DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

(MX3084 - DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT)

As per the Latest Syllabus of Anna University, Chennai

(Regulation 2021) – Mandatory Course I – Common to all Branch

Mr. K. Sriram Kumar, B.E., M.E., (Ph.D.),

Assistant Professor,
Department of Information Technology,
Karpagam Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore

Mr. S. Arunprasath B.E., M.E., (Ph.D.),

Research scholar,
SRM University,
Chennai

Mr. P. Krishna Sankar, B.E., M.E.,

Freelance Entrepreneur / Consultant

Kavindapadi

A.R.S. Publications
No. 11, Veerabathra Nagar, Part II,
8th Street, Medavakkam,
Chennai – 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India.
Phone: 044 – 48587467, Mobile: 9840025186
eMail: arspublications@gmail.com
web: www.arspublications.com
 PREFACE

This book “DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT” provides a detailed skeleton towards disaster,
its types along with real world as case studies and recovery planning. It provides a preliminary study on
understanding the do’s and don’ts of disasters happening in real world. It gives a detailed initiative
towards protecting, preventing and recovering the citizen of India from disaster. It provides an extensive
idea on Disaster Management Act 2005 and 2009 and other initiatives taken by Government of India.

Unit I: Introduction to disaster and its types, impacts along with global trends in managing. Provides dos
and don’ts while preventing and recovering from disasters.

Unit II: Outline for reducing disaster risk was briefed. It gives an overview of cooperation among various
government sectors like Panchayati Raj, Urban Local, state and central bodies in precluding and providing
methods to reduce the risk.

Unit III: Brief awareness on inter-relationship between disasters and development with their impacts over
construction of dams, canals, … etc. It gives an overview on Climate change and IPCC recommendation to
world and concern towards India to adapt it.

Unit IV: Provides a detail about information about disaster risk management in India, their Act and Policy.
Provide us idea on various components of disaster relief and role of GIS in disaster risk management.

Unit V: Affords a study over disaster mitigation, management, assessment and their field works on

landslide hazard, earthquake, drought, floods, forest fire and manmade disaster.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to thank God. In the process of putting this book together we
realized how true this gift of writing is for us to share our knowledge. You give us the power to believe in
our passion and pursue our dreams. We could never have done this without the faith we have in you, the
Almighty.

We sincerely thank our Colleagues, Parents, Family, Friends and Well-wishers for their
understanding, patience and constant encouragement.

Finally, we offer our thanks to Thiru. A. Ramesh, A. R. S. Publishers and his Colleagues for their
tireless effort in overseeing the production of the book.

The authors would be happy to collect opinion for supplementary improvement of the book.

K. Sriram Kumar
S. Arunprasath

P. Krishna Sankar
MX3084 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT LTPC
3000

UNIT I HAZRADS, VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISKS 9

Definition: Disaster, Hazard, Vulnerability, Resilience, Risks – Types of Disasters: Natural, Human
induced, Climate change induced –Earthquake, Landslide, Flood, Drought, Fire etc – Technological
disasters- Structural collapse, Industrial accidents, oil spills -Causes, Impacts including social,
Economic, political, environmental, health, psychosocial, etc.- Disaster vulnerability profile of
India and Tamil Nadu - Global trends in disasters: urban disasters, pandemics, Complex
emergencies, Inter relations between Disasters and Sustainable development Goals

UNIT II DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) 9

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster cycle - Phases, Culture of safety,
prevention, mitigation and preparedness community Based DRR, Structural- nonstructural
measures, Roles and responsibilities of- community, Panchayati Raj Institutions / Urban Local
Bodies (PRIs/ULBs), States, Centre, and other stakeholders- Early Warning System – Advisories
from Appropriate Agencies. - Relevance of indigenous Knowledge, appropriate technology and
Local resources.

UNIT III DISASTER MANAGEMENT 9

Components of Disaster Management – Preparedness of rescue and relief, mitigation,
rehabilitation and reconstruction- Disaster Risk Management and post disaster management –
Compensation and Insurance- Disaster Management Act (2005) and Policy - Other related
policies, plans, programmers and legislation - Institutional Processes and Framework at State and
Central Level- (NDMA –SDMA-DDMA-NRDF- Civic Volunteers)
UNIT IV TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 9

Early warning systems -Components of Disaster Relief: Water, Food, Sanitation, Shelter, Health,
Waste Management, Institutional arrangements (Mitigation, Response and Preparedness, – Role
of GIS and Information Technology Components in Preparedness, Risk Assessment, Response and
Recovery Phases of Disaster – Disaster Damage Assessment. - Elements of Climate Resilient
Development –Standard operation Procedure for disaster response – Financial planning for
disaster Management
UNIT V DISASTER MANAGEMENT: CASE STUDIES 9

Discussion on selected case studies to analyse the potential impacts and actions in the contest of
disasters-Landslide Hazard Zonation: Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings and
Infrastructure: Case Studies, Drought Assessment: Case Studies, Coastal Flooding: Storm Surge
Assessment, Floods: Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding: Case Studies; Forest Fire: Case Studies, Man
Made disasters: Case Studies, Space Based Inputs for Disaster Mitigation and Management and
field works related to disaster management.- Field work-Mock drill.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO DISASTERS
1.1 Disaster
1.2 Hazard
1.3 Vulnerability
1.4 Resilience
1.4.1 Betterment – Build Back Better
1.4.2 Resilience in the International Context - Hyogo Framework for
Action
1.4.3 World Bank – Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and
Recovery
1.4.4 Overseas National Emergency Management Agencies
1.4.5 The National Strategy for Disaster Resilience
1.4.6 Department of Community Safety
1.4.7 Emergency Management
1.4.8 Local Government
1.5 Risks
1.6 Types of disasters
1.6.1 Earthquake
1.6.2 Landslide
1.6.3 Flood
1.6.4 Drought
1.6.5 Fire
1.7 Classification
1.7.1 Natural Disasters
1.8 Causes
1.8.1 Environmental
1.8.2 Health after Disaster
1.8.3 Impacts including social
1.8.4 Psychosocial impacts.
1.8.5 Economic impacts
1.8.6 Political impacts
1.9 Differential impacts
1.9.1 Hazard Event Characteristics
1.9.2 Improvised Disaster Response
1.9.3 Improvised Disaster Recovery
1.9.4 Impacts in terms of caste, class and gender
1.9.5 Impacts in terms of age
1.9.6 Impacts in terms of location
1.9.7 Impacts in terms of disability
1.10 Global trends in disasters
1.10.1 Disaster Trends
1.10.2 Urban disasters
1.10.3 Pandemics
1.10.4 DIARRHOEAL GROUP OF DISEASES INCLUDING CHOLERA

1.10.5 Complex emergencies

1.10.6 Climate change
1.11 Dos and Don’ts during Disasters
1.11.1 Tornadoes
1.11.2 Hurricanes
1.11.3 Earthquakes
1.11.4 Floods and Tsunami
1.11.5 House Fires

Unit – II
APPROACHES TO DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
2.1. Disaster cycle
2.1.1. Phases
2.1.2. Culture of safety
2.1.3. Prevention
2.1.4. Mitigation and preparedness community based DRR
2.1.5. Structural and non-structural measures
2.1.6. Roles and responsibilities of community
2.1.7. Panchayati Raj Institutions/Urban Local Bodies
(PRIs/ULBs)
2.1.8. States, Centre and other stake-holders
2.2. Institutional Processes and Framework at State and Central Level
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. National Disaster Management Authority
2.2.3. National Authority
2.2.4. State Authority
 2.2.5. District Authority
2.3. Early Warning System
2.3.1. Understanding Early Warning System
2.3.2. Defining Early Warning System (EWS)
2.3.3. Early Warning Practices and Systems
2.3.4. Key Elements of Early Warning Systems
2.3.5. Essentials of EWS
2.3.6. Community Based Early Warning System
2.3.7. Essential features of Community Based Early Warning
Systems
2.3.8. Cross Cutting Issues
2.4. Advisories from Appropriate Agencies
2.4.1. Institutional Framework
2.4.2. Existing Institutional Arrangements
2.4.3. Other Important Institutional Arrangements
2.4.4. Financial arrangements
2.4.5. Knowledge Dissemination through Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT)

UNIT III
INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISASTERS AND DEVELOPMENT
3.1. Factors affecting
3.1.1. Vulnerabilities
3.1.2. Differential impacts
 3.1.3. Impact of Development projects
3.2. Climate Change Adaptation
3.2.1. Effects of global warming
3.2.2. Methods of adaptation
3.3. IPCC Scenario
3.3.1. Organization
3.3.2. Activities
3.3.3. Special reports
3.3.4. InterAcademy Council review
3.4. Scenarios in the context of India
3.4.1. Impact of Climate Change on Disasters
3.4.2. Impact of Climate Change on Security
3.5. Relevance of indigenous knowledge with appropriate technology
and local resources
3.5.1. Priority Thematic Areas
3.5.2. Climate Change and Food Security
3.5.3. Rural Development
3.5.4. Gender and Inclusion
3.5.5. Action Agenda
3.5.6. Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Kerala, India

UNIT IV
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
4.1. Hazard and Vulnerability profile of India
 4.1.1. Institutional Mechanism at the National Level
4.1.2. Role of Central and State Governments
4.1.3. Approach to Disaster Management
4.1.4. Disaster Management the National Roadmap
4.1.5. Salient features of the National Policy on Disaster
Management
4.1.6. Management Act and a Model State Disaster
Management Act
4.2. Components of Disaster Relief
4.2.1. Disaster Relief
4.2.2. Definition
4.2.3. History
4.2.4. Phases and responses
4.2.5. Recovery
4.2.6. Emergency workers
4.2.7. Organizations
4.2.8. Water
4.2.9. Food
4.2.10. Sanitation
4.2.11. Shelter
4.2.12. Health
4.2.13. Waste Management
4.2.14. Institutional arrangements
4.3. Disaster Management Act and Policy
 4.3.1. Disaster Management Act, 2005
4.3.2. Salient features of the DM Act - NDMA
4.3.3. Salient features of the DM Act - DDMA
4.3.4. Other related policies
4.3.5. National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009
4.3.6. Plans
4.3.7. Programmes
4.3.8. Legislation for Disaster Risk Reduction
4.4. Role of GIS and Information Technology Components in
Preparedness
4.4.1. Terms Defined
4.4.2. General Types of Emergencies
4.4.3. Emergency Management Phases
4.4.4. GIS - Foundation for Emergency Management
4.4.5. Planning
4.4.6. Mitigation
4.4.7. Preparedness
4.4.8. Response
4.4.9. Recovery
4.5. Risk Assessment
4.5.1. Tsunami Risk Assessment
4.5.2. Earthquake
4.5.3. Tsunami
4.5.4. Fire Events
 4.5.5. Nuclear Emergency
4.6. Response
4.6.1. Definition
4.6.2. Common objectives
4.6.3. Disaster response planning
4.6.4. Organizations
4.6.5. Disaster response organizations
4.6.6. Disaster response technologies
4.7. Recovery Phases of Disaster
4.7.1. Search and Rescue
4.7.2. Emergency Relief
4.7.3. Early Recovery
4.7.4. Medium to Long-Term Recovery
4.7.5. Community Development
4.7.6. Disaster Risk Reduction
4.7.7. Environmental Concerns
4.8. Disaster Damage Assessment
4.8.1. Damage Assessment
4.8.2. Introduction disasters affecting the agriculture sector
4.8.3. Purpose of This Guidance Note
4.8.4. Framework in Improving Damage Assessment in the
Agriculture Sector
4.8.5. Other Impacts
4.8.6. Principles of Disaster Damage Assessment
 4.8.7. Steps in Undertaking Post-Disaster Damage and Loss
Assessment in the Agriculture Sector
4.8.8. Analyze the Disaster Impacts Based on the Damages and
Losses
4.8.9. Set the general recovery and reconstruction strategies
for agriculture
4.8.10. Identify the Post-Disaster Needs in the Agriculture Sector

4.8.11. Recovery Needs

4.8.12. Reconstruction Needs
4.8.13. Develop short, medium and long-term projects and
design implementation plan
4.8.14. Future Activities to Further Enhance Damage, Loss and
Needs Assessment

UNIT V
DISASTER MANAGEMENT: APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES AND FIELD
WORKS
5.1. Landslide Hazard Zonation: Case Studies
5.1.1. Introduction
5.1.2. Landslides and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
5.1.3. Study area
5.1.4. History of landslide phenomena in the area
 5.1.5. Geological regime
5.1.6. Quaternary
5.1.7. Hydrological and hydrogeological conditions
5.1.8. Geotechnical conditions
5.1.9. Back analysis
5.1.10. GIS analysis
5.2. Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings and Infrastructure:
Case Studies
5.2.1. Consequences of Earthquakes
5.2.2. Recommendations
5.2.3. Findings
5.3. Drought Assessment: Case Studies
5.3.1. Introduction
5.3.2. Country’s Geographical Profile
5.3.3. Definitions of Drought
5.3.4. Characteristics of Drought
5.3.5. Methodology
5.4. Coastal Flooding: Storm Surge Assessment
5.4.1. Causes
5.4.2. Storms and storm surges
5.4.3. Sea level rise
5.4.4. Tsunami
5.4.5. Preventative Measures
5.4.6. Engineered defences
 5.4.7. Natural defences
5.4.8. Responses
5.4.9. Social and economic impacts
5.4.10. Environmental impacts
5.4.11. Examples of existing coastal flooding issues
5.4.12. Storm surge
5.4.13. Historic storm surges
5.4.14. Mechanics
5.4.15. Extratropical storms
5.4.16. Measuring surge
5.4.17. SLOSH
5.4.18. Mitigation
5.5. Floods - Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding: Case Studies
5.5.1. Fluvial processes
5.5.2. Pluvial
5.6. Forest Fire: Case Studies
5.6.1. Location
5.6.2. Climate
5.6.3. Geomorphology
5.6.4. Soil
5.6.5. Pedogenic soils
5.6.6. Transported soils
5.6.7. Minerals & rocks
5.6.8. Forests
 5.6.9. Demography
5.6.10. Water Resources
5.6.11. Topography
5.6.12. Flora and Fauna
5.6.13. Fauna
5.7. Man Made disasters: Case Studies
5.7.1. Korea: Case Histories
5.7.2. Korea: Improvement Plans
5.7.3. Causes of Man-Made Disasters
5.8. Space Based Inputs for Disaster Mitigation and Management and field
works related to disaster management
5.8.1. Disaster Management
5.8.2. Present SPACE Dataset
5.8.3. Indian Case Studies
5.8.4. Floods
5.8.5. Drought
5.8.6. Landslides
5.8.7. Earthquakes
5.8.8. Forest Fires
5.8.9. Indian Forest Fire Response and Assessment System
5.8.10. Delivery time from acquisition to user