August 1967 BOOK
cularly the attitude of a representative
group of American workers, as well as
that of William Sargant in Great Britain,
in mid-1965. It is timely, well presented,
the type is clear, the volume is not too
long and it is recommended to all who
are interested in these topics.
G. J. SARWER-FONER, M.D.
Montreal.
Proceedings of the Fourth Research
Conference on Delinquency and
Criminology. Institute P i n e 1, 800
Gouin Blvd., Montreal, P.Q. $5.00.
This conference took place in Mont­
real in 1964 and its proceedings were
published in 1965. A total of thirty-eight
papers were presented, nineteen in
French and nineteen in English. The
one disappointing feature about the pub­
lication is the absence of a short sum­
mary of each paper in either English or
French so that the substance of all
presentations would be available to all
readers.
Comparing the First and the Fourth
Conference, it is worthy of note that
the number of contributors has increased
about seven-fold, from seven to forty-
seven. This is due in part to increased
participation by individuals from centres
in Ontario, such as Toronto, where an
Institute of Criminology has been estab­
lished, and . Penetanguishene where
there has been a progressively increasing
interest in the etiology, detection, pre­
vention, and treatment of delinquency
and criminology. A list of participants
at the Conference would include crim­
inologists, jurists, lawyers, penologists,
psychiatrists, and members of the para-
psychiatric disciplines from Canada and
the United States.
It would prove too formidable an
undertaking to attempt a resume of all
the papers presented. Generally, in con­
trast to earlier conferences, the contri­
butors have concerned themselves less
with clinical problems and more with
the problems of judicial administration,
the etiology of criminal behaviour, the
REVIEWS 435
position and function of the law in our
society, and the organization of policing
services. There has been an over-all and
progressive widening of scope i n the field
of investigation. Hope is expressed that
the extension of interest to attempt to
reach an understanding of criminal
phenomenon and the criminal will, with
the persistence of criminological re­
search, serve as a basis for a program of
crime prevention, treatment and control.
In several of the presentations, prob­
lems are posed to which realistic solu­
tions, based on the studies presented, are
available. This applies mainly to the
detention of individuals prior to judicial
decision and their custody and/or treat­
ment following disposal by the Courts.
It remains for the public authorities,
Federal and Provincial especially, to act
on the basis of present knowledge and
assume the responsibility of encouraging
further research and treatment in the
field of criminology.
These proceedings encompass the most
recent and progressive thinking in the
fields of Criminology and Penology
and should be read by jurists, lawyers,
and other professionals interested in
criminology and Forensic Psychiatry.
E. P. HOUSTON
Ottawa.
Neurotic Styles. David Shapiro; Basic
Books Inc., New York 1965 (The
Austin Riggs Center Monograph Series
No. 5.) In Canada by General Publish­
ing Co. Ltd., Don Mills, Ontario, pp.
207. $6.35.
In effect this book describes, under
the heading of "Neurotic Styles", a ty­
pology of character which is already
used informally in psychiatry. The
author takes the commonly used adjec­
tives 'obsessive compulsive', 'paranoid',
'hysterical' and 'impulsive' and describes
the modes of cognition, affect and cona­
tion which the personalities described
by these terms tend to show. He attempts
to describe in detail what goes on in
the people who show these modes as life
 436 CANADIAN PSYCHIATRIC
styles. His approach is orthodox and he
does not bring forward any controver­
sial material. He sticks rather to ampli­
fying what is already accepted. In doing
this he clarifies the terms and adds a
wealth of clinical description and mater­
ial which is not readily available in text­
books. He has thus rendered the average
reader a considerable service, since the
terms are frequently bandied around in
psychiatric discussion, but often with
only an approximate notion of what
they mean. Under the heading of the
obsessive compulsive style he emphasizes
the rigidity, the driven activity and the
lack of real autonomy, in a way which
would suggest an origin in Erikson's
second nuclear conflict. In the 'paranoid'
style he emphasizes the suspicious cogni­
tion, or readiness to perceive 'clues', the
localized loss of reality, the constant sur­
veillance of the environment and the
behaviour which is always controlled
towards an end. In the 'hysterical' style
the cognition is impressionistic, lacking
in intellectual concentration and leads
to suggestibility while favouring repres­
sion. The hysteric tends towards living
in a faiiy tale and takes an unperturbed
attitude to his symptoms and emotional
outbursts. The 'impulsive' styles cor­
respond to a group of disorders: psycho­
paths, passive-neurotic characters, nar­
cissistic characters, certain male homo­
sexuals, alcoholics and possibly addicts.
A l l have in common a style of cognition
and subjective experience of action.
Action is experienced without a clear
sense of motivation, but rather after the
fashion of a whim, the experience of
wanting, choosing or deciding being
only partial. Cognition is egocentric and
virtually simultaneous with conclusion
to the act. From the theoretical stand­
point, the author sees 'neurotic styles'
as being more than simply the outcome
of libidinal and social factors, and he
discusses the concepts of Freud, Hart-
man, Erikson, G . Klein and others in this
respect. The 'style' is designed to control
and channel tensions automatically, serv­
ASSOCIATION JOURNAL Vol. 12, No. 4
ing on the one hand a defensive and
protective function, and on the other to
direct activity. The book will prove of
considerable use to residents in psychia­
try and is recommended reading.
WILLIAM FORSTER, M.B.
Petei-borough, Ont.
Heirs to Freud. Essays i n Freudian
Psychology. Editor — Hendrick M.
Ruitenbeek: New York. Grove Press,
Inc. In Canada by Saunders of Tor­
onto. 1966. pp. 269. $9.00.
The Editor, a member of the staff of
New York University and of the Insti­
tute for Practising Psychotherapists, has
brought together papers by Abraham,
Alexander, Anna Freud, Hartmann, Hit-
schmann, Jones, Melanie Klein, Putnam,
Hans Sachs and Waelder, all first pub­
lished before the war, and one by Bona­
parte published in 1952.
His purpose is to introduce readers to
the ways in which Freud's nearest col­
leagues and some early analysts elabor­
ated or extended various aspects of his
work, and in an introductory chapter
there may be an attempt to state a link­
ing theme. This does not, however,
develop much beyond stating whether
the chosen authors became critical of
Freud's orthodoxy (e.g. Ferenczi) or
remained simply elaborators. He men­
tions the differences of opinion between
Anna Freud and Melanie Klein concern­
ing child psychoanalysis, but, after men­
tioning Jones' suggestion that Freud's
lack of interest in the 'Kleinian' approach
may not have been unconnected with
his daughter's interest in the same area,
it is hard to keep from pointing out how
interested Freud would have been to
note that, although he states that he is
placing Anna Freud's article last, it is in
fact Melanie Klein's article which closes
the book.
Such a collection may interest a
student who has as yet restricted his
reading to Freud's own writings and to
outlines of psychoanalysis in psychiatric