermore, most of her friends were big and
brave, so at least one should be able to help. First she went to the horse, and asked him to carry her
away from the hounds on his back. But he declined, stating that he had important work to do for his
master.” I feel sure,” he said, “that all your other friends will come to your assistance.” She then applied to
the bull, and hoped that he would repel the hounds with his horns. The bull replied: “I am very sorry, but I
have an appointment with a lady. However, I feel sure that our friend the goat will do what you want.” The
goat, however, feared that his back might be harmed if he took her upon it. The ram, he felt sure, was the
proper friend to apply to. So she went to the ram and told him the case. The ram replied: “Another time,
my dear friend. I do not like to interfere on the present occasion, as hounds have been known to eat
sheep as well as hares.” The hare then applied, as a last hope, to the calf, who regretted that he was
unable to help her. He did not like to take the responsibility upon himself, as so many older persons had
declined the task. By this time the hounds were quite near, so the hare had to take to her heels. Luckily,
she escaped.
Question 1
The hare was confident she would find a friend to help for all the following reasons except: A: she knew
she was popular.
B: she assumed friends were there to help.
C: most of her friends were big and strong.
D: her friends had promised help whenever she needed it.
E: she had a wide range of friends.
Question 2
A suitable moral for this story would be:
A: a friend in need is a friend indeed.
B: never rely on your friends in a time of crisis.
C: popularity does not mean friendship.
D: friendship does not exist among animals.
E: in a time of crisis you discover who your true friends are.
Vocabulary Section
LIST OF VOCABULARY - 7
implausible ADJ. unlikely; unbelievable. inexorable ADJ. relentless; unyielding;
Though her alibi seemed implausible, it in fact implacable. After listening to the pleas for
turned out to be true. clemency, the judge was inexorable and gave
implement V. put into effect; supply with tools. the convicted man the maximum punishment
The mayor was unwilling to implement the plan allowed by law.
until she was sure it had the governor’s backing. innate ADJ. inborn. Mozart’s parents soon
also N. recognized young Wolfgang’s innate talent for
impregnable ADJ. invulnerable. Until the music.
development of the airplane as a military innocuous ADJ. harmless. An occasional glass
weapon, the fort was considered impregnable. of wine with dinner is relatively innocuous and
impudence N. impertinence; insolence. Kissed should have no ill effect on you.
on the cheek by a perfect stranger, Lady inherent ADJ. firmly established by nature or
Catherine exclaimed, “Of all the nerve! Young habit. Katya’s inherent ove of justice caused her
man, I should have you horse-whipped for your to champion anyone she considered treated
impudence.” unfairly by society.
inadvertently ADV. unintentionally; by ingenious ADJ. clever; resourceful. Kit admired
oversight; carelessly. Judy’s great fear was that the ingenious way that her computer keyboard
she might inadvertently omit a question on the opened up to reveal.
exam and mismark her whole answer sheet. insipid ADJ. lacking in flavor; dull. Flat prose
inane ADJ. silly; senseless. There’s no point to and flat ginger ale are equally insipid: both lack
what you’re saying. Why are you bothering to sparkle.
make such inane remarks? insolvent ADJ. bankrupt; unable to repay one’s
incidental ADJ. not essential; minor. The debts. Although young Lord Widgeon was
scholarship covered his major expenses at insolvent, he had no fear of being thrown into
college and some of his incidental expenses as debtors’ prison, for he was sure that if his
well. creditors pressed him for payment his wealthy
incisive ADJ. cutting; sharp. His incisive parents would repay what he owed. insolvency,
remarks made us see the fallacy in our plans. N.
incite V. arouse to action; goad; motivate; instigate V. urge; start; provoke. Rumors of
induce to exist. In a fiery speech, Mario incited police corruption led the mayor to instigate an
his fellow students to go out on strike to protest investigation into the department’s activities.
the university’s anti-affirmative action stand. insularity N. narrow-mindedness; isolation. The
incoherence N. unintelligibility; lack of logic or insularity of the islanders manifested itself in
relevance. “This essay makes no sense at all,” their suspicion of anything foreign. insular, ADJ.
commented the teacher, giving it an F because insuperable ADJ. insurmountable; unbeatable.
of its incoherence. Though the odds against their survival seemed
incongruous ADJ. not fitting; absurd. Dave saw insuperable, the Apollo 13 astronauts reached
nothing incongruous about wearing sneakers earth safely.
with his tuxedo; he couldn’t understand why his integrity N. uprightness; wholeness. Lincoln,
date took one look at him and started to laugh. whose personal integrity has inspired millions,
incongruity, N. fought a civil war to maintain the integrity of the
inconsequential ADJ. insignificant; Republic, that these United States might remain
unimportant. Brushing off Ali’s apologies for undivided for all time.
having broken the wineglass, Tamara said, intervene V. come between. When two close
“Don’t worry about it; it’s inconsequential.” friends get into a fight, be careful if you try to
intervene; they may join forces to gang up on laud V. praise. The NFL lauded Boomer
you. Esiason’s efforts to raise money to combat
intimidate V. frighten. I’ll learn karate and then cystic fibrosis. laudable, laudatory, ADJ.
those big bullies won’t be able to intimidate me Iavish ADJ. generous; openhanded;
anymore. extravagant; wasteful. Her wealthy suitors
intractable ADJ. unruly; stubborn; unyielding. wooed her with lavish gifts. also V.
Charlie Brown’s friend Pigpen was intractable: lethargic ADJ. drowsy; dull. The stuffy room
he absolutely refused to take a bath. made her lethargic: she felt as if she was about
intrepid ADJ. fearless. For her intrepid conduct to nod off.
nursing the wounded during the war, Florence levity N. lack of seriousness; lightness. Stop
Nightingale was honored by Queen Victoria. giggling and wriggling around in the pew: such
intrude V. trespass; enter as an uninvited levity is improper in church.
person. She hesitated to intrude on their linger V. loiter or dawdle; continue or persist.
conversation. Hoping to see Juliet pass by, Romeo lingered
intuition N. immediate insight; power of outside the Capulet house for hours. Though
knowing without reasoning. Even though Tony Mother made stuffed cabbage on Monday, the
denied that anything was wrong, Tina trusted smell lingered around the house for days.
her intuition that something was bothering him. listless ADJ. Iacking in spirit or energy. We had
intuitive, ADJ. expected him to be full of enthusiasm and were
inundate V. overwhelm; flood; submerge. This surprised by his listless attitude.
semester I am inundated with work: You should Iithe ADJ. flexible; supple. Her figure was lithe
see the piles of paperwork flooding my desk. and willowy.
Until the great dam was built, the waters of the lofty ADJ. very high. Though Barbara Jordan’s
Nile used to inundate the river valley like fellow students used to tease her about her lofty
clockwork every year. ambitions, she rose to hold one of the highest
jollity N. gaiety; cheerfulness. The festive positions in the land.
Christmas dinner was a merry one, and old and lurid ADJ. wild; sensational; graphic; gruesome.
young alike joined in the general jollity. Do the lurid cover stories in the Enquirer actually
irreproachable ADJ. blameless; impeccable. attract people to buy that trashy tabloid?
Homer’s conduct at the office party was luxuriant ADJ. abundant; rich and splendid;
irreproachable; even Marge didn’t have anything fertile. Lady Godiva was completely covered by
bad to say about how he behaved. her luxuriant hair.
labyrinth N. maze. Hiding from Indian Joe, Tom malicious ADJ. hateful; spiteful. Jealous of
and Becky soon lost themselves in the labyrinth Cinderella’s beauty, her malicious stepsisters
of secret underground caves. labyrinthine, ADJ. expressed their spite by forcing her to do menial
laconic ADJ. brief and to the point. Many of the tasks. malice, N.
characters portrayed by Clint Eastwood are marred ADJ. damaged; disfigured. She had to
laconic types: strong men of few words. refinish the marred surface of the table. mar, V.
laggard ADJ. slow; sluggish. The sailor had meander V. wind or turn in its course. Needing
been taught not to be laggard in carrying out to stay close to a source of water, he followed
orders. also N. lag, N., V. every twist and turn of the stream as it
lament V. grieve; express sorrow. Even meandered through the countryside.
advocates of the war lamented the loss of so mercenary ADJ. interested in money or gain.
many lives in combat. also N. Iamentation, N. Andy’s every act was prompted by mercenary
Iampoon V. ridicule. This article lampoons the motives: his first question was always “What’s in
pretensions of some movie moguls. also N. it for me?”
lassitude N. languor; weariness. After a
massage and a long soak in the hot tub, I gave
in to my growing lassitude and lay down for a
nap.

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STUDENT COPY

Part 1 REVIEW TEST

Part 2 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

MULTIPLE NUMBER COMPARATIVES

ITEMS INVOLVING PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Part 3 READING COMPREHENSION

Part 4 TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT

TIME: 20 Minutes SCORE:.............................

Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns.

PART I: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

hot hotter hottest

interesting more interesting most interesting

sick sicker sickest

colorful more colorful most colorful

subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (noun)

of the two + (noun) + subject + verb + the + comparative

Siam is the smarter of the two boys.

Remember: 2 entities – comparative

Ryan is the tallest boy in the family.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

carefully more carefully most carefully

less carefully least carefully

dangerously more dangerously most dangerously

less dangerously least dangerously

Monzur drove more carefully than Abrar. (comparative)

The same idea can also be conveyed in another way.

NOTE: As high as means the same as the same height as.

heavy, light Weight

wide, narrow Width

deep, shallow Depth

long, short Length

big, small size

Exercise 1: Choose the correct comparison word in the following sentences.

Exercise 2: Put than, as, or from in each of the following sentences.

Let’s see if you can spot the illogical comparisons below:

Now, let’s take a look at both sentences 2 and 3 corrected:

Examples of logical comparisons:

IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Far Farther Farthest

Little Less Least

MULTIPLE NUMBER COMPARATIVES

the + comparative + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb

the more + subject + verb + the + comparative + subject + verb

no sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb

No sooner had we started out for Bichanakandi than it started to rain.

ITEMS INVOLVING PARALLEL

PART II: READING COMPREHENSION

HIGH 5! READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES

3. ANALYZE TEXT STRUCTURE

4. CREATE MENTAL IMAGES

Find and correct mistakes in parallel structures in the following sentences.

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