2015 International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (TCTer) : 220-225

Traffic Light Optimization Solutions using Multi­

modal, Distributed and Adaptive Approaches
S.T.Rakkesh, A.Ruvan Weerasinghe, R.A.Charninda Ranasinghe

University orColombo School a/Computing (UCSC),

Colombo, Sri Lanka
titus.rakkesh@dialog.lk
arw@ucsc.cmb.ac.lk
chaminda@ideahub.lk

Abstract - Finding the optimal staging of traffic lights and pollution, accidents, road blockages, economic slumps and
determining the optimal traffic light cycles is one of the crucial parking issues attesting that traffic research area is still open
tasks involved in modelling modern traffic scenarios. In this and need new ventures of solutions to be explored.
paper, we propose two distinct approaches to find optimal
Expanding the infrastructure of urban areas is usually not
traffic light cycles using Multi-agent Systems (MAS) and
possible in most of the cases and hence researchers often
Swarm Intelligence (SI) concepts and compare the efficiency of
these solutions against a default strategy under heterogeneous
agree that optimized staging of traffic lights [I], [2], [3] can

traffic regions using same input parameters. The solutions help to mitigate congestion by enhancing the traffic flow of
obtained are simulated using SUMO (Simulation of Urban vehicles through cities. However, due to the increased
MObility), a well-known microscopic traffic simulator. We number of traffic lights installed in cities already and their
have investigated both approaches with two large and rapid growth, joint programming of cycles becomes more
heterogeneous metropolitan areas with hundreds of traffic complex due to the large number of combinations that can
lights located in the cities of Colombo in Sri Lanka and occur especially in close intersections. This necessitates the
Chennai in India, and our research solutions are shown to
implementation of intelligent systems to optimally program
obtain optimal traffic light cycles in both scenarios. In
the traffic light cycles and their phase durations.
comparison with predefined static cycle programs (using
SUMO's default traffic light cycle generation algorithm), our
solutions achieved quantitative improvements for the two main Solutions to this problem have evolved over time more from
objectives: reducing the waiting time and the journey time of an engineering perspective towards research trends on
vehicles significantly and qualitatively improving smooth constructing automated intelligent solution models [4].
traffic flow over the regions. Accordingly, current research trends in the field of
optimizing traffic control signals can be categorized into two
Keywords - Traffic Simulation, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), main approaches: on the one hand, intelligent models which
Swarm Intelligence (SI)
adapts the cycle programs of traffic lights and alters the
phase durations throughout the day [5], [6], [7] based on

I. INTRODUCTION current traffic demands and tries to eliminate unexpected

Traffic congestion continues to remain a critical problem in
most urban cities around the world, especially in developing
countries. This result in increased delays, driver stress, fuel
consumption, air pollution and road accidents usually with
significant socio economic impacts and
sustainable development. Solutions to this problem have
evolved over the years. Initially, the approach was based on
the construction of alternative road infrastructure
increased capacity. However, available funds and territorial
limitations have proved to be too formidable for continuing
the implementation of such solutions. In parallel, traffic
lights and roundabouts were introduced
intersections, but the growth trends of urban cities now
demand more advanced and efficient alternative measures to
simply augmenting the existing infrastructure.
paved way to numerous unconventional approaches to be
explored by the research community on the field of traffic.
Over the past decade, there has been a rise in the use of
intelligent systems in modelling and enhancing complex
traffic scenarios with the aim of improving traffic flow to
eliminate or reduce congestion.
But still inhabitants of most cities around the world suffer
from the effects of traffic congestion such as delays, air
congestions when vehicles in queues demand dynamic
alterations in the traffic environment and on the other hand,
solution models which find the optimized traffic light cycle
programs based on generated past traffic demand patterns
[8], [9], [10] learned through traffic simulators. Since real
thus impeding
world demand generally tends to repeat traffic flow patterns
(eg. heavy traffic on Friday evenings and low traffic on
weekends in Colombo, Sri Lanka) and the dynamic adaptive
with
models require complex sensor infrastructure deployment
and real time computation resulting in high operational costs,
the later approach is becoming more popular, especially in
developing countries. Traffic simulators are useful tools [II],
in congested
[12], [13] for assisting solution models of both these types,
since do not require repeated real traffic tests involving
significant additional support staff and complex traffic
This has
platform alterations, which in turn would drive costs up and
most of the time may not be feasible to experiment under
varying conditions. In this sense, simulators play a crucial
role in traffic related research works thus providing the
researcher and policy maker with immediate and continuous
source of information. Simulators also facilitate researchers
to experiment with different combinations of repeated trials
before concluding on better solutions. However, in general,
researchers have addressed specific urban areas with few
intersections and a small number of traffic lights and most of

978-1-4673-8270-0/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

S.T.Rakkesh, A.R.Weerasinghe, R.A.C.Ranasinghe 221

the solutions are designed very specific to the traffic regions technology becomes unleashed when several software agents
experimented and cannot be generalized to different regions. are put together to operate on the same execution
Finding solutions using intelligent techniques for large and environment. In this case, the group of agents is usually
heterogeneous scenarios is still an open research area. The conceived as a multi-agent system (MAS) [14], as the
issues need to be addressed become complex due to the successful completion of each individual agent's tasks is
greater number of adjacent intersections and the possible dependent on the decisions and actions of other agents. So,
higher interaction combinations between multiple traffic in multi-agent systems, agents are designed to coordinate
lights in any region of practical importance such as a their activities so as to avoid negative interactions with their
metropolitan area of a city. acquaintances and to exploit synergic potentials. Traffic
management issue itself a distributed problem. Thus the
excellent inspiration of decentralized coordination, self­
organizing and autonomy makes multi-agent system as a
viable candidate for traffic solution models. So in our
proposed solution under category one, we have used multi­
agent system based approach to dynamically control traffic
light cycle programs adapt to different congestion levels
reducing waiting time and the journey time of vehicles and
enhancing even traffic flow in the experimented research
scenarios. Traffic density detectors were placed in the
simulation environment as data collection agents and traffic
lights agents introduced as core goal driven agents
conceptualizing a multi-agent model and the solution was
implemented using JADE [17], SUMO [11] and utility
technologies [16][22].

N Eb« .t"Tr>1ll: Ucm' ,

..
u:tbmbl:ll�1 L.. I'II;.:.1 6 5·
Cln.:r-,ml(b!i� �7

Fig 2. Depicting initial input parameters for the two research scenarios.

Fig.l. Preparation of regional sample scenarios for research study -

Colombo, Sri Lanka and Chennai, India. Selected the area of interest from
Google Earth (A) and extracted the selected boundary area from the
OpenStreetMap (B) and then generated SUMO network (C) for simulation
purposes.

With all these positive motivations, we have proposed two

solutions each from both approaches, based on Multi-Agent
Systems (MAS) [14] concept under the first category and
using Swarm Intelligence (SI) [15] concept under the second Fig 3. Depicting "detector agents" placed in the simulation environment
near an intersection of our selected research region in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
category to find optimized traffic light cycle programs with
assistance of SUMO (Simulator of Urban MObility) [11].
B. Swarm Intelligence (Sf)
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In
section II, a review of the concepts used is presented. In Swarm intelligence (SI) [15] is an innovative distributed

section III, methodology and the experimental setup for our intelligent paradigm for solving optimization problems

proposed solutions are described. Section IV present the which originally took its inspiration from the biological

discussion of results obtained. Conclusions and future work samples of swarming, flocking and herding phenomena in

are given in Section V. animals. Swarm intelligence idea emerged from swarming
behavioural patterns observed in flocks of birds, schools of
II. BACKROUND STUDY fish, swarms of bees and even human social behaviour.
In this section, the basic concepts of multi-agent systems Particle swarm optimization (PSO) [18] is a population
(the core of our solver technique under the first approach), based stochastic optimization technique, which could be
swarm intelligence (the core of our solver technique under implemented and applied easily to solve various functional
the second approach) and the SUMO simulator (simulation optimization problems, or the problems that can be
tool involved in the experiments of solutions) are briefly transformed into functional optimization problems. Under
explained. the second category, we have proposed a new PSO approach
capable of obtaining efficient traffic light cycle programs for
A. Multi-agent Systems (MAS) generated past traffic patterns learned through the simulation
environment. Particle swarm optimization is a popular
The notion of software agents has become increasingly algorithm shown to perform fast convergence and this is a
popular over the last decade. The real potential of this highly desirable feature for an optimal traffic light cycle

20IS International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (TCTer) 24th & 2Stl, August 20lS
222 Traffic Light Optimization Solutions using Multi-modal, Distributed and Adaptive Approaches

finding solution model, where new immediate traffic light railway lines, traffic light locations, buildings, roundabouts,
schedules are required to address updated events occurring etc. These two scenarios were taken for the experiment,
in traffic environment In our solution the optimization since they constitute quite different urban areas with
strategy is composed of an optimization algorithm and a heterogeneous structures and traffic organization. We have
simulation procedure, The optimization segment is carried converted the extracted OpenStreetMaps to SUMO format
out by means of the particle swarm optimizer algorithm and introduced sample vehicles circulating and created
which has been specially designed to find optimal cycle traffic demand by assigning randomly generated routes using
programs by initialization method, solution encoding, fitness SUMO's random route generator module and provisioned
function, velocity calculation and global optimization initial traffic light logic with SUMO's default traffic light
process, The simulation procedure is the way of repeatedly cycle generator to prepare the preliminary experimental
assigning better quantitative fitness value to the solution, setups. Additionally, in order to obtain generalized
thus leading to optimized cycle programs tailored towards a concluding results, both scenarios were distinguished
learned traffic scenario instance, Our solution model was significantly by incorporating different numbers of vehicles
implemented using MALLBA [19] and SUMO [Ill moving through the streets with different numbers of traffic
lights operating within the regions. In Fig. 1, the selected
C Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) areas of the two cities are shown with their corresponding
capture views of Google Earth, OpenStreetMap and SUMO.
Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) [11], is a well­ And Fig. 2 depicts the initial input parameters for the two
known traffic simulator that provides an open source, highly scenarios.
portable, and microscopic road traffic simulation tool and
skilful in handling large traffic scenarios. SUMO requires B. Implementation Details
several input files that contain information about the traffic
1) Category One (Dynamic traffic light optimization
scenario and capable of generating various output files
model during the actual traffic flow): We have formulated
which can be used to analyse and compare results and
the solution model for this category based on Multi-Agent
helpful in generating visual graphical illustrations. SUMO
Systems (MAS) concepts. In our solution model, we have
can hold the information about the experimented traffic
introduced traffic light agents to be the core agents, as they
region in a "network" file using nodes, edges, and
need to communicate with the traffic environment and other
connections between them. This network file can be
supporting agents. We have also modelled data collection
generated by importing a map from popular digital mapping
agents - specifically called as 'detector' agents (Depicted in
software like OpenStreetMap [20] or another traffic
Fig 3) to collect various required information from the
management software like PTV-VISUM [21] and converted
environment to assist traffic light agents to make the
to a valid SUMO network. The "routes" file in SUMO is the
decisions. It is necessary to have vehicles circulating in the
traffic demand definition file which contains the information
environment in order to experiment with the solution model,
of all the edges (streets and lanes) each individual vehicle
but these vehicles are not modelled as agents. If we model
will pass through as route definitions. SUMO provides the
vehicles as agents, it would be computationally very
feature of extensibility by providing means of adding
expensive to simulate a huge quantity of vehicles, each one
"additional" files. These additional files can be used to
with driver's decision making and other cogmtlve
define traffic light cycles, define vehicle paths or to generate
behavioural aspects. In a real traffic environment, our
various output files contallllllg different statistical
solution model can be implemented using sensors and
information. SUMO already incorporates a default algorithm
network topologies facilitating communication between
for generating static cycle programs and phase durations for
components. But in order to experiment and analyse
traffic lights and we will be using this to compare with our
different combinations of optimization concepts, we have
both solutions derived results.
chosen the microscopic simulation environment SUMO for
the trial purposes and have used popular multi-agent system
III. EXPERIMENT AL SETUP
framework JADE to implement agent behaviours and actions.
Thus our solution is implemented in three layer architectural
In this section we present the experimental setup we
design - strategic layer is implemented using JADE which
followed to assess the performance of both our solution
includes agents responsible for core decision making and
models and how comparison results were analysed to derive
operational layer using SUMO responsible for infrastructure
conclusions. First, we describe how the two regional traffic
management and traffic flow and tactical layer using utility
scenarios were formulated specifically for this work. Later,
technologies for bridging both SUMO and JADE. The
the implementation details and input parameters for our
communication between the constituents is visually
solutions and how the results comparison was made against
represented using a components diagram in fig 4.
the already available SUMO's default strategy were
explained in detail.

A. Research Scenarios

We have generated two research scenarios by extracting

actual information from OpenStreetMap - a popular open
source digital map. These two scenarios are physically
located in the cities of Colombo in Sri Lanka and Chennai in
India, and include highways, streets, lanes, intersections,

24'h& 25th August 2015 2015 International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer)
S.T.Rakkesh, A.R.Weerasinghe, R.A.C.Ranasinghe 223

I
regional scenarios with exact initial configurations to help us
in comparing and analysing the results. Fig 5 depicts the

[' ':.: : :
--
.
. :
.

--- ..
'
basic pseudo code for the algorithm we have used to find the
optimized traffic light cycles.

I -=:::.:.!t.. I�

IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

t
",,".!:I'- '.'''' �.
.
:
� • ...&. MM. .......... . .......

-' ------ The results and the analyses of them are presented in this
section. First, we study the performance of our solution
Fig 4. Three layer architecture design of our MAS based solution.
models in comparison with the default SUMO cycle
programs generator (SCPG) obtained traffic light cycle
In our solution model, traffic light agents are defined as core performance, and our solution models ability to generate
goal driven agents which are responsible for traffic light more optimized cycle programs for the two different regions
semaphore plans characterized by sequence of phases. Each we have experimented. For analysis purpose, we have
phase has duration and a colour scheme (green, yellow and concentrated on the trip duration and waiting times of
red), whose values correspond to every possible maneuver at vehicles for the completed trips during the simulation
the intersection. A traffic light cycle is the execution of the window of 3000 simulation steps. The following are the
phase sequences and has an execution period equal to the brief description of these comparison attributes.
sum of the durations of the phases. At the same time, these
cycle programs have to coordinate traffic lights in adjacent • Trip duration - The time the vehicle needed to
intersections with the aim of improving the global flow of accomplish the destination (Measured in simulation
vehicles circulating adhering to traffic regulations imposed step units)
in the traffic region. In this context, our objective is to find • Waiting Time - The number of micro step units in
optimized cycle programs locally for all the traffic lights which the vehicle speed was below 0.1 m/s. (In our
located in our research scenarios converging with the global simulation, the number of total micro step units are
optimization. In order to obtain this local and global 30000, which is derived by splitting each
optimization effect we have instigated a learning algorithm simulation step unit by 10.)
which incorporates optimization process through
reinforcement learning.
·Trlp dur;rllo:fi

2) Category Two (Traffic light optimization model .!Xfl

through {eeding o{ past generated traffic patterns): We have g :':�IJoJ

�l�·�-----­
tl �J))

=� �ii�
formulated the solution model for this category based on

�������
tLi.:!
Swarm Intelligence (SI) concepts. In this solution model, we
� �ff!n1iH §!�g
�
employ a particle swarm optimizer algorithm to find optimal
cycle programs for traffic lights and the experiments were
carried out using SUMO traffic simulator environment.
According to the solution model, the pre-generated traffic

I
data will be fed to the solver and the optimized traffic light � � ------

1 1 �: .!..I---------------
:.o.:,.:.U
� �'II
. K:
cycle programs will be derived as a result. ;OC�

a!�D

: ! ]�: I���������
-------­

!'..;...: u¢:i 1?t�� .· 1"'9J:"�oi'I=Il �n_.':J.L D "F1U:�I:a.1

•.
liI-.w::il
i'
", """
1'1 .. IL�' � ' IL·"I. : II I " t.i� . 11,' . . ,"1 .. 1" l il ..s " . .... ,1 •• ,

L
J:£ Uti :!':1'b1 •• .......... .:.I. u 14":I"A% i::t&n ttHI 'b;.lt. fib,. .. ..-.1..... (J{HII!:.l .b t�.� .... !:.:I� � � '" B; ;::: ::j � � r':. ii1
1Ij,r.llf.l.n t,lU.lo,wL ,illAI.: u. IJI'J n,. r.au ..... -:"1 "' ... ,-. '" 'lI: ':1 =i � !::: �
ih1=M i:h1 l-UtlnL.!! wt:l! :h. .... h,1It. UI'.n.HI .... , N'I l.n I:.hri :'I ili'lbTriu.it

-= � � t.. � .. Lo.:.J ... '.>oiI'!...:.:..::.- i....... if +1iL.U.i.i �i!

� ;ts:-:..J..::J..t: J«1l.t:!U1 a..-': : -n1I.::I iI" .. �tbn (!:: 'I
IIlu..!... I • . �.T-!. ."j. ('ir _ " T r� [.l t.['l11 It 117: �1,rv.I ""·1
r ..... du",'I�n
�I .--- ------
Uri! ...----
\'1 1 ·- 'I'll ' L K IO I I I IL'!DHoLII "" ,s:t."XI HIUII! _. � I i:i.uhl • �ir.1 1 j.I.i: ":':' l lll ---- �...tl .: �X1 .
!�;:
L ""
. ,, "u... . HI ••• " ..... , n .. .-11 --�--�---------- "" - ..... ".: :; '"011 lL_______________

� )�OO ;--- ! J""<J

-------

'"'''' /-----r----­ � JIlXl ---,...--..,----

I' .�,
Fig S. Pseudo code for the PSO algorithm used in the solution model. a ������ �
� ��
� �
As previously stated, in real world traffic flow patterns
generally tends to repeat and to have a traffic pattern
demonstrated during different days of the week and
particular time periods. Hence, these kinds of solution Fig 6
models could be well appreciated in developing countries I. AI, A2 depicts the vehicles trip duration with the SUMO's default
like Sri Lanka, since the implementation and use of these traffic light cycle generator for Colombo and Chennai respectively.
solution models in real traffic scenarios does not require 2. BI, B2 depicts the vehicles trip duration with our Multi-Agent
expensive infrastructure deployments or expert professional Systems (MAS) solution model for Colombo and Chennai
respectively.
staff assignment for maintenance. This economic advantage
3. Cl, C2 depicts the vehicles trip duration with our Swarm Intelligence
motivated us towards deriving this solution model. To
(SI) solution model for Colombo and Chennai respectively.
experiment our solution model, we have used the same two

20IS International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (TCTer) 24'" & 2Stl, August 20lS
224 Traffic Light Optimization Solutions using Multi-modal, Distributed and Adaptive Approaches

Fig 6 and Fig 7 visually depicts the comparison between

both our solution models against SUMO's default cycle
programs generator (SCPG) obtained traffic light cycle
programs using trip duration and waiting time as comparison
metrics,

Accordance with our analysis results, in comparison with

explicitly defined static cycle programs (Using SUMO's
default traffic light cycle generation), our both approaches
achieved quantitative improvements for the two main
objectives: reduction in the waiting time and journey time
of vehicles. The results graphs depicted clearly shows
improvements by displaying normalized patterns of
eliminating the spikes occurred under the default strategy.

Fig 8 and Fig 9 visually depicts the general vehicle flow in

selected junctions from both regional scenarios during the
simulations. The screen shots were taken with same
simulation step for the default strategy and for our both
solutions under the two study regions. Based on the
depiction, we can clearly see that the vehicle flows are better
evenly distributed in our solutions than in the default
strategy. Fig 8 - A, B and C depicts the general vehicle tlow near Dudley Senanayake
Mawatha, Colombo with the SUMO's default traffic light cycle generator,
our Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) approach and Swarm Intelligence (SI)
��Ine TI"'"lin OV"�'6"'M1>� approach respectively.
1''''' ------

.-c :�:.w
�
-,;:L ....... ----

'� "''''

, -------��=��-- ,

! IOC;c.
�
t-------­
�::L
� 1�>O

�ro r--- :: � Jo..'

o
P:-' ....
, ;;.; :: ':: -::: �:
'7 .11
.� :::;
0%
� � ::! � ::
g ::!
2'1 ::::
:!:i
r:l\ �riHt Tl1 �

""',,j'ins T I.. "Dn ''''i�I>e;<J,.n.)

,.,rrn ------- ,�,.-----
� 1l[{(I � trait) t------­

f: �----',I,----r-.-'---
--------­

;;
:! '01(<» --------­

� ;roo -,-,,--.,,-,-,....,.---

o ,i. L
,�. ..I
,

Fig 7

1. AI, A2 depicts the vehicles waiting time duration with the SUMO's
default traffic light cycle generator for Colombo and Chennai
respectively,
2. BI, B2 depicts the vehicles waiting time duration with our Multi­
Agent Systems (MAS) solution model for Colombo and Chennai
Fig 9 - A, B and C depicts the general vehicle tlow near Rajah Mutiah
respectively,
Road, Chennai with the SUMO's default traffic light cycle generator, our
3. CI, C2 depicts the vehicles waiting time duration with our Swarm
Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) approach and Swarm Intelligence(SI)
Intelligence (SI) solution model for Colombo and Chennai approach respectively.
respectively.

24'h& 25th August 2015 2015 International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer)
S.T.Rakkesh, A.R.Weerasinghe, R.A.C.Ranasinghe 225

v. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have proposed two solution models based
on Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) concepts and
Intelligence (SI) concepts that can find optimized traffic
light cycle programs. For the experimental purpose, we have
used SUMO, a microscopic traffic simulator and scenarios
evaluated with two extensive and heterogeneous
metropolitan areas located in the cities of Colombo in Sri
Lanka and Chennai in India. Based on our analysis results,
in comparison with explicitly defined static cycle programs
(Using SUMO's default traffic light cycle generator), we can
conclude that both our approaches achieved quantitative
improvements for the two main objectives: reducing the
waiting time and journey time of vehicles significantly and
qualitative improvement of smooth traffic flow over the
experimented traffic regions. However,
improvements can be identified for future work in our
solution models. In this paper the accidents and unexpected
road blocks are not taken into consideration explicitly. For
example, in real traffic scenario road blocks and accidents
can occur and the vehicles should be re-routed efficiently in
order to ensure proper traffic flow. In future we will be
focusing on how traffic light cycle programs can adapt when
an unexpected event like accident happens and how vehicle
re-routing can be coordinated in the traffic environment.
[9] Garcia-Nieto, Jose, Ana Carolina Olivera, and Enrique Alba. "Optimal
cycle program of traffic lights with particle swarm optimization."
Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on 17.6 (2013): 823-839.
Swarm
[10] K. N. Hewage and 1. Y. Ruwanpura, "Optimization of traflic signal
light timing using simulation," in WSC '04: Proceedings of the 36th
conference on Winter simulation. Winter Simulation Conference, 2004, pp.
1428-1436.
[II] D. Krajzewicz, M. Bonert, and P. Wagner, "The open source traffic
simulation package SUMO," RoboCup 2006 Infrastructure Simulation
Competition, 2006.
[l2] Balmer, M., Nagel, K., and Raney, B. Large-scale multi-agent
simulations for transportation applications. Journal of Intelligent
Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations 8, 4 (2004),
205-221.
[13] Silva, B. C. d., Junges, R., Oliveira, D., and Bazzan, A. L. C. ITSUMO:
further an intelligent transportation system for urban mobility. In Proceedings of
the 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and
Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2006) - Demonstration Track (May 2006), P.
Stone and G. Weiss, Eds., ACM Press, pp. 1471-1472.
[14] Van Der Hoek, Wiebe, and Michael Wooldridge. "Multi-agent
systems." Foundations of Artificial Intelligence 3 (2008): 887-928.
[IS] Blum, Christian, and Xiaodong Li. Swarm intelligence in optimization.
Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.
[16] Krumnow, Mario. "Sumo as a Service-Building up a Web Service to
Interact with SUMO." Simulation of Urban Mobility. Springer Berlin
Heidelberg, 2014. 62-70.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [17] Bellifemine, Fabio, et al. "Java Agent Development Framework."

I greatly acknowledge invaluable suggestions and comments by Dr
Ruvan Weerasinghe and Dr. Chaminda Ranasinghe on the course
of this work. Both of them have encouraged me a lot during my
studies and provided expert guidance whenever needed.
REFERENCES
[I] de Oliveira, Michel BW, and Areolino de Almeida Neto. "Optimization
of traffic lights timing based on Artificial Neural Networks." Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2014 IEEE 17th International Conference
on. IEEE, 2014
[2] Pescaru, Dan, and Daniel-loan Curiac. "Ensemble based traffic light
control for city zones using a reduced number of sensors." Transportation
Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 46 (2014): 261-273.
[3] Sattari, Mohammad Reza Jabbarpour, et a!. "A dynamic vehicular traffic
control using ant colony and traffic light optimization." Advances in
Systems Science. Springer International Publishing, 2014. 57-66.
[4] Bazzan, Ana LC, and Franziska Kliig!. "A review on agent-based
technology for traffic and transportation." The Knowledge Engineering
Review 29.03 (2014): 375-403.
TTLAB Italia, status 10 (2002): 2002.
[l8] Kennedy, James. "Particle swarm optimization." Encyclopedia of
Machine Learning. Springer US, 2010. 760-766.
[l9] E. Alba, G. Luque, 1. Garc'la-Nieto, G. Ordonez, and G. Leguizam�on,
"Mallba: a software library to design efficient optimisation algorithms,"
International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications 2007
(urCA), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 74-85, 2007.
[20] M. Haklay and P. Weber, "OpenStreetMap: User-Generated Street
Maps," IEEE Pervasive Computing, vo!' 7, pp. 12-18, 2008.
[21] AG, Planung Transport Verkehr. "VISUM User Manua!." 2012-01-05].
information/manage/UNCCEditor/uploadfile/20081105144806983.pdf
(2006).
[22]Timoteo, I.1.P.M., Araujo, M.R., Rossetti, R.I.F., Oliveira, E.C.
TraSMAPI: An API Oriented Towards Multi-Agent Systems Real Time
Interaction with Multiple Traffic Simulators. In Proceedings of the 13th
International IEEE Annual Conference on Intelligent Transportation
Systems. pp. 1183-1188 (2010)

[5] Adam, L, et al. "Adaptive fuzzy logic traffic light management system."
Engineering Technology and Technopreneuship (TCE2T), 2014 4th
International Conference on. IEEE, 2014.

[6] Pescaru, Dan, and Daniel-loan Curiac. "Ensemble based traffic light
control for city zones using a reduced number of sensors." Transportation
Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 46 (2014): 261-273.

[7] McKenney, Dave, and Tony White. "Distributed and adaptive traffic
signal control within a realistic traffic simulation." Engineering
Applications of Artificial Intelligence 26.1 (2013): 574-583.

[8] Abushehab, Rami K., Baker K. Abdalhaq, and Badie Sartawi. "Genetic
vs. particle swarm optimization techniques for traffic light signals timing."
Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), 2014 6th
International Conference on. IEEE, 2014.

20IS International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (TCTer) 24th & 25tl' August 2015