VGSC221 Practical Manual

PRACTICAL MANUAL
on
Temperate vegetables, Potato and Tuber crops
Course No: VGSC-2.2.1
Course in-charge
Dr. P.SYAM SUNDAR REDDY
Asst. Prof. (Horticulture)
Dr.Y.S.R. HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

College of Horticulture
Anantharajupet: YSR Dist. 516105
Dr. Y. S. R. HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
College of Horticulture
ANANTHARAJUPET::YSR DIST. 516105
Certificate
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the work done in practical during
the First Semester of 2016-17 (year) of 2nd B.Sc., (Hons.) Horticulture.
Name of the Student: ________________________________________
I. D. No. : _____________________________
Class : 2nd B.Sc.,(Hons.) Horticulture
Course No. : VGSC-2.2.1 (Temperate vegetables, Potato and Tuber crops)
Course In-charge
INDEX
S.No Title of the Experiment Date of Date of Signature of

Performing Submission the course-in-
charge
Preparation of nursery beds and
1 rising of nurseries for temperate
vegetables.
Identification and description of
2
Cabbage and Cauliflower varieties
3 Knol-khol, Brussels sprouts and
Sprouting broccoli varieties.
Transplanting of vegetable
4
seedlings to the main field
5
Root crop varieties
6 Visit to the farmer’s field

7
Potato varieties
8
Bulb crop varieties.
9 Visit to vegetable research station.

10
Pea varieties.
11
Tuber crop varieties.
Calculation of cost of cultivation
12 for important temperate vegetable
crops
Nutrient deficiencies and
13 physiological disorders in
temperate vegetable crops
Maturity standards and harvesting
14
in temperate vegetable crops
15 Packaging and storage of bulbs
and tuber crops
16 Visit to local vegetable markets
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3
Ex.No.1 Date:
PREPARATION OF NURSERY BEDS AND RISING OF NURSERIES FOR

TEMPERATE VEGETABLES.
Nursery:
Nursery is a place where seedlings, cuttings and grafts are raised with care before
transplanting. Depending on the method of cultivation, vegetable crops can be grouped
into three types 1. Direct sown 2. Transplanted 3. Vegetatively propagated vegetables.
For transplanted vegetables, rising of nursery is an important operation.
Advantages of raising seedlings in nursery:

1. It is very convenient to look after the tender seedlings.
2. It is easy to protect the seedlings from pests and diseases
3. Economy of land usage (duration in the main field is reduced)
4. Valuable and very small seeds can be raised effectively without any wastage.
5. Uniform crop stand in the main field can be maintained by selecting healthy,
uniform and vigorous seedlings in the nursery itself.
Preparation of nursery beds:

Selection of site:
1. The nursery area should be nearer to the water source.
2. Generally, the location should be partially shaded ie. under the trees. If not, artificial
shade to be provided.
3. It should be well protected from animals.
4. Proper drainage facilities should be provided.
Selection of soil:
1. A medium textured, loam (or) sandy loam soil is preferred.
2. Soil should be rich in organic matter.
3. Soil depth should be preferably 15-25 cm.
Selected soil should be worked well to break the clods and weeds, stones and
stubbles should be removed. Height of the raised bed should be 10-15 cm with a width of
1 m and length may be according to the requirement and convenience. Two parts of fine
red earth, one part of sand and one part of FYM can be incorporated to each bed to
improve aeration and fertility of the soil. Before preparing the bed, the soil should be
drenched with 4% formaldehyde or 0.3% copper oxychloride to kill the pathogenic spores
in the soil. Nowadays solarisation of nursery bed with white polythene sheet can check the
nematode infection and weed growth.
Advantages of raised nursery bed:

• Water movement will be uniform and drainage of excess water is possible
(In the case of flat bed, water moves from one end to the other and there is possibility
of washing away of seeds).
• Germination percentage of seeds is normally high.
• Operations like weeding and plant protection measures are easy.
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1
Seed treatment:
The seeds should be treated with Captan or Thiram 2g or carbendazim one g or
Trichoderma viride 4 g per kg of seed 24 hours before sowing to control the seed borne
pathogens. Microorganism inoculants like Azospirillum and phosphobacteria can be mixed
with rice gruel @ 250 ml per packet of Azospirillum or phosphobacteria and dried under
shade before sowing. Normally two packets (400 g) are needed for treating the seeds
required for one hectare. These inoculants are helpful in getting healthy vigorous seedlings
in the nursery itself so that the correct population can be maintained in the main field.
Sowing of seeds:
The surface of the bed should be prepared well mixed with well decomposed FYM
or compost and leveled by using a wooden plank. Straight lines are drawn at a spacing of
10 cm to a depth of 1-2 cm. Seeds are sown in the lines and covered with sand or fine soil
or powdered FYM. Line sowing of seeds facilitates easy weeding, and removal of disease
infected seedlings. Depth of sowing determines the rate of emergence. If it is too shallow
the seeds come up and dry out early. If it is two deep, the seedling emergence is much
delayed. So, a thumb rule is followed. Sow the seeds approximately at a depth of 3-4 times
the diameter of the seed.
After sowing the seeds, the bed is covered with paddy straw and watered by using
a rose can so as to avoid packing of the soil and washing away of seeds. Watering should
be done twice daily till the seeds germinate. The straw cover should be removed after
germination and watering once a day will be sufficient. A week before transplanting, the
seedlings should be exposed to full sunlight and the number of watering should be
reduced, so that the seedlings become hardy to bear the shock of transplanting in the main
field.
Types of nursery
• Temporary nursery: It consists of raised nursery beds. It can be changed from one
place to another, depending on needs.
• Permanent nursery: Side walls with drainage holes are constructed with concrete
to a height of 75 cm. Seeds are sown in soil inside the concrete structure. After
removal of each batch of seedlings, the soil is enriched with manures.
Pest and disease management in nursery
Pests: There are two types of pests, which normally attack the nursery plants.
1. Sucking pests – Aphids, white flies, thrips etc.
2. Biting (or) chewing pests – Beetles, grasshoppers, leaf eating caterpillars etc.
Apart from causing damage to the seedlings, the sucking pests also act as vectors for
transmitting some of the viral diseases even in the nursery stage itself.
Eg. Aphids spread mosaic disease in chillies
Thrips act as vector for leaf curl virus disease in chillies and spotted wilt
virus disease in tomato.
Control :
• Application of systemic insecticides like Methyl demeton or Dimethoate @ 1 ml/L
of water by using a hand operated sprayer.
• Application of carbofuran @ 10g/sq.m 10 days before pulling of seedlings will
also control the sucking pests in the nursery and at the early stages in the
mainfield.
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2
Diseases
Damping off (Pythium spp., Phytophthora, spp. Rizoctonia spp.)
Seedlings of cabbage, and cauliflower are highly affected by this disease. Water logging
with poor drainage leads to infection. The disease affects the seedlings in two ways.
• Affected seeds get decayed inside the soil resulting in failure of germination.
• After germination, the fungi attack the seedlings in the collar region. The tissues
will become soft and succulent. In advanced stages, the seedlings become lodged
and get decayed.
Control:
• Raising seedlings in raised beds with good drainage facility reduces the infection.
• Addition of organic matter improves the soil texture and soil aeration.
• Avoiding thick sowing of seeds in beds.
• Periodical changing of nursery sites.
• Treating the seeds with Captan or Thiram @ 2g or Carbendazim @ 1g/kg or
Trichodama viride @ 4g of seeds before sowing can reduce the infection.
• Drenching the nursery bed once or twice with bordeaux mixture 1% or copper
oxychloride 0.3% can also reduce the infection.
Nematodes
Root knot and lesion nematodes commonly infect the seedlings. Before sowing the
seeds, carbofuran @ 10 g/sq.m should be incorporated in the soil and watered regularly.
Ants:
Application of Lindane 1.3% dust at the rate of 100 g/bed on all sides to protect the
seeds from ants.
HARDENING OF SEEDLINGS:
Hardening of seedlings before transplanting is necessary for proper establishment
in the main field and to resist the transplanting shock. The watering is reduced at least
7-10 days prior to the picking of seedlings. They should be exposed completely to full sun
light which results in the hardening of tissues. This enables the plant to withstand
unfavorable climatic conditions like high temperature, cold temperature, drought etc.
Assignment:
1. Draw a neat lay out of Nursery and main field of student’s practical vegetable plots
duly depicting the following.
a. Crops allocated to students in the main field

b. Irrigation channels
c. North-South-East-West directions
d. Bunds
e. Nursery beds and main plots with crops allocated to the students
f. Measurements (L X B)
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3
Ex.No.2 Date:
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CAULIFLOWER AND CABBAGE

VARIETIES
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
Two separate groups of cauliflower are grown in India namely, Indian or tropical
cauliflower and annual temperate or snowball groups.
Indian or tropical cauliflowers:
These are adaptive to hot weather and high rainfall condition. They generally form
curd and mature at average daily temperature around 20°C and above. The typical Indian
cauliflowers were developed as the result of inter-crossings between the introduced
cultivars of Cornish and other European types (Roscoff, Italian, Angers, etc.) and
subsequent selections by local growers of North Indian plains for early maturity and wider
adaptability to hot and humid weather conditions during long period of more than hundred
years.
General characters of Indian cauliflowers
These are long stalked plants with broadly wavy and loosely arranged leaves
producing highly flavored, flat to semi-spherical, uneven and some what loose and yellow
to cream coloured curds. Most of the curd and leaf characters are typical of Cornish, while
some leaf and curd characters can also be traced to Roscoff and Italian group of European
cauliflower.
Annual temperate or snowball cauliflower:
These are not adaptive to hot weather and high temperature condition. They
generally form curd within the temperature range of 10°C and 16°C. This group shows
similarities with Erfurt and Alpha types of cauliflowers from Germany, Netherlands types
(European summer group) and Italian types (autumn).
General characters of snowball Cauliflower:
These are dwarf plants with dark green, wavy, short, erect (sometimes spreading)
leaves producing solid, very deep, knobby, bright white, less flavoured and high quality
curds which are generally less sensitive to riceyness..
Varietal description
Cauliflower varieties are described under four maturity groups according to their
temperature requirement and time of curd maturity in North Indian condition.
• Cultivars of Maturity group I and II belong to typical Indian cauliflower group
• Cultivars of Maturity group III (mid-late) though are inclined to this group yet do
not show all the group characters.
• Cultivars of Maturity group IV (late) come under this group in strict sense.
Indian cauliflower group:
Maturity Group I: It contains Maturity Group I A, Maturity Group I B
Maturity Group I A:
Features: Curd maturity September-November, Temperature requirement for curd
initiation and proper development at 20-270C
Early Kanwari:
Very early variety developed at Ludhiana through population improvement of
locally adapted cultivars. It is suitable for growing in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh
and Delhi. Leaves are bluish-green with waxy bloom and wavy margin. Curds are small,
white, semi-spherical, not very compact and with even surface. It is sensitive to riceyness.
Average yield is 10-15 t/ha.
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4
Synthetic 78-1:
A synthetic variety developed at Pantnagar which matures within mid-October.
Leaves are green, waxy and spreading. Curds are compact, semi-spherical, yellowish and
free from riceyness. Average yield is 12-15 t/ha.
Pusa Early Synthetic:
Developed at IARI through synthesizing 6 inbred lines. Curds become ready by the
end of September. Plants are erect with bluish-green leaves. Curds are small to medium in
size, flat, creamy white and compact. It can tolerate riceyness. Average yield is 12 t/ha.
Pant Gobi-3:
A synthetic variety developed at Pantnagar University through combining 8 inbred
lines. Curds become ready by middle of October. Plants have long stalk with sparse, semi-
erect leaves. Curds are hemi-spherical, creamy white, medium compact and non-ricey in
nature. Average yield is 12 t/ha.
Maturity Group I B:
Features: Curd maturity Mid-October-Mid-November, Temperature requirement for
curd initiation and proper development 20-250C
Pusa Katki:
Developed at IARI through mass selection from locally adapted cultivars. Curds
mature within mid-November. Plants are medium sized with bluish-green leaves. Curds
are medium sized, compact and white. Average yield is 15 t/ha.
Pusa Deepali:
Developed at IARI through inbreeding and selection from a genetic stock from
Punjab. Initially it was inbred for two generations and then maintained by mix pollination.
Plants are medium tall of erect habit with 26-30 erect, green and waxy leaves having
round apex. Curds are round, white to creamy white, compact; medium sized weighing
500-700 g and self-blanching in nature. It is highly tolerant to riceyness, fuzziness and
leafiness when grown in proper climatic condition. Average yield is 15 t/ha.
Plant Gobi-2:
Developed at Pantnagar through population improvement of locally adapted
cultivar. Curds become available in late October in the plains. Curds are medium in size,
compact and yellowish in colour. Average yield is 10 t/ha.
Maturity Group II (Mid-Early):

Features: Curd maturity Mid-November-Mid-November, Temperature requirement for
curd initiation and proper development at 16-200C.
Improved Japanese:
An introduction from Israel and released from IARI for cultivation in the Indo-
Gangetic plains. Plants are erect with narrow bluish-green leaves. Curds are medium sized,
compact and white. Average yield is 20 t/ha.
Pant Shubra:
Developed at Pantnagar through population improvement over locally adapted
cultivars. Outer leaves are semi-erect while inner leaves partially cover the curd. Curds are
compact, slightly conical, non-ricey and slightly creamy-white in colour. Average yield is
20 t/ha.
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5
Pant Gobi-4:
This variety of November maturity has been developed at Pantnagar through
simple recurrent selection from a local variety (Aghani). Plants have medium long stem
and sparse semi-erect leaves. Curds are hemi-spherical, medium sized, creamish white,
compact and non-ricey. Average yield is 14 t/ha.
Pusa Sharad:
Developed at IARI through line breeding from locally adapted cultivars. Plants are
semi-erect and open type with small stalk. Leaves are glabrous, bluish-green, long with
narrow apex and oblong petiole, waxy margin, prominent midrib and ear like lobe at the
base of lamina. Curds are retentive white, knobby, very compact, semi-dome shaped and
about 0.750 to 1.0 kg in weight. Average yield is 24 t/ha.
Pusa Hybrid-2:
The Fl hybrid developed at IARI involving self-incompatible lines. Plants are
semi-erect with bluish green upright leaves. Curds are creamy white, very compact
weighing 900 g. It is tolerant to downey mildew. Average yield is 23 t/ha.
Maturity Group III (Mid-Late):Annual temperate or snowball cauliflower
Features: Curd maturity Mid-December-Mid-January, Temperature requirement for

curd initiation and proper development 12-160C
D-96:
An introduced cultivar from Israel performs well in December-January. Curds are
white, compact and medium in size. However, this cultivar is susceptible to many
diseases. Average yield is 20 t/ha.
Pusa Synthetic:
Developed at IARI through synthesizing 7 inbred lines having good general
combining ability. Plants are erect, 70-90 cm tall, very vigorous, narrow to medium
framed with 22-26 bluish-green leaves. Curds are creamy white to white, compact, fine
textured and somewhat self-blanching in nature. It produces seeds in the Northern plains.
Average yield is 22 t/ha.
Pusa Shubhra:
Developed at IARI through population improvement from the hybrid population of
a triple cross, MG 2-3 (a line of Indian cauliflower highly resistant to black rot and curd
blight), 15-1-1(a line having acceptable curd quality) and D-96. Plants are tall with long
stalk with light bluish-green leaves twisting backwards from the middle. Curds are
medium sized, flat, compact, white, weighing 700-800 g and having tendency to go loose.
It is field tolerant to black rot and curd blight diseases. Average yield is 25 t/ha.
Pusa Himjyoti:
Developed at Katrain through population improvement of local cultivars. Leaves
are erect, bluish-green with a waxy coating, covering the curd tightly. Curds are pure
white which is retained even after exposure, solid and medium in size weighing
500-600 g. This variety is highly suitable for April-July growing in the hills also. Average
yield is 20 t/ha.
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6
Maturity Group IV (Mid-Late)
Features:Curd maturity January-February, Temperature requirement for curd

initiation and proper development is 10-160C
Dania:
An introduced cultivar developed at Kalimpong. It performs successfully in eastern
region more particularly in eastern hilly region. Plants are very sturdy with waxy self-
blanching leaves and medium deep curd. It is sensitive to fluctuating environment.
Pusa Snowball-1:
Developed at Katrain through improvement of a hybrid population of the
intervarietal cross EC 12012 x EC12013. Leaves are straight and upright. Inner leaves
cover the curd tightly. Curds are very compact, medium in size and snow white in colour.
It is susceptible to black rot disease. Suitable time for transplanting in Northern India starts
from end of October up to middle of November. Average yield is 20 t/ha.
Pusa Snowball-2:
Developed at Katrain through selection from an introduced genetic stock. The
outer leaves are upright and inner leaves cover the curd initially. Curds are snow white and
remain so even on exposure. Average yield is 30 t/ha.
Snowball-16:
Developed at Katrain through selection from an exotic cultivars belonging to this
group. It is self-blanching type. Curds are compact, knobby (with raised centre) and snow
white in colour. Average yield is 30 t/ha.
Pusa Snowball K-1:
Developed at Katrain through selection from an exotic genetic stock. Leaves are
puckered, serrated and light green in colour. Curds are highly dome shaped and snow
white in colour. It is the most late maturing variety in this group. At the same time, it
produces the best quality curds with highly retentive white colour even in delayed
harvesting. It is field tolerant to black rot. Average yield is 30-35 t/ha.
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CABBAGE VARIETIES

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata): The cabbage cultivars commonly belong to
three cultivated forms of cabbage.
1. White Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba):

Cultivars of this group are the only commercial cabbage grown in India. Leaves
are generally smooth and light green in colour. Inside colour of the head is creamy white.
These cabbages are available in three different head shapes namely, round, flat or drum
head and pointed. Round-headed cultivars are most popular in India.
2. Savoy Cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda):

Characteristic features of this cabbage group being blistered and puckered leaves
of light green colour. Varieties of this group also form heads of three different shapes
namely, round, flat and pointed. This group is not popular in India.
3. Red Cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata f. rubra):

Leaves of this cabbage group are smooth, red and having distinct coating of wax.
Varieties of this group form only round head. This group is also not popular in India.
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7
WHITE CABBAGE
Round and Flat or Drum-headed Varieties:

Based on the maturity these are divided into Early, mid and late groups
Early group:
These varieties mature within 60-75 days after transplanting in proper season
depending on the variety. These are characterized by small, round to flattish-round heads
weighing 1.0 to 2.5 kg. Rarely flat heads are produced by the varieties of this group. The
outer leaves are few and may be slightly cup shaped. The heads remain small and loose
under less favourable conditions and are prone to cracking if harvesting is delayed. These
varieties are most popular in India considering the mild and short-lived winter, especially
in Eastern and Western part of the country.
Early group varieties
Copenhagen Market:
It was the most popular variety in India at one time, however, it was later replaced
in most of the areas by its two early strains “Golden Acre” and “Pride of India”. The heads
are round with short stalk weighing 1.5 to 2.5 kg and mature about 75 days after
transplanting. It has heavy outer frame and leaves are cup shaped. Average yield is 20-25
t/ha. It takes 280 to 310 days after transplanting for flowering.
Golden Acre:
It is an early selection from Copenhagen Market. Plants are small, short stemmed
and compact with few small and cup shaped outer leaves. The heads are small, compact
and round weighing 1.0 to 1.5 kg with clear white and excellent quality interior portion. It
matures in 60-70 days after transplanting. Heads show tendency to burst open if harvesting
is delayed by 10 days after head formation. Under unfavorable condition heads remain
small and loose. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha. It takes 310 to 340 days after transplanting
for flowering.
Pusa Ageti:
First tropical variety developed at IARI through simple recurrent selections in the
advanced generation from a F1 hybrid (TKCBH-28) of Taiwan. It can grow and form
marketable heads at the temperature range of 15° to 30°C. However, day temperature
exceeding 35°C is not congenial for its growth and development. Plants have medium
sized frame, small stalk showing upright growing habit with broad, wax coated, grey-
green foliage having prominent midrib and wavy margin. Heads are flattish round,
compact; non-cracking with large wrapper leaves and takes 70-90 days after transplanting
for maturity depending on growing season. Head weight varies from 600 g to 1.20 kg
yielding 11.0 to 38.0 t/ha depending on time of transplanting. It gives highest yield in
September planting. It produces seeds in the sub-tropical conditions of North Indian
plains.
Pride of India:
It is an early strain selected from Copenhagen market. It has small, round and
compact head weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg with medium sized frame. It has slightly bigger
frame and firmer head than Golden Acre. It matures in about 70-75 days after
transplanting.
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8
Pusa Mukta:
Developed at Katrain through population improvement of the cross EC 10109 x
EC 24855. Plants are short stalked with medium sized, light green and slightly puckered
leaves having wavy margins. Heads are medium sized, solid and slightly flattish round
weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg and mature 70-80 days after transplanting. It possesses resistance to
black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.
Pusa Synthetic.
A synthetic variety developed at Katrain through combining lines showing good
general combining ability. Plants have smooth frame and stalk with fewer cup-shaped
outer leaves. The heads are solid, round, weighing about 1.0 kg and matures in 65-70 days
after transplanting. It has better staying ability than Golden Acre. Average yield is
20-25 t/ha.
Midseason group
These varieties mature within 80-95 days after transplanting in favourable seasons.
These are characterized by medium sized, round to oval heads weighing 2.0 to 5.0 kg.
Varieties of this group are not popular in India.
Glory of Enithuizen:
It was an introduction from the Netherlands. Heads are round, weighing 2.0 to 5.0
kg and can be harvested 80-90 days after transplanting in favourable growing condition.
Kalimpong English Ball:
An European introduction developed at Kalimpong. The heads are medium in size,
oval and compact. It is particularly suitable in West Bengal condition. Average yield is
30-35 t/ha.
Late Season Group
These varieties mature within 90-130 days after transplanting. Most of the cultivars
under this group grown in India are drum-headed.
Pusa Drumhead:
Developed at Katrain through population improvement of an introduction from
Japan. It is the earliest variety of this group and matures within 90 days. Plants are short
stemmed and have small frame. The heads are uniform, flat, slightly loose weighing 3-5
kg. The outer leaves are light green with prominent midrib. It is field tolerant to black leg
disease. Average yield is 25-35 t/ha.
Late Large Drumhead:
An European introduction marketed by different seed companies. Plants are short
stemmed and have wide frame and few outer leaves. The heads are large, flat and loose. It
matures within 110 to 120 days after transplanting. Average yield is 30 t/ha.
September:
It is an introduction from Germany and has become popular in the Nilgiri hills.
The plants have large frame with long stalk. Leaves are bluish-green with serrated margin.
The plants fall on one side after completion of head development. The heads are flattish-
oblong, very compact and large weighing 4-6 kg. It takes 100 days after transplanting for
head maturation. It is susceptible to black rot disease. Average yield is 40-50 t/ha.
Pointed-headed Varieties
• Varieties of this group are early and produce characteristic conical heads.
Some of the well-known varieties under this group are Charleston Wakefield, Jersey
Wakefield, De Buzau, etc.
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9
SAVOY CABBAGE
Cultivars of this form of cabbage are also not popular in India. One cultivar is commonly
available in India.
Perfection:
An exotic cultivar having synonym Chieftain. Leaves are light green. Heads are
large, rather smooth and flat-round in shape.
RED CABBAGE
Cultivars of this form of cabbage are also not popular in India. Only one open pollinated
variety is available in India.
Red Acre:
An exotic cultivar having leaves with distinct wax coating. Heads are round and
medium in size weighing 2-3 kg. It matures within 90 days after transplanting.
Assignment:
1. Botanically explain the edible parts of Cabbage and cauliflower with neat diagrams.
(Use the space provided on the left side)

2. Collect the following details of cabbage and cauliflower.
Crop S.Name Origin Family Chromosome no.
3. Collect the Area, production and productivity statistics of Cabbage and Cauliflower.
Crop Details Area Production Productivity

(000ha) (000MT) MT/ha
Cabbage World
Cauliflower Country 1
Country 2
Country 3
India
State 1
State 2
4. Write the cultivation details of Cabbage and Cauliflower from your field visit.
Particulars Cabbage Cauliflower

Seed rate
Spacing
Season
Fertilizer recommendation
Major pests
Major Diseases
Yield/ha
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10
Ex.No.3 Date:
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF KNOL-KHOL, BRUSSELS

SPROUTS AND SPROUTING BROCCOLI VARIETIES
KNOLKHOL:
All the cultivars of knol-khol (Brassica oleracea var. gangyloides) grown in India
are exotic introductions from European countries. All the cultivars available in India are
early types, which are ready for harvesting within 60-70 days after transplanting.
However, late cultivars of Europe mature between 70 and 100 days after transplanting. No
varieties have so far been bred in India because of limited importance of this vegetable
crop in India.
Available varieties of India:

White Vienna:
Plants are dwarf with light green leaves and stem. Stem tubers (Knobs) are
globular, smooth and light green. Flesh creamy white, tender with delicate flavour. It takes
50-60 days after transplanting for the formation of stem tuber. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
Early White Vienna:
An early strain isolated from “White Vienna” by some seed companies. It takes
50-55 days after transplanting for the development of knobs. Knobs are globular-round
and green with fewer leaves. Flesh is creamy white, tender and crisp. Average yield is
20 t/ha. It takes 300 to 330 days to flower.
Purple Vienna:
. Plants are medium in size with purplish-blue leaves and stem. Knobs are globular
round, large and purplish-blue in colour. Flesh is light green. It takes 55-65 days from
transplanting to knob formation. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
Early Purple Vienna:
An early strain of “Purple Vienna” isolated by some seed companies. Foliage
purple, knobs are globular-round, large with purple skin and light green flesh. It takes
55-60 days after transplanting for knob formation. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha. It takes
290 to 300 days to flower.
King of North:
Plant height 20-30 cm with broad and dark green foliage. Leaf sheath is large and
well spread over the knob. Knobs are flattish round and dark green in colour. It takes
60-70 days after transplanting for the development of the knob.
Large Green:
Plants are vigorous with dark green foliage Knobs are flattish round and dark
green in colour. It takes 60-70 days after transplanting for the development of the knob.
Assignment:
1. Botanically explain the edible parts of Knol-Khol with neat diagrams.
2. Collect the following details of Knol-Khol
Crop S.Name Origin Family Chromosome no
3. Write the cultivation details of Knol-Khol in the following format.

Particulars Knol-knol
Seed rate, Spacing, Season, Fertilizer recommendation
Major pests, Major Diseases and Yield/ha
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11
BRUSSELS SPROUTS
Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) has become quite popular in Europe.
In India recently it is gaining some importance around big cities mainly for tourists.
The cultivars can be grouped into two distinct types:

Dwarf and Tall depending upon growth habit, sprout production and span of growth.
Dwarf cultivars:
These cultivars have short stem, mostly less than 50 cm in length. The sprouts are
small and crowded on the stem. These cultivars are early and suitable for short growing
season.
No open pollinated variety under this group has so far been recommended for
cultivation in India. However, some varieties marketed by different seed companies and
available in India are Catskill, Dwarf Gem, Early Dwarf, Improved Long island, Early
Morn etc.
Tall cultivars:
These cultivars have long stem upto 60 cm and above. The sprouts are
comparatively bigger in size. These are late and suitable for longer growing season. Only
one variety under this group has so far been recommended for cultivation in India is….
Hilds Ideal:
It is an European introduction recommended from Katrain for cultivation in the
hills and plains of North India. Plants are 60-65 cm tall and produce 45-50 sprouts each
measuring 7-8 cm. across and weighing 7-8 g. The sprouts are light green, globular,
compact and possess good flavour. It takes 110-120 days after transplanting for first
picking. Average yield varies from 250-400 g/plant from 4-5 pickings at an interval of 10
days.
Assignment:
1. Botanically explain the edible parts of Brussels sprouts with neat diagrams.
2. Collect the following details of Brussels sprouts

Crop S.Name Origin Family Chromosome no
3. Write the cultivation details of Brussels sprouts in the following format.

Particulars Brussels sprouts
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12
SPROUTING BROCCOLI
Sprouting broccoli Brassica oleracea var. italica is also gaining some

acquaintance in the big cities and metropolis of India. The plants form a kind of loose head
consisting of green or purple buds and thick fleshy flower stalks and accordingly, the
cultivars are basically grouped into purple and green types. However, cultivars of the
green types are more commonly cultivated.
Cultivars of the green types are classified in accordance to their maturity viz., early
(maturity within 45-50 days after transplanting), medium (maturity within 100 days after
transplanting) and late (biennial type and may be harvested at the onset of winter or after
its end in European condition).
A few varieties of green types have been developed in India through selection from
exotic cultivars.
Pusa KTS-1:
Developed at Katrain through selection. Plants are 40-50 cm tall. Heads are
compact, light green, composed of small buds and weighing 250-400 g. It belongs to
medium maturity group and takes 85-95 days from transplanting to harvest.
Punjab Broccoli-1:
Developed at Ludhiana through selection. Plants are branched with dark green and
smooth surfaced foliage having bluish tinge and wavy margin. It bears large number of
sprouts in the axil of leaves. The heads and sprouts are dark green with bluish tinge.
It, though belongs to medium maturity group, matures quite early within 65-70 days after
transplanting.
Palam Samridhi (DPGB-1):

Developed at Palampur through selection. It is recommended mainly for
subtropical conditions. Plants are branched.Heads are compact, green, free from yellow
eyes and bracts and weighing 300-400 g. Sprouts of the leaf axils also develop into small
heads. It belongs to medium maturity group and takes 85-90 days from transplanting to
harvest.
Assignment:
1. Botanically explain the edible parts of Sprouting broccoli with neat diagrams.
2. Collect the following details of Sprouting broccoli

Crop S.Name Origin Family Ch.No
3. Write the cultivation details of Sprouting broccoli in the following format.

Particulars Sprouting broccoli
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13
Ex.No.4 Date:
TRANSPLANTING OF VEGETABLE SEEDLINGS TO THE MAIN FIELD
The seedlings can be transplanted in square or rectangular system as per the nature of
the crop. After the selection of a suitable site for vegetable crops, the required quantity of
FYM is added and broadcasted. Then the soil is ploughed thoroughly to a fine tilth for
proper incorporation of FYM. The irrigation and the drainage channels are laid and
connected to the main channels for providing irrigation and drainage facilities.
METHODS OF FIELD PREPARATION:

The field can be made into beds of convenient size or ridges and furrows.
• Bed system:
If water stagnation or inundation is not a problem in a particular soil and if the crop
is being cultivated during winter season, the field can be divided into beds. These beds
are used either for dibbling the seed of crops like Peas or for transplanting the
hardened seedlings like cabbage or cauliflower.
• Ridge and furrow system:
The entire field is divided into ridges and furrows after allocating the irrigation and
drainage channels. The seedlings are planted over ridges to provide better drainage,
during rainy season. During summer season, the seedlings are planted in furrows for
better moisture retention.
METHODS OF TRANSPLANTING:-
The seedlings can be transplanted either in square, rectangular or triangular system.
• Square system:
In this system the spacing between two plants of the same row and different rows
seems to be the same.
• Rectangular system:
In this system the spacing between two plants of the same row and the spacing
between the two plants of different rows is not equal.
Assignment:
1. What are the advantages of transplanting over direct sowing?
2. List out the vegetable crops suitable for direct sowing and the vegetables fit for
transplanting
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14
Ex.No.5 Date:
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF ROOT CROP VARIETIES
RADISH
Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), one of the ancient vegetables, has been originated in
Europe, and is basically temperate in nature. Based on their performance these are
divided into two groups
• European or Temperate Type
• Asiatic or Tropical and Subtropical Type
European or Temperate Type:
These types are cool season, generally early and mild radish. Roots are crispy and not
set seeds in the plains of India, and from seed production point of view, they are either
(i) Winter biennial type (require vernalization for flowering)
(ii) Summer type of temperate region.
Most of the varieties grown in India (White Icicle, Rapid Red, White Tipped, Scarlet
Globe, Chinese Pink, etc.) under this group are summer types of the temperate region.
Seed production is done in the hill regions of India. European radish is not very
common and popular in India.
White Icicle:
Introduced table purpose variety from Europe, which matures within 30 days.
Roots are 12-15 cm long and 2-3 cm in diameter, icicle shaped, straight and tapered
skin pure white, flesh icy white, crisp, juicy, sweet flavoured and mild. Delay in
harvest leads to pithiness in root.
Rapid Red White Tipped:
Introduced table type cultivar from Europe. These are very early and matures
within 20-25 days. Roots are globular round with short top. Skin colour is bright red
with white tip, flesh pure white, crisp and mildly pungent. It is suitable for sowing in
November-December in the plains of India.
Scarlet Globe:
Introduced table type cultivar from Europe, which matures within 25-30 days after
sowing. Roots are round, small (diameter 2 cm), bright red, flesh white and crisp.
Delay in harvest leads to pithiness in root.
Scarlet Long:
Introduced table type variety from Europe, which matures within 30 days after
sowing. Roots are long and tapering. Skin colour bright red, flesh white and crisp.
Pusa Himani:
Developed at IARI through hybridization of Black Radish (indigenous but
temperate in nature) x Japanese White (Asiatic) and selection in subsequent
generations. Maturity in 55 days. Tops with green, cut and semi erect leaves. Roots are
30-35 cm long, semi-stumpy, 10-12 cm in girth with pure white skin and greenish
shoulder. Flesh crisp, sweet and mildly pungent.
Chinese Pink:
An introduced summer season cultivar of the temperate region identified at Solan.
It does well in the plains with mild climate. Roots are 25-30 cm long, semi-stumpy to
stumpy with semi-blunt end, skin shining pink and smooth with white towards tip ;
Flesh white, crisp, solid and mildly pungent. It matures within 50-55 days after
sowing.
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15
Asiatic or Tropical and Subtropical Type:
These types can tolerate high temperature and can be grown almost throughout the
year under mild temperature condition. Asiatic radish will be better in autumn-winter
than in spring-summer season. These types are more pungent than European types and
produce seeds freely in the plains of India.
Japanese White:
Originally an introduction from Japan. Leaves are deeply cut. Roots are
cylindrical with blunt end, 22- 25 cm in length and 5-cm in girth. Skin colour pure
white, flesh snow white, solid, crisp and mildly pungent. Maturity 45-50 days. It grows
better when temperature is low, and suitable for sowing from October-December.
Pusa Desi:
Developed at IARI by mass selection from the heterogenous seed material. Leaves
dark green, deeply cut and slightly hairy. Maturity 50-55 days. Roots are 30-35 cm
long, tapering downwards, pure white with green stem end, mildly pungent and soft in
texture. It is suitable for sowing from mid-August to October.
Pusa Chetki:
Developed at IARI by selection from a material introduced from Denmark. Early
maturing (40-45 days), Leaves are dark green entire with slight lobing and upright.
Roots are medium long (20-22 cm) and stumpy (12.5- 13.0 cm in diameter). Pure
white skinned with soft textured flesh and mildly pungent. It is tolerant to high
temperature and can be grown from April-September. It bolts very early in late
October to early November in the North Indian plains.
Pusa Reshmi:
Developed at IARI through hybridization of Green Top x Desi type followed by
selections in advanced generations. Maturity 55-60 days. Roots are long (30-35 cm),
tapering, skin white with green tinge at the top. It is mildly pungent and can tolerate
slightly higher temperature and suitable for early sowing.
Punjab Safaed:
Developed at Ludhiana through advanced generation selections from the cross
White 5 x Japanese White. It is a quick growing variety with light green foliage. Roots
are 30-40 cm long, tapering, 3-5 cm thick. Skin is pure white, smooth and mild in
taste. Free from forking and roots remain edible for 10 days after attaining full size.
Roots mature 55-60 days after sowing.
Punjab Ageti:
Developed at Ludhiana through mass selection. Roots are 25.5 cm long, tapering,
medium thick and non-pithy. Skin colour red at the top and white at the lower half. It
is suitable for sowing during April to August.
Arka Nishant:
Developed at IIHR through ten cycles of mass selection from a material
introduced from Singapore. Early maturing (45 days) and highly resistant to white rust.
Roots are long (30 cm), thin shining white and smooth, mildly pungent and crisp in
texture. It is free from pre-mature bolting, pithiness, splitting and forking.
CO-1:
Developed at Coimbatore through mass selection from a germplasm
(RS-44). Roots are milky white, less pungent, 23 cm long, cylindrical, tapering and
thick (12.5 cm). Roots mature 45 days after sowing.
_____________________________________________________________________
16
CARROT
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) was introduced into India early in its history. The black
and red types might have been introduced from the Central Asian region of its origin-
probably Afghanistan (considered to be the main centre of origin), Persia and southern
Russia. These types with low carotenoid content were mostly annual, juicy and
forming roots under comparatively higher temperature condition.
The orange coloured temperate types having higher carotenoid content and
believed to have originated in Europe was introduced in India much later with the
European traders. Most of the varieties under this group grown in India are exotic
varieties.
Based on their performance these are divided into two groups:
• European or Temperate Type
• Asiatic or Tropical and Subtropical Type
Temperate or European Type
These types are biennial in nature and require low temperature (4.8-10°C)
exposure (vernalization) for flowering. For this reason, they do not produce seeds in
the plains of India. Most of the cultivars under temperate type are introduced from
Europe and America. These exotic cultivars are fine textured, bright orange coloured,
hardy and possessing good flavour.
Varieties:
Nantes:
Introduced European variety recommended for cultivation from Katrain. Roots are
half-long, cylindrical, slim, well shaped with stumped end forming a small thin tail.
Roots are deep orange with self coloured core. Flesh fine textured, deliciously
flavoured, tender and sweet. This cultivar is suitable for cultivation in cooler months.
It has weak and brittle top, which makes pulling difficult. Maturity 110-120 days after
sowing.
Early Nantes:
An introduced European cultivar, roots are 12-15 cm long, almost cylindrical
terminating in small thin tail. Flesh fine textured, orange with self-coloured core.
Maturity 90-100 days after sowing.
Chanteny:
Introduced European variety for canning and storage. Roots are 12-15 cm long and
3-5 cm in diameter, conical to near conical in shape, thick at shoulders and gradually
tapering towards a distinct stumpy end. Flesh beautiful rich orange coloured, tender,
sweet and fine textured with indistinct and self-coloured core. Heavy yielder and gets
ready in 120 days after sowing.
Danvers:
Introduced European variety grown for fresh market as well as for processing. It is
a mid season cultivar with large and strong foliage. Roots are 12-15 cm long and
2.8-4.5 cm in diameter. Root shape tapering to short-tapering with slightly rounded
end. The roots have deep orange cortex with yellow core.
Imperator:
An introduced variety which was developed through advanced generation
selections from the cross Nantes x Chanteny. It is a mid-season to late maturing variety
with large and strong foliage. Roots are 15-17 cm long and 2.5-4.5 cm in diameter
with short tapered end. The roots have deep-orange cortex and slightly less pigmented
core.
_____________________________________________________________________
17
Pusa Yamdagni:
Developed at Katrain through advanced generation selections from the cross EC
9981 (having quick growing habit) x Nantes. The roots are 15-16 cm long, slightly
tapering and semi-stumpy with medium tops. The roots have orange cortex with self-
coloured cores and rich in carotene content. It matures earlier by a week than Nantes.
Tropical or Oriental Type
These types are annual and adapted to high temperature condition. Cultivars of this
type do not require low temperature exposure for flowering. So they produce seeds
freely in the plains of India.
Pusa Kesar:
Developed at IARI through advanced generation selections from the cross
between Local Red x Nantes. Plants with short leafy top. The roots develop narrow
central core, which is sufficiently red coloured unlike yellow or white core in local
tropical cultivars. Roots are medium in size (18 cm) and scarlet in colour. The root
contains 77 mg of carotene/100 g of edible portion. It can tolerate high temperature
and is suitable for early sowing. Roots are less prone to branching and it stays longer
period in the field than local tropical cultivars without bolting.
Pusa Meghali:
Developed at IARI through advanced generation selections from the cross Pusa
kesar x Nantes. It has short tops, medium long (16.5 cm), smooth and tapering roots,
orange flesh and self-coloured core. It contains 115 mg carotene/l00g of edible
portion. Suitable for early sowing and matures without 110-120 days. Yield is
25-28 t/ha.
GARDEN BEET
Garden beet or beet root (Beta vulgaris L.) was introduced in India in remote times.
However, its spread was restricted in the Gangetic p1ains. Unlike other root crops,
garden beet does not have any tropical type. All cultivars are temperate types and
biennial in nature. They require low temperature exposure (4.4 to 7.70C for 6-8
weeks) for initiation of flower stalks. Hence, their seeds are only produced in the hill
regions of India.
Detroit Dark Red:

Introduced variety from USA. Plants with small top, leaves are dark green with
maroon tinge. Roots are perfectly round with smooth, uniform, deep red skin. Flesh
dark blood red with light red zoning and fine-grained texture. Heavy yielding variety
maturing in 80-100 days after sowing.
Crimson Globe:
Introduced variety from USA. Plants with medium to tall top with large bright
green leaves having maroon shades. Roots are globular to flattened, medium red with
small shoulder. Flesh medium, dark crimson-red with indistinct zoning.
Early Wonder:
Introduced variety. Plants with heavy top, leaves are green with red veins. Roots
are flattened globe with rounded shoulders and smooth dark red skin. Flesh dark red
with light red zoning. It matures 55-60 days after sowing.
_____________________________________________________________________
18
TURNIP
Information on introduction of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) in India remains obscure.
However, some tropical and annual types adaptable to comparatively high temperature
condition constitute the Asiatic race of turnip.
The cultivars grown in India are described under two distinct groups namely,
European and Asiatic type according to their temperature sensitivity and seed
production behaviour.
Temperate or European Type:
Purple Top White Globe:

Introduced variety. Plants with small erect top, dark green with cut leaves. Roots
are large, nearly round, smooth, bright purplish upper part, which extends above the
surface and lower part of the root is creamy. Flesh white, firm, crispy and mildly sweet
flavoured. Heavy yielding and matures in 60 days. Yield is 25-40 t/ha.
Golden Ball:
Introduced variety. Plants with small erect top with cut leaves. Roots are medium
in size, perfectly globe shaped, smooth with bright creamy-yellow skin. Flesh pale
amber coloured (yellowish) with fine texture and flavour. Matures in 70 days. Yield is
25-40 t/ha.
Snowball:
Introduced variety. Plants with small, erect top with light green cut leaves. Roots
are medium sized, round and smooth ; skin pure white, flesh white, fine grained, sweet
and tender. Matures in 55-60 days. Yield is 25-40 t/ha.
Early Milan Red Top:
Introduced variety. Plants with very small top with 4-6 sessile leaves. Roots are
deep flat with purplish red upper part and white lower part. Flesh pure white, well
grained, crisp and mildly pungent. High yielding and extra early, which matures in 45
days after sowing.
Pusa Chandrima:
Developed at IARI by advanced generation selections from the cross between
European and Asiatic type (Snow Ball x Japanese White). It is early maturing (55-60
days) and high yielding variety with all the good qualities of European type. Plants
with medium top size with leaves, which are not deeply cut. Roots are medium to large
in size (8-9 cm in length and 9-10 cm in diameter), roundish-flat, smooth and pure
white. Flesh is pure white, fine grained, sweet and tender. Yield is 25-40 t/ha.
Pusa Swarnima:
Developed at IARI by advanced generation selection from the cross Japanese
White (Asiatic) x Golden Ball (European). Plants with medium in size (6-7 cm long
and 7-8 cm in diameter), smooth with creamy yellow skin. Flesh pale amber coloured,
fine textured and mild flavoured. It matures within 65-70 days after sowing.
_____________________________________________________________________
19
Tropical or Asiatic Type
These are annual type and do not require specific cool temperature exposure for
flowering. So they produce seeds both in plains and hill regions of India. On getting
low temperature they quickly produce seed stalks without proper enlargement of the
roots. So they should not be grown late when temperature is low enough to induce
flowering.
Pusa Sweti:
Developed at IARI through selection. It is suitable for early sowing in August-
October. Roots are attractive and snow white in colour. Maturity 45-50 days after
sowing. Yield is 20-30 t/ha.
Pusa Kanchan:
Developed at IARI through advanced, generation selections from the cross Local
Red Round (Asiatic) x Golden Ball (European). It has good qualities of both Asiatic
and European types. Plants with shorter tops. Roots are round and red. Flesh creamy
yellow and sweet flavoured. The roots can stay longer in the field without getting
spongy. It is suitable for early sowing. Maturity is 50-55 days. Yield is 25-40 t/ha.
Assignment:
1. Differentiate between Asiatic and European root vegetables
2. Collect the following details of Root vegetables.

Crop S.Name Origin Family Chromosome .No
3. Collect the Area, production and productivity statistics of Root crops.

(000ha) (000MT) MT/ha
Root World
Crops India
4. Write the cultivation details of root crops in the following format.

Particulars Radish Carrot Turnip Beetroot
Seed rate
Spacing
Season
Major pests
Major Diseases
Yield/ha
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20
Ex.No.6 Date:
VISIT TO THE FARMER’S FIELD

Objectives:
• To know the types of vegetables grown on commercial scale.
• To observe the various operations performed in the vegetable gardens.
The commercial vegetable farms are meant for producing vegetables on
commercial scale for supplying to the local markets. The types of the vegetables grown in
this garden depend on the suitability of climate, soil and demand in the market.
Information to be collected:
1. Village Name:…………………………………
2. Mandal:………………….Dt……………………
3. Farmers Name:………………………………………..
4. Vegetable crops grown: ………………………………..
Collect the following data:
Particulars: Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3
Vegetables
Area
Date of sowing
Planting
Manures/Fertilizers: Basal
F.Y.M
N
P
K
Manures/Fertilizers: Top Dressing
N
K
No. of Irrigations
Interval for irrigation
No. of Weedings
Earthing up
Specialized practices
Inter crops
Pest incidence if any and
Pest control measures
taken
Disease incidence if any
Disease control measures
taken
No. of Harvestings
Total Yield
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21
Ex.No.7 Date:
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF POTATO VARIETIES
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was introduced in India from Europe in early 17th
century probably by the Portuguese. Systematic breeding of potato suitable for Indian
condition started with the establishment of Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) at
Shimla in 1949 with its seven regional stations at present. The varieties bred at CPRI
always have the prefix ‘Kufri’ denoting the name of the regional station of CPRI at
Himachal Pradesh where segregating populations are produced by hybridization involving
different parental lines.
The varieties can be classified into 3 groups according to time required for their maturity.
1. Early maturing 2. Medium maturing 3. Late maturing varieties
Early Maturing Varieties
These varieties give economic yield within 80-100 days after planting and
70-80 days after in the Indo-Gangetic plains.
Kufri Chandramukhi:
Developed through clonal selection from the segregating population of the hybrid
Sd. 4485 x Kufri Kuber. Plants are medium tall, open, erect and vigorous. Leaves are pale
green; stolons are short; flowers are light red-purple. Tubers are large, oval and slightly
curved, white skinned with fleet (shallow) eyes. Flesh is floury. It is field resistant to leaf
roll and potato virus Y, but susceptible to late blight. It is capable of giving yield even in
60 days after planting. It has low rate of degeneration, good keeping quality and is good
for chip making. Average yield is 23-25 t/ha.
Kufri Jawahar:
Kufri Neelamanj x Kufri Jyoti. Plants are short, erect, compact and vigorous with white
flowers. It is highly suitable for growing in the Indo-Gangetic plains. It is moderately
resistant to late blight. Average yield is 28-30 t/ha.
Kufri Ashoka:
EM/C-1021 x CP-1468. Plants are tall, erect, medium compact, vigorous with light red-
purple flowers. Tubers are medium sized, white skinned, oval with fleet eyes. It is suitable
for cultivation in the IndoGangetic plains. Average yield is 28-30 t/ha.
Kufri Alankar:
ON 2090 (Ekishirazu x Majestic) x Kennebec. Plants are very tall, erect, open, stout and
vigorous with dark green leaves and medium long, white stolons. Tubers are large, white
skinned (develops light purple colour upon exposure to light), oval, tapering towards heel
and with fleet eyes. Flesh is white and floury. It is field resistant to leaf roll virus and late
blight. It is suitable for growing in North Indian plains.
Kufri Lauvkar:
Developed through clonal selection (A7416) from the segregating population of a
cross Sarkov x Adina. Plants are medium tall, erect, open and vigorous with dark green
leaves and short to medium stolons. Tubers are large, white skinned, round, smooth with
medium deep eyes. Flesh is light cream coloured. It has low rate of degeneration. It gives
good yield in short days and poor in long days. It can build up tuber yield rapidly under
warmer climate.
_____________________________________________________________________
22
Medium Maturing Varieties
These varieties give economic yield within 90-110 days after planting and 90-95
days in the Indo-Gangetic plains.
Kufri Jyoti:
Developed through clonal selection (SLB/Z- 389(b)) from the segregating
population of the Cross 3069d (4) x2814a (1) .Plants are tall, medium compact, erect, stout
and vigorous. Leaves are green; stolons are short; flowers are white. Tubers are large,
oval, flattened, white skinned with fleet eyes and have tendency to crack. Flesh is dull
white and floury. It is highly resistant to late blight in both foliage and tubers; however,
the resistance has reported to have broken down with the advent of new races of
Phytophthora infestans in recent years. It is immune to wart disease. It has low rate of
degeneration. It gives good yield in long day condition. Average yield is 25-28 t/ha.
Kufri Badshah:
Developed through clonal selection (JF 4870) from the segregation population of
the intervanetal cross Kufri Jyoti x Kufri Alankar. Plants are tall, erect, medium compact
and vigorous with white flowers. Tubers are large, oval, white skinned, smooth with fleet
eyes. The tubers develop light purple colour on exposure to sun. It is resistant to late
blight, early blight and potato virus X and tolerant to frost. It has wide adaptability and is
suitable for cultivation in Indo-Gangetic plains. It gives good yield in long days. Average
yield is 32-35 t/ha.
Kufri Bahar:
Developed through clonal selection (E 3797) from the segregating population of
the cross Kufri Red x Gineke. Plants are tall, erect, medium compact, vigorous with white
flowers. Tubers are large, round oval, white skinned, and smooth with medium deep eyes.
It is susceptible to diseases. It is suited for the areas with mild winter. It gives good yield
in short days and poor in long days. Average yield is 32-34 t/ha.
Kufri Lalima:
Developed through clonal selection (BS/C 1753) from the segregating population
of the cross Kufri Red x AG 14 (WIS x 37). Plants are tall, erect, medium compact and
vigorous with white- purple flower. Tubers are medium sized, round, uniform shining red
skinned, smooth with medium deep eyes. It has fast hulking rate. It is suitable for
cultivation in Indo-Gangetic plains. It gives good yield in short days and average in long
days. Average yield is 20-22 t/ha.
Kufri Sutlez:
Developed through clonal selection (JI 5857) from the segregating population of
the cross Kufri Bahar x Kufri Alankar. Plants are medium tall, erect, medium compact and
vigorous with white flowers. Tubers are attractive, large, white skinned, oval with shallow
eyes (fleet eye). Tubers are white fleshed and have good keeping quality. It is quite
suitable for production of French fries. It has early bulking character and gives good yield
in 60-70 days. It is moderately resistant to late blight. Average yield is 35-36 t/ha.
Kufri Chipsona 1:
Developed through clonal selection from segregating population of the hybrid
MS/78-79 x CP-2416. Plants are tall, semi-erect, medium compact and vigorous with
white flowers. Tubers are medium in size, white skinned, oblong with fleet eyes and
having low reducing sugars, low phenols and 2-4% higher dry matter than other varieties.
It is suitable for producing chips and finger fries. It is resistant to late blight. It is suitable
for growing in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
23
Kufri Chipsona 2:
Developed through clonal selection from the segregating population of the cross
Novazo x QB/B-92-4. Plants are medium tall, erect, open and vigorous with white flowers
Tubers are medium in size, white skinned, round with fleet eyes. The tubers have low
reducing sugars and phenol contents and 2-4% higher dry matter than other varieties. It is
resistant to late blight and frost. It is suitable for producing processed items like chips and
finger fries. It is suitable for growing in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Average yield is
25-30 t/ha.
Kufri Giriraj:
Developed from clonal selection from segregating population of the cross SLB/J
132 x EXIA-680-16. Plants are medium tall, semi-erect, medium compact and vigorous
with light purple flowers. Tubers are medium to large, white skinned, oval with shallow
eyes. It is suitable for growing in the hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttranchal, Meghalaya and Tamilnadu. It is resistant to late blight in both foliage and
tubers. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
Kufri Anand:
Developed through clonal selection (MS/82- 717) from the segregating population
of a hybrid. Tubers are very attractive, white skinned, long-oval, flattened, shallow eyes
with white flesh. The tubers have 19% dry matter and good keeping quality. It is suitable
for making French fries. It is suitable for growing in the Indo-Gangetic plains.
Kufri Himalini:
Developed through hybridization followed by clonal selection. Tubers are medium
to large, oval, smooth, white skinned with shallow to slight medium deep eyes and dull
while flesh. It is less prone to cracking. It is highly resistant to late blight. It suitable for
growing in the hill regions.
Kufri Sheetman:
Developed through clonal selection (C-3745) from the segregating population of
the cross Craigs Defiance x Phulwa. Plants are tall, erect, open, vigorous with dull, dark
green leaves and medium sized stolons. Tubers are medium to large, shining white
skinned, oval-flattened with feet eyes and white flesh. It is resistant to frost. It is suitable
for growing in frost prone North Indian plains. It gives good yield in short days and
average in long days.
Kufri Moti (Kufri Muthu):
Developed through clonal selection (SLB/Z 778) from the segregating population
of the cross 3046(1) x M109-3. Tubers are medium-large, white skinned, roundish oval,
smooth with medium deep eyes and white flesh. It has high degree of resistance to late
blight. It is suitable for growing in the Nilgiri hills.
Late Maturing Varieties

These varieties give economic yield within 110-140 days after planting.
Kufri Sindhuri:
Developed through hybridization of Kufri Red x Kufri Kundan (Ekishirazu x
Kathadin) followed by clonal selection in the hybrid generations. Plants are tall, erect,
medium compact, open and vigorous. Leaves are dark green; stolons are short; flowers are
light red-purple with white tips. Tubers are medium in size, round, red skinned with
medium deep eyes. Flesh pale yellow. It has moderate resistance to early blight and fairly
resistant to frost. It is adapted to short day conditions, has low rate of degeneration and
excellent keeping quality. Average yield is 30-35 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
24
Kufri Swarna:
Kufri Jyoti x VTn2. Plants are tall, erect, medium compact and vigorous with white
flowers. The tubers are medium sized, white skinned, round-oval with fleet eyes, and not
prone to cracking. It is highly resistant to late blight disease and cyst nematode. Average
Kufri Jeevan:
Developed through clonal selection from the segregating population of the cross D
698 x M 109-3. Tubers are large, white skinned, oval with fleet and faint red eyes and pale
yellow flesh. It is highly resistant to late blight, immune to wart and moderately resistant
to early blight and Cercospora leaf blight. It is suitable for growing in the hill regions of
Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal.
Kufri Dewa:
Developed through clonal selection (C 3804) from the segregating population of
the cross Craigs Dfiance x Phulwa. Plants are very tall, erect, open and vigorous with
grey-green leaves and medium stolons. Tubers are large, white skinned with splashes of
purple colour, oval- round with pink-red and deep eyes and yellowish flesh. It has
excellent keeping quality and shows high tolerance to frost. It gives good yield in short
days and average in long days. It is suitable in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh.
Kufri Khasigaro:
Developed through clonal selection from the segregating population of the
complex cross involving many parents. Tubers are medium in size, round, white skinned
with medium deep eyes and pale yellow flesh. It has rapid bulking rate and short
dormancy.
Kufri Naveen:
Developed through clonal selection from the segregating population of the
complex cross D692 x 070d (4) involving many parents. Tubers are large, oval, white
skinned with fleet eyes and pale yellow flesh. It is moderately resistant to early blight and
immune to wart. It is suitable to hills of Assam and high altitude of Himachal Pradesh.
Kufri Chamatkara:
Phuiwa x Ekishirazu. Tubers are medium, round, white skinned with medium deep eyes. It
is resistant to early blight. It is suitable for growing in North Indian plains.
Some of the other potato varieties developed at CPRI, Shimla are Kufri Megha, Kufri
Kisan, Kufri Sherpa, Kufri Thanamalai, Kufri Kanchan, Kufri Kuber, etc.
Assignment:
1. List out the quality characters of potato for chips preparation.
2. Collect the following details of Potato

Crop S.Name Origin Family Chromosome .No
3. Collect the Area, production and productivity statistics of Potato.

(000ha) (000MT) MT/ha
Potato World
India
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25
Ex.No.8 Date:
IDENTIFICATION AND VARIETAL DESCRIPTION OF BULB CROPS
Onion is originally a native of Central Asia, the temperate region having

perennial/biennial habit and long day bulbing character. In North India, rabi (winter) onion
production has been established with such biennial types.
Commercial varieties of onion generally fall under Allium cepa L. (Common onion) and
A. cepa var. aggregatum (Multiplier onion).
COMMON ONION (Allium cepa)

Varieties of this group may also be grouped according to growing season viz.,
winter or rabi onion and kharif onion.
Winter or Rabi Onion:

These are basically long day or intermediate cultivars and bulb formation in them
is not initiated unless their longer critical value of photoperiod for bulb formation is
reached. Rabi onion can broadly be classified according to skin colour viz., red skinned
varieties and white or silver skinned varieties.
RED-SKINNED VARIETIES: Deep Red-skinned varieties

Pusa Red:
A short to intermediate day length variety developed at IARI through mass
selection from local red-skinned cultivars. Plants are 50 cm tall with 6-9 leaves; bulbs are
flattish-round, medium in size weighing 70-90 g, firm, less pungent and purplish-red in
colour. It shows less bolting habit and the bulbs keep well in storage. Maturity is 125-140
days after transplanting. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.
Pusa Ratnar:
Developed at the NBPGR through selection from a hybrid cultivar “Granex” from
USA. Plant height 30 cm with dark green leaves having waxy bloom. Bulbs are large,
round, deep red, less pungent and keep fair in storage. The bulbs are more exposed above
the ground at maturity. Maturity is 125 days after transplanting. Average yield is
30-40 t/ha.
N-2-4-1 (Nasik Red):
Developed at Niphad by mass selection and presently maintained at Rahuri. Plant
height 45-46 cm. Bulbs are brick red in colour, roundish-flat, pungent with 12-13% TSS
and keep well in storage. It is tolerant to Alternaria blight and thrips. Maturity is 140 days
after transplanting. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.
Arka Pragati:
Developed at IIHR through mass selection from a local collection (IIHR 149).
Bulbs are globe shaped with thin neck and deep pink in colour. It is an early variety and
matures 130 days after transplanting. It can be grown in both rabi and kharif season.
Arka Bindu:
A export quality variety (particularly to Malaysia and Singapore) developed at
IIHR by mass selection from a local collection (IIHR 402). Bulbs are small in size
(2.5 to 3.5 cm diameter), very deep red, flattish-globe in shape, highly pungent and having
14-16% TSS. Maturity is 100 days after transplanting. Average yield is 25 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
26
Agrifound Rose:
Developed at NHRDF through mass selection. Bulbs are dark red in colour
weighing 30 g and suitable for export. Average yield is 20 t/ha.
Punjab Red Round:
Developed at Ludhiana by mass selection. Bulbs are globular, shining red, medium
in size weighing 50-70 g with thin neck, firm and having good keeping quality. The bulbs
have TSS of 12.7° brix. Maturity is 140-150 days after transplanting. Average yield is
40 t/ha.
LIGHT-RED OR BRONZE-RED Skinned Varieties:

Punjab Selection:
Developed at Ludhiana through mass selection from an indigenous material. Plant
height 55-65 cm with 6-9 leaves per clump. Bulb flattish-round of medium size weighing
50-70 g and measuring 5-6 cm across, firm, moderately pungent and having good keeping
quality with 10.8-13.8% TSS. It has less bolting habit. Field tolerant to purple blotch and
thrips. Maturity is160- 165 days after transplanting. Average yield is 30 t/ha.
Arka Niketan:
Developed at IIHR through mass selection from a local collection of Duberd,
Maharashtra. Bulbs are globose, attractive light pink coloured with high TSS (12-14%),
pungency and dry matter content. Outer scales of the bulb are arranged in tight concentric
ring. The bulbs can be stored for 5 months under room ‘temperature. It can be grown in
both rabi and kharif season. Maturity is 145 days after transplanting. Average yield is
34 t/ha.
Pusa Madhvi:
Developed at IARI by selfing and massing method of breeding from a material
collected from Muzaffarnagar, U.P. Bulbs are medium to large, light red in colour,
roundish flat in shape with 11-12% TSS content. It possesses good keeping quality.
Maturity is 130-135 days after transplanting. Average yield is 31 t/ha.
Agrifound Light Red:
Developed at NHRDF through mass selection from a local rabi cultivar. Bulbs are
light red, globular in shape, tight skinned, 4-6 cm in diameter with 13% TSS content. It
has good keeping quality and less bolting habit. Maturity is 140 days after transplanting.
Kalyanpur Red Round:
Developed at Kalyanpur through mass selection. Bulbs are globular and
moderately pungent with 13- 14.9% T.S .S. Maturity 120 days after transplanting. Average
Patna Red:
Developed at Sabour by mass selection. Bulbs are bronze-red, flat to slightly
flattish-globular in shape, very pungent with 11-12% TSS content. Maturity is 145 days
after transplanting. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
WHITE OR SILVER-skinned Varieties:

N-257-9-1:
Developed at Niphad through mass selection and presently is being maintained at
Rahuri. Bulbs are roundish flat with good keeping quality. It is suitable for dehydration
purpose. Maturity is 120 days after transplanting. Average yield is 25 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
27
Pusa White Round:
Developed at IARI by mass selection from an indigenous genotype (Line 106).
Bulbs are white, round flat in shape with 12-13% TSS content. It is suitable for
dehydration (drying ratio 8: 1) and green onion purposes. It keeps very good in storage.
Maturity is 130-135 days after transplanting. Average yield is 30 t/ha.
Pusa White Flat:
Developed at IARI by mass selection from an indigenous material. Bulbs are
flattish-round with 11-12% TSS content. It is suitable for dehydration (drying ratio 9: 1).
Maturity is 130-135 days after transplanting. Average yield is 32-35 t/ha.
YELLOW-skinned Varieties:
This type of common onion has great demand in export market particularly in
Europe and Japan. A few varieties available developed in India are
Early Grano:
An introduction from USA and released from IARI. Bulbs are large
(150 g weight), globular, yellow and mildly pungent and having 6-7% T.S.S. content. It is
suitable for salad and green onion purposes. Maturity is 95-110 days after transplanting.
Average yield 50-60 t/ha. It keeps poorly in storage.
Brown Spanish:
An introduced material released from Katrain. It is a long day type and can only
be grown in the hills. It can be stored upto 6 months in storage. Maturity 160- 180 days
after transplanting. Average yield is 28 t/ha.
Bermuda Yellow:
An introduced cultivar from Phillipines and released by IARI. It is high yielder
and suitable for salad and green onion purposes. It is a non-bolting variety and also a poor
storer.
Arka Pitambar:
A short day variety developed at IIHR through hybridization between two short
day local genotypes UD 102 (White) x IHR 396 (red) followed by selections in advanced
generations. Bulbs are globe shaped and attractive yellow in colour and each weighing
80 g. It is moderately resistant to purple blotch disease. It is suitable for export to
European countries with good keeping quality. Average yield is 35 t/ha.
Kharif Onion.
These are short day cuitivars in which bulb formation is initiated when the critical
photoperiodic value limit for bulb formation is passed, and bulb development is continued
under long day condition.
Niphad 53 (N 53):
Developed at Niphad by mass selection and maintained at Rahuri. Bulbs are deep
red, roundish-flat, weighing 70-100 g, less pungent and moderately sweet. Maturity is
100-110 days after transplanting. It is poor storer. Average yield is 15-20 t/ha.
Arka Kalyan:
Developed at IIHR by mass selection from an indigenous collection (IIHR 145) of
Kalawana taluk of Maharashtra. Plants are 70-90 cm in height. Bulbs are dark red, globose
with succulent internal scales and having 11-13% TSS content. It is moderately resistant to
purple blotch disease. Maturity is140 days after transplanting. Average yield is 35 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
28
Agri Found Dark Red:
Developed at NHRDF through mass selection from a local genetic stock. Bulbs
are dark red, roundish-flat, tight skinned, medium in size (4-6 cm in diameter), moderately
pungent and having 12-13% TSS and high pyruvic acid (9.24 moles/g) content. It has
moderate storability. Maturity is 95-100 days after transplanting. Average yield is
25-30 t/ha.
Some varieties can successfully be grown in both rabi and kharif season viz., Arka
Pragati, Nasik Red and Arka Niketan.
MULTIPLIER ONION
(A. cepa var. aggregatum)
It is also called Aggregatum group of onion. These are commonly hardy and early
maturing types grown for closely packed clusters of small sized bulblets. Cultivar of this
group generally does not produce seeds and thus propagated vegetatively by bulblets.
However, some types produce sparse seeds. Commercial cultivation of multiplier onion is
limited. Varieties under this onion group so far developed have red skin colour.
Red-skinned Varieties:
CO-1:
Developed at Coimbatore through clonal selection from an indigenous type from
Manachanallur. Bulbs are medium in size; light red, lateral bulb production is 7-8 per
clump. Maturity is 75 days after planting. Average yield is 10-12 t/ha.
CO-2:
Developed at Coimbatore, through clonal selection from indigenous germplasm.
7-9 lateral bulbs of light red colour are produced in one clump weighing 60-65 g. It shows
resistance to purple blotch disease. Maturity is 65 days after planting. Average yield is
12 t/ha.
CO-3:
Developed at Coimbatore through cloal selection from the progeny of an
indigenous genotype. 8-10 lateral bulbs of pink colour are produced in one clump
weighing 75 g. It shows medium tolerance to thrips. Maturity is 65 days after planting.
CO-4:
Developed at Coimbatore through selection from the hybrid of AC 863 x CO-3.
8-10 lateral bulbs of pink colour are produced in one clump weighing 90 g. The bulbs are
bold and can be stored for more than 150 days without sprouting in well ventilated
storage. Maturity is 60-65 days after planting. Average yield is 18 t/ha.
MDU-1:
Developed at Madurai by selection.10-11 lateral bulbs are produced per clump
weighing 75 g. It has good keeping quality and tolerance to lodging. Maturity is 65 days
after planting. Average yield is 15 t/ha.
Agrifound Red:
Developed at NHRDF, Dindigal through selection. Light red lateral bulbs are
produced per clump weighing 65-68 g. The bulbs contain high TSS of 15-16° Brix.
Maturity is 70 days after planting. It has good keeping quality and resistance to lodging.
_____________________________________________________________________
29
GARLIC
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) from its original home in Central Asia reached India
long ago. Under domestication, it has become exclusively vegetatively propagated
crop, mostly through cloves and inflorescence bulbils in some cases.
Features of some of the improved varieties:
Agrifound White:
Developed at NHRDF by mass clonal selection from a local collection of Bihar.
Bulbs are compact, silvery white skinned with creamy flesh. Diameter of bulb is 3.5 to
4.5 cm with 20-25 cloves, TSS 41% and dry matter 43%. It is good storer but
susceptible to purple blotch and Stemphylium blight. Average yield is 13 t/ha.
Yamuna Safed (G-1):
Developed at NHRDF through mass clonal selection from a local collection of
Delhi. Bulbs are compact, silvery white-skinned with creamy flesh. Diameter of bulb
is 4.0-4.5 cm with 25-30 sickle-shaped cloves; TSS 38% and dry matter 39.5%. It is
good storer and tolerant to purple blotch, Stemphylium blight and thrips. Average yield
is 15-17 t/ha.
Yamuna Safed 2 (G-50):
Developed at NHRDF through mass clonal selection from a local collection of
Haryana. Bulbs are compact, white-skinned with creamy flesh. Bulb diameter 3.5-4.0
cm with 35-40 cloves; TSS 38-40% and dry matter 40-41%. Average yield is
15-20 t/ha.
G-282:
Developed at NHRDF by clonal selection from local material. Plants are having
wider leaves. Bulbs are big and creamy white in colour. Bulb diameter 5-6 cm with 15-
16 cloves. TSS 38-42% and dry matter 39-43%. It is medium storer and suitable for
export purpose. Average yield is 18-20 t/ha.
Agrifound Parvati (G 313):
Developed at NHRDF by selection from a material collected from Hongkong
market. It is a long day type and suitable for cultivation in the hilly areas of Northern
states. Bulbs are big and creamy white with pinkish tinge. Bulb diameter 5-6 cm with
10-16 cloves. It is medium storer and suitable for export purpose. Average yield is
18-22 t/ha.
Godawari:
Developed at Rahuri by selection from a collection of Jamnagar. Bulbs are
medium in size and pink in colour with 25-30 cloves. Average yield is 15 t/ha.
Sweta:
Developed at Rahuri by selection from collection of Gujarat. Bulbs are medium in
size with 20-25 cloves of white in colour. Average yield is 13 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
30
Assignment:
1. Botanically explain the edible parts of Onion and garlic with neat diagrams.
2. Collect the following details of Onion and Garlic.
Crop S.Name Origin Family Ch.No
3. Collect the Area, production and productivity statistics of Onion and Garlic.

(000ha) (000MT) MT/ha
Onion and World
garlic Country 1
Country 2
Country 3
India
State 1
State 2
4. Write the cultivation details of Onion and garlic in the following format.
Particulars Onion Garlic

Seed rate
Spacing
Season
Major pests
Major Diseases
Yield/ha
5. Write the physiological differences between Kharif and Rabi onion
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31
Ex.No.9 Date:
VISIT TO THE VEGETABLE RESEARCH STATION

Collect the following:
1. Details about the Research station and its objectives:
2. Research results from the station so far:
3. On-going experiments:
4. Extension activities of the research station:
Assignment:
• Collect the details of research stations working under APHU with the below
mentioned format.
S.No Agro Climatic Zone Name and Location of the research Crops under research
station
Use the space available on left side of the book
_____________________________________________________________________
32
Ex.No.10 Date:
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF PEA VARIETIES

Archaeological evidences suggest the existence of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in India
before the advent of the Aryans. This pea was round and non-sweet pulse type
(P. sativum var. arvense). The sweet garden pea (P. sativum var. hortense) varieties
developed in temperate regions of Europe might have been introduced in India during the
British regime.
The varieties are described under two groups according to their maturity period:
1. Early varieties 2. Mid-season varieties
Early varieties
The early varieties are more popular in India because of better economic return.
They are not high yielders but give high initial remuneration to the growers. Two pickings
of green pods are generally done in these varieties, the first being after 60 days of sowing
and second after 15-20 days of first picking. The maturity period is 60-80 days.
Asauji:
A dwarf, green and smooth seeded variety developed at IARI by selection made
from the genetic material collected from Amritsar. Pods are produced singly, flowering in
30-35 days after sowing and blossom appear at 6-7th node. Pods are about 8 cm long,
curved, dark green, narrow and appear round when fully developed. Pods are seven seeded
and giving high shelling percentage (45%).
Early Superb:
An introduced and dwarf variety from England with yellowish green foliage. It
flowers in about 45 days and first blossom appears at 8-10th node. Pods are borne singly,
with dark green colour and curved with 6-7 smooth seeds. It gives high shelling
percentage (40%).
Meteor:
An introduced variety from England. Plants are 35-40 cm tall, dark green, pods are
produced singly, dark green, 8.7 cm long with seven smooth seeds. It gives high shelling
percentage (45%).
Arkel:
This widely grown variety is an exotic variety from France. The plant is dwarf but
the growth is vigorous and may grow upto 45 cm. Flowers are white and are borne in
double on few lower nodes and single afterwards. It flowers in 35-40 days from the sixth
node onwards. Pods are dark green, 8.5 cm long, incurved towards the sutures and pointed
distal end with 8-10 well filled, wrinkled seeds. It gives high shelling percentage (40%).
It is suitable for both fresh market and dehydration. It takes 50-55 days for first picking.
Green pod yield 4-5 t/ha. This variety is highly susceptible to powdery mildew.
Early Badger:
A dwarf wrinkled seeded variety introduced from USA. Pods are ready for picking
in 60-65 days after sowing. First blossom appears in 10-11th node, pods are yellowish
green and borne singly, 7.5 cm long with 5-6 bold and sweet seeds. It is a good caning
variety and resistant to Fusarium wilt.
Little Marvel:
A dwarf, wrinkled seeded variety introduced from England. It is bred in England
from the cross Chelsea Gem x Suttons Alaska. Foliage dark green; first blossom appears at
9-10th node in 40 days after sowing. Pods are 8 cm long, borne singly, thick, shiny, dark
green, straight and broad containing 5-6 very sweet seeds.
_____________________________________________________________________
33
Alaska:
An introduced variety from England. Pods are light green and appear singly with
5-6 small, bluish-green seeds.
Jawahar Matar 3 (JM 3, Early December) :
This variety was developed at Jabalpur through hybridization of T19 x Early
Badger followed by selections. Plant height 70-75 cm with bushy growth habit flower
colour white, pods light green, roundish-oval in shape with 4-5 wrinkled seeds. It gives
high shelling percentage (45%). This variety suffers severely from powdery mildew. First
picking starts at 50-55 days after sowing. Average yield is 4 t/ha.
Jawahar Matar 4 (JM 4):
This variety was developed at Jabalpur through advanced generation selections
from the cross T19 x Little Marvel. Plant height 65 cm, foliage and stem green. First
picking can be taken after 70 days. Pods are green, medium in size (7 cm) with 6-7 green,
wrinkled and sweet seeds. It is highly susceptible to powdery mildew. Average pod yield
is 7 t/ha with 40% shelling.
Pant Matar 2 (PM-2):
It was developed at Pantnagar through pedigree selection from the cross Early
Badger x 1P3 (Pant Uphar). Plant height 50-55 cm; fruit setting starts from 6th node. Pods
are green, relatively small in size with 6 sweet and wrinkled seeds. First picking starts 55
days after sowing. It is also highly susceptible to powdery mildew. Average pod yield
7-8 t/ha.
Jawahar Peas 54 (JP 54):
This powdery mildew resistant variety was developed at Jabalpur through
advanced generation selection from a double cross (Arkel x JM5) x (‘4bc’ x JP 501).
Plants are dwarf (45-50 cm) and vigorous, pods are big, incurved towards sutures (sickle
shaped) and enclosing 8-9 big, wrinkled, greenish-yellow seeds. Average pod yield is
7 t/ha.
Mattar Ageta 6:
Dwarf, high yielding variety developed at Ludhiana through pedigree selection
from the cross Massey Gem x Harabona. Plants are dwarf (40 cm), erect, vigorous and
quick growing; foliage green and. 1-2 pods are borne in a bunch; first picking within
43-45 days after sowing; pods are long with 6 seeds; it is tolerant to high temperature;
average pod yield is 6 t/ha with 44% shelling.
HisarHarit (PH1):
This mid-early variety was developed at Hisar through bulk-pedigree method of
selection from the cross Bonneville x P23. Plant semi dwarf, first picking after 60 days,
foliage green; single to double podded; pod well filled and sickle shaped, large and green;
seed green dimpled after drying. Average pod yield is 9 t/ha.
Jawahar Peas-4:
This powdery mildew resistant and wilt tolerant variety for hillocks was developed
at Jabalpur through advanced generation selections from a triple cross Local Yellow Batri
x (6588 x 46C). Plants attain height of around 75 to 80 cm on hillocks and about 1 m in
plains; medium size pods with 5-6 big, green seeds. First picking after 60 days in hillocks
and 70 days in plains. Average pod yield is 3-4 t/ha in hillocks and 9 t/ha in plains.
Other improved varieties developed were Harabora from Ludhiana, Pant Sabji Matar 3
from Pantnagar, etc.
_____________________________________________________________________
34
Midseason varieties
These are high yielding varieties capable of giving 3 pickings. The first picking
can be done 90 days after sowing and the subsequent two at an interval of 15 days.
Bonneville:
It is an introduced variety from USA recommended for cultivation by IARI. It is a
popular variety. Plant medium tall (60 cm), flowers are mostly borne in doubles; pods are
light green, straight, big (9 cm) with 6-7 well-filled, sweet, bold and wrinkled seeds. It
takes 65-70 days for first flowering and it appears in 13-15th node. It is susceptible to
powdery mildew disease. Average pod yield is 9 t/ha with 45% shelling.
Alderman:
It is an introduced variety from USA. Plants are tall (150 cm); pods are more or
less straight, big (9-10 cm) and borne singly with 8-10 very sweet, shiny seeds. It is an
excellent cultivar for freezing purpose.
Lincoln:
An introduced variety from USA released at Katrain. Plants are medium tall; first
blossom appears at 11-12th node. It is double podded and pods are dark green, curved, big
(8-9 cm long) with 8-9 wrinkled seeds. First picking starts 85-90 days after sowing. It is a
good canning purpose variety. Average pod yield is 10 t/ha.
NP 29:
This high yielding and wrinkled seeded late variety was developed at IARI
through selection. Plants are medium-tal1 with green foliage. First blossom appears at
14-16th node after 80 days from sowing. Pods are borne in double, green, straight, 7.5 cm
long with 6-7 seeds. Shelling percentage is 50. It is suitable for dehydration purpose.
Jawahar Matar 1 (JM1 or GC 141):
This variety was developed at Jabalpur through advanced generation selections
from the cross of T19 x Greater Progress. Plant height is 65-70 cm, bushy, foliage green,
flower white with two flowers per axils. Pods are straight and big (8.8 cm) with 8-9 big,
sweet and wrinkled seeds. It is susceptible to powdery mildew disease. Average pod yield
is 12 t/ha with 52% shelling.
Jawahar Matar 2 (JM 2):
The variety was developed at Jabalpur through advanced generation selection
from the cross of two exotic lines Greater Progress x Russian-2. Pods are dark green, big,
curved with 8-10 sweet seeds. Seeds are wrinkled, green and bigger in size. It is
susceptible to powdery mildew.
Pant Uphar (IP-3):
This variety was developed at Pantnagar through selection. Plant height 70-75 cm
with relatively thin leaflets of light green in colour; flower white and two buds are borne
per axils; pods are round and 7-8 cm in length with yellowish and wrinkled seeds. First
picking starts 75 to 80 days after sowing. Susceptible to powdery mildew disease, but
tolerant against pea stem fly. Average pod yield is 10 t/ha with 52% shelling.
Punjab 88 (P-88):
This variety was developed at Ludhiana through selections from the hybrid
progeny of the cross Pusa-2 x Morrasis-55. Plants are dwarf, vigorous, erect with dark
green foliage; one or two flowers per axils. Flowering after 75 days and first picking after
100 days of sowing. Pods are dark green, long (8-10 cm) and slightly curved at centre with
7-8 green, wrinkled and less sweet seeds. Highly susceptible to powdery mildew disease.
Average yield is 15 t/ha with 47% of shelling.
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35
Azad P-2:
A powdery mildew resistant variety developed at Kalyanpur through advanced
generation selection from the cross Bonneville x 6587. Plants are tall (130-150 cm), erect
with light green foliage and white flowers. Pods are medium in size, light green, straight,
smooth, firm, borne in cluster of two with 6-7 wrinkled and brownish seeds. Crop duration
is 90-95 days. Average yield is 12 t/ha.
Vivek-6 (VL Matar-6):
Developed at Almora through hybridization of Pant Uphar x VL Matar-3 and
subsequent selections in advanced generations. Plants are dwarf, vigorous with dark green
foliage and white flowers. Pods are light green, straight, medium sized (6-7 cm) and
completely filled with 6 semi-wrinkled seeds of greenish white in colour. First picking
starts 125- 130 days after sowing. It is moderately tolerant to cold and moisture stress.
Jawahar Pea 83 (JP 83):
This powdery mildew resistant variety was developed at Jabalpur through
advanced generation selection the double cross (JMI x JP 829) x (46 c x JP 501). Plants
are dwarf (50 cm), pods are big and curved with 8 big, green and sweet seeds. Average
pod yield is 12-13 t/ha.
Jawahar Peas 15 (JP 15):
This duel resistant (powdery mildew and fusarium wilt) variety was developed at
Jabalpur through advanced generation selections from the triple cross (JMI x R 98 B) x JP
501 A/2. Plants are dwarf (50 cm), having compact internodes and bigger pods containing
8 seeds. Average pod yie1d is 13 t/ha,
Other improved varieties developed were Arka Ajit (resistant to powdery mildew
and rust and development by crossing Bonneville to the resistant lines followed by back
crossing to Bonneville and subsequent selections) from IIHR, etc
Edible podded varieties (snow pea or sugar pea)

Whole pods of this type can be eaten as the pod walls contain less fibre and high sugar.
Sylvia: It is an introduced variety from Sweden. Plants are tall; first blossom appears at
14th to 16th node after 60 days of sowing. Pods are borne singly, yellowish in colour, long
(12 cm) and curved without parchment type pericarp. Pods are sweet and have general
appearance of a medium sized French bean pod.
UN 53 (6): Developed at IIHR which gives 8-9 t pod yield per hectare with crop duration
of 90 days.
Assignment:
1. Write the cultivation details of Peas in the following format.
Particulars Peas
Seed rate
Spacing
Season
Major pests
Major Diseases
Yield/ha
2. Write about climate and soil requirements for pea cultivation.
_____________________________________________________________________
36
Ex.No.11 Date:
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TUBER CROP VARIETIES
SWEET POTATO
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus L.) has been introduced in India through
Portuguese and British trade and colonization. Wide variation exists among the cultivars
for different morphological characters like shape and size, colour of skin and flesh of the
tubers, flower colour, flesh texture (firm and soft flesh), depth and period of rooting, etc.
cultivars grown in India are usually grouped according to tuber skin colour viz, white
skinned, brown skinned and red or pink skinned.
White Skinned Varieties:

Pusa Safed:
Developed at IARI through clonal selection form a Chinese material
(F’A-17-white). Tubers are long, white, very palatable and less affected by sweet potato
weevil. Duration is 105- 120 days. Average yield is 26-30 t/ha.
Rajendra Shakarkand 5 (R.S.-5):
Developed at Dholi through controlled cross between two varieties, Cross 4 x H 5
followed by clonal selections. Tubers are white and fusiform, and tolerant to sweet potato
weevil. Duration is 105-120 days. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.
Sree Nandini:
Developed at CTCRI through selection from open pollinated progenies of the
mother parent S-32, an introduced cultivar from Sudan. Plants are semi spreading with
unifoliate leaves showing entire margin and having shy flowering habit. Tubers are
medium sized, having medium long tuber neck, white skin and flesh. Duration is 100-105
days. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
Brown skinned varieties:
Samrat (S-30):
Developed at Hyderabad through clonal selection. Tubers are round, medium to
big in size and having light brown skin. It is susceptible to weevil. Moderately resistant to
drought. Duration is 90-100 days. Average yield is 23-30 t/ha.
Kalmegh:
Developed at CTCRI through clonal selection. Tubers are round and light brown in
colour. Duration is 90-105 days. Average yield is 26-32 t/ha.
Red/pink skinned varieties
H-41:
Developed at CTCRI through crossing between two cultivars, Norm
(introduction from Japan) x a local type followed by clonal selection from the F1
population. Plants are semi-spreading in nature. Tubers are fusiform, having reddish-
purple skin and white flesh. It possesses good culinary quality. Duration is 120-130 days.
H-635:
Developed at CTCRT through controlled cross followed by clonal selection.
Tubers are long, red and less affected by weevil. Duration is 120-140 days. Average yield
is 25 t/ha.
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37
CO-1:
Developed at Coimbatore through clonal.selection. It is moderately vigorous and
less spreading. Tubers have light pink skin and white flesh and contain 24% starch. It is
tolerant to weevil. Duration is 135 days. Average yield is 25 t/ha.
CO-2:
Developed at Coimbatore through selection of seedling clone from natural settings.
Tubers are light pink with white flesh, medium in size and contain 29.5 percent starch. It is
comparatively less susceptible to root weevil. Duration is 110-125 days. Average yield is
28 t/ha.
Pusa Lal:
Developed at IARI through clonal selection from a Japanese variety, Norm.
Tubers are medium sized and spindle shaped with pinkish red skin and white flesh, and
have good storability. Duration is 120 days. Average yield is 20-22 t/ha.
Pusa Sunheri:
Developed at IARI through clonal selection from a variety introduced from USA,
this is originally bred through clonal selection from a double hybrid (Puerto Blanco x
Wannop) x Australian Canner. Tubers are pinkish-red skinned with light orange-flesh and
having higher carotene content.
H-42:
Develped at CTCRI through selection from hybrid clonal population of the cross
Vella Damph (indigernous cultivar) x Triumph (Americn variety). Plants are semi-
spreading with unifoliate leaves having toothed margin. Tubers are medium sized,
fusiform \with pink skin and white flesh. The tuber cooks well, tastes sweet and is almost
free from fiber. Relatively tolerant to sweet potato weevil. Duration is 123 days. Average
H-268:
Developed at CTCRI through clonal selection from the cross between two hybrids,
H-74 x H-42.It is the product of a double cross involving two exotic and two indigenous
cultivars. Plants are semi spreading with 3-5 lobed, dark green leaves. Tubers are big,
fusiform with pink skin and light yellow flesh. It can withstand drought to a certain extent.
Duration is 120 days. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
Sree Vardhini:
Developed at CTCRI through selection from an open pollinated progeny of the
mother parent S-13. Plants are semi spreading with simple leaves having 3-5 shallow
lobes. Tubers are medium sized with pink skin and light orange flesh, and having high
carotene content (1200 IU). Duration is 100-105 days. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
Sree Bhadra:
Developed at CTCRI through selection from exotic material introduced from
ITTA, Nigeria. Plants are semi-spreading, greenish brown with broad cordate leaves.
Tubers are round with pink skin and creamy flesh and having 20% starch and 972 IU
carotene content. Duration is 110-125 days. Average yield is 25-27 t/ha.
Sree Ratna:
Developed at CTCRI through selection from segregating hybrid clone raised by
crossing S187 x Sree Vardhini. Plants are greenish brown in colour. Tubers are round with
purple skin and orange flesh and having 23% starch and 35781U carotene content.
Duration is 120-125 days. Average yield is 25 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
38
CO-3:
Developed at Coimbatore through clonal selection. Plants are moderately vigorous
and less spreading. Tubers are with light pink skin and white flesh and having 24% starch
content. Duration is 135 days. Average yield is 28 t/ha.
Konkan Ashwini:
Developed at Dapoli through clonal selection from local material. It can be
cultivated in both rabi and kharif seasons. It has spreading type growth habit with 240 cm
vine length. Stem light green with purple tinge at nodes. Leaves are heart shaped,
alternate, non shiny and non hairy. Tubers are smooth with deep purple skin colour and
cream coloured flesh. Tubers contain 3.6% protein and 3.7% reducing sugar. Average
yield is 12 t/ha in rainfed 19 t/ha in irrigated condition.
CASSAVA
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) was introduced in India by the Portuguese

sailors during the 17th century and was later spread particularly in Kerala, Tamilnadu and
Andhra Pradesh. Most of the varieties are a short duration type that matures in 8-11
months after planting and having low cyanide (HCN) content. Varieties with very low
HCN content are specially used for table purpose. However, its industrial use depends
mainly on starch content. The varieties developed in India are described here under.
M-4:
A table purpose cultivar introduced from Malayasia, evaluated at CTCRI and
popular in Kerala. Plants are tall and non-branching. Tubers have dark brown skin and
pink rind, containing very low HCN and have excellent culinary qualities. Tolerant to
cassava mosaic virus but very susceptible to mites. Duration is 10-11 months. Average
yield is 25 t/ha.
CO-1:
Developed at Coimbatore through clonal selection from local type. Tubers have
whitish brown skin with cream coloured rind and white flesh. It contains 35 percent starch
with a low HCN content (18.5 µg/g). It exhibits high degree of field tolerance against
cassava mosaic virus. Duration is 9 months. Average yield is 29-30 t/ha.
CO-3:
Developed at Coimbatore through selection of seedling from open pollinated seeds
received from IITA, Nigeria. It is a heavy branching type. Tubers have dark brown skin,
yellowish white rind and white flesh and contain 35% starch. It is highy suitable for
industrial use. Duration is 9 months. Average yield is 35 t/ha.
H-226:
Developed at CTCRI through development of hybrid progeny by crossing
M-4 (Malayasian accession) x Ethakkakaruppan (local cultivar) and subsequent clonal
selection. Plants are tall (2-2.5 m) and occasionally branching and have leaves of
characteristic green colour. Tubers are medium sized (25-35 cm) with creamy skin, light
purple rind and white flesh and having 28-30 percent starch content. It is a popular cultivar
for industrial use. Susceptible to cassava mosaic virus. Duration is 9 to 10 months.
_____________________________________________________________________
39
Sree Visakham (H-1687):
Developed at CTCRI by crossing Accession No. 1501 (indigenous collection) x S
2312 (introduction from Madagascar) and subsequent selection from the hybrid
population. Plants are tall (2.0-2.5 m) and predominantly non-branching. Tubers are
medium sized, well developed, conical with brown skin, creamy rind and light yellow
flesh and having 25-27 percent starch and 466 IU carotene content. It is good for culinary
purpose. Tolerant to cassava mosaic virus. Duration is 10 months. Average yield is
35-38 t/ha.
Sree Sahya (H-2304):
Developed at CTCRI through generation of hybrid progeny by multiple crossing in
succession involving two exotic (Ac. No. 468 from Madagascar and M-4 from Malyasia)
and three indigenous parents and subsequent clonal selection. Plants are tall (2-2.5 m),
predominantly non-branching with dark brown petiole and a prominent spiny stipular
mark. Tubers are medium long with light brown skin, cream coloured rind and white flesh,
long necked, and containing 29 to 31 percent starch. Tolerant to cassava mosaic virus.
Duration is 10-11 months. Average yield is 35 to 40 t/ha.
Sree Prakash (S-586):
Developed at CTCRI through slection from indigenous germplasm collection.
Plants are erect and relatively short (1.0-1.5 m) and generally non-branching with high leaf
retention. Tubers are medium sized, early maturing and necked, contain 29-31 percent
starch and have fairly good cooking qualities. Tolerant to Cercopspora leaf spot. Duration
is 7-8 months. Average yield is 30-35 t/ha.
Sree Harsha:
Developed at CTCRI through alternation of ploidy. It is the selection from triploid
clonal population developed by crossing the diploid clone OP-4 (2x) x induced tetraploid
of Sree Sahya. Plants are stout, erect and generally non-branching. Leaves are broad and
thick with light purple petiole. Tubers have light brown skin, creamy rind and white flesh
and contain 39% starch. It is an ideal variety for industrial use and poultry feed. Duration
is 10 months. Average yield is 35-40 t/ha.
Sree Jaya:
Developed at CTCRI through clonal selection from indigenous germplasm. Plants
are medium tall, erect, branching and green. Tubers are conical with brown skin, purple
rind and white flesh and contain 24-27% starch. It is short duration and has good cooking
quality. Duration is 6 months. Average yield is 26-30 t/ha.
Sree Vijaya:
Developed at CTCRI through clonal selection from the indigenous germplasm.
Plants are erect, branching and green. Tubers are conical with brown skin, cream coloured
rind and light yellow flesh and contain 27-30% starch and fair carotene content. Duration
is 6 months. Average yield is 25-28 t/ha.
Nidhi:
Developed at CTCRI through clonal selection from indigenous germplasm. Plants
are medium tall, erect and having branching habit with greyish-white stem. Duration is 6
months. Average yield is 25 t/ha.
KMC-1:
Developed at Vellanikkara through clonal selection from a traditionally cultivated
cultivar of Kerala named Ramanathala. Plants are erect and non-branching with broad
leaves. Tubers have creamy rind and white flesh and contain 31% starch. Duration is 6
months. Average yield is 30 t/ha.
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40
YAMS
Of the three important species of Dioscorea, D. alata (greater yam) and
D. esculenta (lesser yam) are the major food yams of India. They have been originated
probably in South-east Asia. The third important species. D. rotundata (white yam) which
is extensively cultivated in African continent is a recent introduction to India. The
varieties are described under three important species of Dioscorea.
Greater Yam (Dioscorea alata)

Sree Keerthi:
Developed at CTCRI by clonal selection. It is a male clone having green stem and
petiole and produce 1-2 tubers/plant. Tubers are about 32 cm long, conical in shape with
brown skin and white flesh and having good cooking quality and taste. It contains 20-22%
starch. Duration is 9-10 months. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.
Sree Roopa:
Developed at CTCR1 by clonal selection. It is a female clone with vigorous
growing habit and purple stem and produces 2-3 tubers/plant. Tubers are digitate in shape,
with black skin and white flesh and excellent in culinary properties. It contains 17-19
percent starch. Duration is 9 months. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.
Sree Shilpa:
Developed at CTCRI through intervarietal hybridization followed by clonal
selection from the hybrid population. Tubers are oval, smooth with white flesh and having
excellent cooking quality. Crop duration is 8 months. Average yield is 28 t/ha.
CO-1:
Developed at Coimbatore through clonal selection. Average yield is 40 t/ha.
White Yam (D. rotundata)

Sree Subhra:
Developed at CTCRI by clonal selection from the open pollinated progeny of the
exotic cultivar ‘Iwo’ from Africa. The leaves are light green with straight margin. Tubers
are cylindrical, partly hairy with brown skin and white flesh and possessing good cooking
quality. It contains 21-23% starch. Duration 9-10 months. Average yield is 35-40 t/ha.
Sree Priya:
Developed at CTCRI by clonal selection from the open pollinated progeny of the
exotic cultivar “Umidika” from Africa. The leaves are dark glossy green with wavy
margin. Tubers are cylindrical with brown skin and white flesh. It has good taste and
contain 20-21% starch. Duration is 9-10 months. Average yield is 35-40 t/ha.
Sree Dhanya:
A dwarf type developed at CTCRI by clonal selection from seedling progeny. It is
a male clone which requires no staking as the plants do not grow beyond 50 cm. Petiole
and emerging leaves are green and leaves are narrow. Tubers are cylindrical, partly hairy
with brown skin and white flesh. Duration is 9 months. Average yield is 20-25 t/ha.
_____________________________________________________________________
41
TARO
This vegetable aroids under the family Colocasia have been originated in India and
southern Asia causing the existence of huge variability in India. Two botanical varieties
are recognized namely; C. esculenta var. esculenta (Eddoe type) and C. esculenta var.
antiquorum (Dasheen type) and the varieties are described under these two types.
1. Eddoe type 2. Dasheen type:
Eddoe type
In this type, cormels are profuse and bigger than mother corms, and cormels are
the economic plant part. This type of taro is most popular and most of the local cultivars of
taro belong to this type. A large number of local cultivars are available in India and named
after the shape of the corm, places of cultivation, etc. Some of them are
Panch Mukhi:
The corm has five faces and five cormels are attached to each mother corm. It has
excellent keeping and cooking qualities. Duration is 6-7 months. Average yield varies
from 12 to 15 t/ha. Other local varieties like this are Satamukhi and Sahasramukhi (corms
have numerous faces).
Koni Kachu:
The cormels are smooth, white and roundish. It has excellent cooking quality and
is mainly used for curry purpose. Yield varies from 12 to 25 t/ha.
Naga Kaju:
The local cultivar of Nagaland. The cormels are comparatively small in size.
Kovvur:
This local variety has been released by the state variety release committee of
Andhra Pradesh. Only the cormels are edible in this type, and are of good quality.
Duration is 6-7 months. Yield is 12-15 t/ha.
White Gauriya:
A dwarf and spreading type. Cormels have good cooking quality. Both the corms
and leaves are free from acridity. Duration is 6-7 months. Yield is 12-15 t/ha.
Improved variety of this group is…
Sree Rashmi:
Developed at CTCRI by clonal selection from the germplasm accessions collected
from Kerala. Plants are tall (100-150 cm), erect with medium broad leaves and purplish
green petiole and sheath. The corms are big and cylindrical and cormels are medium sized
and having good cooking quality. It contains 15% starch and 2.5% protein. Yield is 15-20
t/ha. All plant parts are edible. Duration is 7-8 months
Dasheen type
This type produce large corm with few cormels. It can be grown under wide range
of moisture conditions. It may be propagated by leaf bearing tips of mature corm or by
small cormels.
Sree Pallavi:
Developed at CTCRI by clonal selection from germplasm of Meghalaya. Plants
are tall (100-150 cm) with green petiole. Corms are comparatively bigger in size and
cormels are small but plenty in number (20-25/plants). Cormels are having good cooking
quality and contain 16-17% starch and 2-3% protein. Duration 6 to 7 months. Average
_____________________________________________________________________
42
Assignment:
1. Draw the edible parts of different Tuber crops

2. Collect the following details of Sweet potato, Cassava, Yams and Taro.
Crop S.Name Origin Family Chromosome.No
3. Collect the Area, production and productivity statistics of Tuber crops.

(000ha) (000MT) MT/ha
Tuber World
crops India
4. Write the cultivation details of Tuber crops in the following format.
Particulars S.Potato Cassava yams Taro

Seed rate
Spacing
Season
Major pests
Major Diseases
Yield/ha `
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43
Ex.No.12 Date:
CALCULATION OF COST OF CULTIVATION FOR IMPORTANT

TEMPERATE VEGETABLE CROPS
Cost of cultivation:
Particulars Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3
Seed cost
Cost of Nursery bed preparation
Preparatory cultivation
Cost of Fertilisers
(Cost of FYM/compost & Fertilizers
and its application)
Cost of Irrigation
Cost of plant protection
(Cost of chemicals and its
application)
Cost of Harvesting
Total cost of production
Gross Return
Net Returns: =
Gross returns - Cost of production.
Write your remarks and observations based on the above details:
_____________________________________________________________________
44
Ex.No.13 Date:
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN

Deficiency symptoms of Nitrogen in Temperate vegetable crops
Crop Symptoms
Beet root Leaves pale green, turning dark reddish, purple later; habit of
growth thin erect.
Broccoli, & Young leaves pale green, older leaves coloured orange, red to
Brussels sprout purple, followed by shedding.
Carrot Leaves coloured light green, followed by yellowing, petioles
weak.
Celery Older leaves show yellowing followed by wilting and death
Lettuce Leaves pale green, older leaves showing yellowing, followed by
death and drying or 'firing'.
Onion Leaves light green; older leaves die, showing bleached yellowish
colour, short leaves of small diameter; growth stiff and upright.
Potato Leaves light green; older or lower leaves turn yellow and shed,
stems few and slender; growth upright tubers small.
Radish Retarded growth; leaves small, narrow thin yellowish. Roots

small, imperfectly developed, faded reddish colour.
Sweet potato Leaves yellowish green with reddish tinged areas, short petioles;
defoliation of old leaves; tip leaves light green, small, growth
stunted.
Deficiency symptoms of Phosphorous in Temperate vegetable crops

Crop Symptoms
Beetroot Leaves are dull purple, small, With short petioles.
Broad bean Leaves are dark green; older leaves drop, stems are thin,
blossoms are sparse.
Cabbage Leaves are dull green with purple cast; especially on underside;
they are small and firm, but margins die.
Carrot Leaves are dull green with purple cast, older leaflets die, petioles
are upright
Lettuce Leaves are dull green to reddish brown or purple; older leaves
die, growth is stunted with poor head formation.
Onion Older leaves wilt, showing tip die back, and mottling of green
areas.
Pea Leaves are bluish green and sparse; shoots are weak, thin and
stunted.
Potato Leaves show forward roll and marginal scorch; the older ones
drop; growth is upright and spindly; tubers may have internal
lesions.
Radish Leaves are reddish purple on underside; root development is
poor; plant is stunted.
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45
Deficiency symptoms of Potassium (K) in Temperate vegetable crops
Crop Symptoms
Beans Leaflets become chlorotic with necrotic brown areas at margins
between veins; leaflets curl or drop downward.
Beetroot Leaves bluish green around veins: surface is crinkled and margins
curl downward; older leaves become yellowish to reddish brown
between veins; and at margins; stem of older leaves show brown
spots and stripes; roots are dark and tend to rot; are poorly
developed.
Cabbage Leaves show yellowing; heads are soft, puffy and small.
Carrot Leaves are slightly chlorotic followed by browning; roots are
spindly; growth is short.
Cauliflower Leaves become dark green; older leaves show yellowing and
browning of margins and interveinal areas.
Celery Leaves become dark green, curling of leaflets and brown
colouration caused by necrosis; leaf stems are short, with necrotic
areas.
Cowpea Leaflets are more or less mottled; followed by necrosis and ragged
appearance.
Onion Older leaves first show slight yellowing, followed by wilting and
death, appearing like crepe paper; dying and drying start at tips of
older leaves; bulb formation is poor.
Pea Leaves become dark green with yellowing and firing of lower
leaves at margins; leaflets are cupped downward; pods are poorly
filled; growth is retarded.
Potato Leaves are first bluish green, older leaves become yellowish
followed by necrosis and browning starting from tips and margins,
leaflets are cupped and crowded together; stalks are slender with
short internodes an may collapse prematurely; tuber flesh is
bluish.
Radish Leaves are bluish green in the middle part, with margins pale
yellow to brown, older leaves become deep yellow to bronze,
stems may show bronze colouration; leaves are thick and leathery,
curling backward.
Sweet potato Older leaves show chlorosis and necrosis at margins between
veins, with downward cupping and some shedding, stems are few,
growth is reduced.
Deficiency symptoms of Calcium in Temperate vegetable crops:
Crop Symptoms
Beans Blackening and death of the plant.
Beetroot Leaves are pale green around margins, curled toward upper
surface, necrotic and ragged. Roots are forked and tuned.
Cabbage Leaves rolled up at margins which are ragged and discoloured;
white in narrow band, followed by necrosis at rims; death or
growing point.
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46
Carrot Leaves show some chlorosis, necrosis, or scorching and finally
die, foliage is sparse.
Cauliflower Leaves rolled up at margins which are ragged and discoloured,
white in narrow band, followed by necrosis at rims.
Pea Youngest leaves are curled and tough; lower leaves are chlorotic.
Plants are short and die prematurely. Root tips die
Potato Young leaves are small and pale green, rolled towards upper
surface, with marginal necrosis; bud dies; tubers are dwarfed and
useless, with dead spots in pith region.
Radish, Rape Leaves of young plants show narrow white bands at margins;
there may be some interveinal chlorosis, also marginal wilting,
necrosis and rolling up.
Sweet potato Young leaves are light green; some older leaves may show
reddish areas and necrosis.
Deficiency symptoms of Magnesium in Temperate vegetable crops:
Crop Symptoms
Beetroot Older leaves show chlorosis and reddish tinting between veins
Cabbage Older leaves become chlorotic between veins. ‘Marbling’ occurs,
leaves are puckered. Severe chlorosis may be followed by yellow
areas around the rim and at centre which may die or decay.
Carrot Leaves are light coloured; tips or lobes show light yellow or
brown spots, old leaves are severely chlorotic.
Onion Leaves die back at tips, foliage dies prematurely, growth is slow.
Pea Leaf tips are browned, leaves die prematurely.
Radish Older leaves become chlorotic between veins.
Bean Young leaves first exhibit chlorosis followed by necrosis. Later
the leaves turn yellow and drop and the plants die.
Beetroot Leaves are chlorotic between veins, with erect growth, margins are
curled towards upper surfaces; red and purple tinting appears.
Cabbage Leaves are smaller and yellower than normal, and are marked by
yellow mottling between veins.
Pea Stems may appear normal or leaves may show a slight interveinal
chlorosis, flat surface of seeds have a brown spot or cavity in the
centre.
Deficiency symptoms of Molybdenum in Temperate vegetable crops
Crop Symptoms
Beetroot Red veins are more conspicuous against chlorotic background.
Cabbage Older leaves become mottled, bleached, scorched and coupled with
irregular margins; head formation is poor.
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47
Cauliflower ‘Whiptail’ develops; leaves are twisted and elongated with laminae
showing various degree of narrowness and irregularity. Laminae
are often corrugated irregularly, cupped, relatively thick, turgid
and abnormally dark green or blue green. Flower curds are
irregular with ‘ricey’ and leafy formation in slightly affected
plants.
Turnip Leaves show cupping, whiptail, chlorosis, mottling and marginal
burn.
Beetroot Leaves die in crown, which may be covered with small, deformed
leaves; older leaves wilt and become necrotic. Roots show heart rot
and dry rot.
Cabbage Leaves are distorted, brittle stiff, thick mottled along margins and
wilted. Leaves making up head are unattached; petioles having
swellings which later become corky.
Carrot Leaves show marginal yellowing, followed by red extending
inward. Roots have wide deep splits.
Onion Leaves are of deep blue colour, later the youngest leaves become
conspicuously mottled, yellow and green, with distorted shrunken
areas.
Pea Leaves develop yellow or white veins, followed by small changes
in interveinal areas. Growing points die. Blossoms shed.
Radish Terminal growing tip dies; leaves are discoloured and distorted.
Roots show internal darkening.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN TEMPERATE VEGETABLE CROPS

Cole crops
1. Browning: Boron deficiency
Water soaked lesions in the leaf, stem and curd surface appear, which turn rusty
brown in colour. In knolkhol, splitting of tuber occurs. Potassium deficiency aggravates
splitting. Leaves change in colour and thicken. Older leaves curl down ward. In cabbage,
browning in stem appears due to this disorder along with thickening and brittleness of
leaves.
Control:
• Soil application of borax @ 10-15 kg/ha. Four sprays of 0.25 -0.50% solution of
borax at the rate of 1-2 kg/ha along with 0.1% Teepol.
2. Molybdenum deficiency (whiptail):

Young cauliflower plants become chlorotic and turn white along leaf margins.
They become cupped and wither. Sometimes only the mid rib develops thereby giving the
name “whiptail’ to this syndrome. In cabbage and other Cole crops, distortion of growing
point along with reduction of leaf area is the symptoms.
Control:
• Molybdenum availability is low on very acidic soil, raising the pH to 6.5 by liming
makes molybdenum available.
• Application of 1.5 kg Sodium or Ammonium molybdate per hectare mixed with
fertilizers.
• Ammonium molybdate (0.1%) along with 0.1% Teepol.
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48
3. Buttoning
Causes:
• Over aged seedlings, poor nitrogen supply, wrong cultivars etc. or any check in the
vegetative growth of seedlings. The check may be insufficient nutrition or biotic
stress.
• Remedy: To avoid all kinds of biotic and a biotic stress.
4. Riceyness:
Premature initiation of floral buds is called Riceyness.
• Causes: Temperature fluctuation higher or lower than the optimum.
• Control: Proper variety and good seed stock.
5. Blindness:
The cauliflowers lack terminal bud. The leaves are large dark green, thick a
leathery. It does not produce curd.
• Causes: Subzero temperature when plants are small, mechanical injury of terminal
bud or injury caused by insects such as cutworms.
• Control: Careful handling of plants, avoiding exposure of plants to very low
temperature.
6. Multiple curds: A number of small button-like curds appear in a bunch.

• Cause: Due to terminal bud injury and resultant branching before curd initiation.
• Control: Same as blindness.
7. Leafyness or Bracting : Green leafy bracts in between segments of the curd.

Cause: High temperature during curd development
Control: Selection of right variety.
Carrot
1. Carrot splitting or cracking:

It is a major problem in many carrot-growing areas. The splitting is reduced by low
N and increases as the amount of N in the soil increases. High concentration of ammonium
compounds in soil causes this problem. Wider the spacing, the greater is the amount of
splitting and large roots are more likely to split than small ones.
2. Cavity spot:
It is presence of cavity in the cortex.
• Causes: It occurs due to decreased accumulation of calcium and increased
accumulation of potassium.
• Remedy: Increased calcium supplement.
Beet root
Internal black / brown spot/ heart rot: With in fleshy roots, hard or corky spots are
found scattered through out the roots but more numerous on the light colour zone or
cambium layers.
• Causes: Boron deficiency
• Remedy: Soil application of Borax 20% or 22 kg/ acre.
_____________________________________________________________________
49
Potato
Poor / Uneven sprouting
Causes:
• Planting soon after removal from cold storage.
• Crust formation on ridges due to excess irrigation.
• Decay of cut surface by fungal infection.
Remedy
• Tubers should be kept in cold storage till the end of dormancy period.
• Presprouting of seed tubers in diffused light at normal room temperature,
15 days before planting.
• Fungicide treatment (0.3% Agallol) before planting.
Onion
1. Poor seed germination
• Control: Use fresh seed .Soaking of stored onion seeds in water or sodium
phosphate solution for 2-6 hours followed by drying.
2. Bolting: Premature seed stock formation.

• Causes: Low temperature at Bulbing and bulb development
• Control: Adjustment of transplanting time according to the temperature condition.
Use of healthy 8-10 weeks old seedling and cutting of seed stalks at early stage.
3. Poor bulb storage:

Control: Adjustment of planting time so that harvesting can be done in dry period. Spray
bulbs with 0.2% Difolatan before storage.
• Irrigation should be stopped 15 days before harvesting.
• Spraying 2000 ppm MH 10-15 days before harvest.
• Harvesting at neck fall.
• Proper curing for 4-5 days.
-----------------
Assignment:
1. Draw the neat diagrams of nutrient deficiency symptoms of commercial vegetables.
2. Collect and submit 10 samples of nutrient deficiencies/ Physiological disorders of

temperate vegetables.
_____________________________________________________________________
50
Ex.No.14 Date:
MATURITY STANDARDS AND HARVESTING IN

Identifying the correct stage of maturity in vegetables and harvesting at proper

time is one of the important pre harvest factors. Some visual characters like (i) Increase in
size, (ii) Colour development, (iii) Softening of the tissues (iv) Seediness (v) Development
of net like structures (vi) Drying of foliage or top and (vii) Flowering/bolting are generally
taken as maturity indices.
MATURITY STANDARDS
COLE CROPS
Cabbage:
It is harvested when the heads attain full size, firm but tender. Early varieties take
60-80 days and late varieties takes 100-200 days after transplanting.
Cauliflower:
It is harvested when the curds attain a proper size, bright coloured and
compactness but not after they begin to raise or discolour. The curds harvested along with
2-3 big leaves protect the curd during the transport and keep longer in storage.
Knol khol:
When the knobs attain marketable size and with glossy appearance.
PEAS AND BEANS
French bean:
Green pods are harvested when they are fully grown and while the seeds are small.
Usually pods are ready for harvesting within 10-15 days of the first bloom. Dry beans are
harvested when there are large % of pod share fully ripe but before to shatter.
Pea:
Peas get ready for harvesting in 60-100 days. The pod turns from dark to light
green at maturity. In processing industry the maturity of the pea is tested with the help of
tenderometer, which indicates the tenderness of the sugar content of peas for dehydration.
BULB CROPS
Onion:
Bulbs are considered mature when the neck tissues begin to soften and tops are
about to abscise and decolourise.
Harvesting time depends upon the purpose. With hold irrigation 2—3 weeks before
harvesting of bulbs. Foliage should be removed at the place showing bend.
Green purpose: Harvest at edible size.
Mature bulbs: Harvest at neck full stage. After the tops are dried, they are cut off
with knife by leaving 1.5—2.0 cm of the tops attached to the bulb. Curing should be done
properly (6—8 days)
Garlic:
Like onion curing for 3—7days in shade. Bulbs are stored along with foliage in
small tied bunches or the top is cut 2 cm above the bulb. Roots are also trimmed leaving 1
cm of root.
_____________________________________________________________________
51
ROOT AND TUBER CROPS
Potato:
Potatoes are harvested when the vines have fully ripened and the tubers are
matured. Immature potatoes shrink severely, bruise easily and will not kept well. The
tubers immediately after harvest should be properly cured in an airy and shady for 1 week
before sending to cold storage.
Sweet potato:
The indications of tubers matured are the leaves turn pale and later turn slightly
yellow. Mature if cut and exposed to air dries up, while the immature remains most and
turns dark in co lour.
Tapioca:
The tubers are ready for harvest in 7-11 months depending on the variety. When
the soil shows cracks, a trail digging is done. The plants are cut back before digging out
the roots.
Radish:
Radish should be harvested when the roots are still tender. A few days delay in
harvest especially in temperate types make the roots pithy and quite unsuitable for market.
The roots are pulled out along with the tops after 25-40 days.
Carrot:
Same as in radish when the edible roots at the upper end get 2.5-4.0cm of diameter
are harvested.
Beetroot:
It is harvested when the roots attain 3-5cm diameter. Usually the top is removed
for marketing the roots.
Harvesting
Harvesting of vegetables at optimal maturity and careful handling constitute the
successful storage life. Harvesting of vegetables is done in two ways viz. by hand, with or
without mechanical aids or gadgets and by mechanical harvesting. In India, most of the
vegetables are harvested manually.
Root crops:
Beet root, carrot, radish, turnip and tubers like potato, tapioca and sweet potato are
easily harvested by digging the soil below the roots or tubers. Then it is lifted upwards by
loosening the soil. This will reduce the possibility of mechanical damage. In Punjab,
tractor drawn potato diggers are used for harvesting potato.
Leafy Vegetables:
In spinach and Methi, the lateral buds and the stems are snapped off by hand.
Cabbage, cauliflower, knoll-khol and lettuce:
Here the main stem is cut off with a sharp knife.
Bulbous crops:
Green onions and leaves can be easily pulled out by hand from the moist soil while
for harvesting fully mature onions and garlic bulbs, soil is loosened first with a fork or
hoe. Simple tractor drawn implements are also available for loosening soil while
harvesting
Onions and garlic like crops:
Onion blubs can harvested one week after 50% of the leaves have fallen reduce
losses in post harvest handling.
_____________________________________________________________________
52
Assignment:
1. What are the vegetables consumed at immature stage?
2. What are the vegetables consumed in full maturity stage?
_____________________________________________________________________
53
Ex.No.15 Date:
PACKAGING AND STORAGE OF BULBS AND TUBER CROPS
Packaging
The common packages are wooden boxes, wire-bound boxes, bamboo baskets,
stick baskets, corrugated fiberboard boxes, plastic crates and jute bags. Cheap materials,
like polyethylene films, paperboard boxes lined with polyethylene, can effectively be used
in packaging. Wrapping of vegetables with newspaper and tissue paper may be useful
because it reduces physiological loss in weight. Plastic crates are better in case of bulk
transportation from the point of view of less bruising loss. Polyethylene packaging reduces
decay and softening of the produce. Handling of the produce during packaging should be
prompt to minimize deterioration.
Storage:
On-farm storage:
The crops are generally placed in piles on the ground and covered with straw at
first and then with soil. Sometimes, on-farm storage of these vegetables is done in trench
or pit (eg. cabbage, beet, carrot, turnip etc.)
Home storage:
Limited quantity of vegetables which require relatively high temperature and low
relative humidity for storage, like ripe sweet potato, yam, etc. can be kept in the shady and
cool corner of the house for quite a long time.
PACKAGING AND STORAGE OF BULBS
Packaging of Onion
Packing should be small for easy handling during transit and may vary according
to market demand. Onions are packed in jute (Hessian) bags for transporting to yard or
brought as loose. For safe handling, 40 kg open mesh jute bags having 200-300 g weight
should be used in domestic market. For export, common big onions are packed in 5-25 kg
size open mesh jute bags. Bangalore Rose and multiplier onions are packed for export in
14-15 kg wooden baskets. Nylon net bags, when used for packing have resulted in less
storage loss because of good ventilation.
Handling onions
Bulbs intended for storage must be free from cuts and handled with extreme care.
Onions should not be dropped on to non-resilient surface from more than 6 feet height. If
onions are to be stacked after packing in store or trucks, the better height is 2-2.5 meters.
Losses due to rot is reported to be more if onions are stored in gunny bags than in loose or
wooden crates.
Ventilated storage structure for onion and garlic:
Onion and garlic are the vegetable crops of great economic significance in our
country. They are the major export earners and have great demand in domestic market. A
large quantity of onion and garlic is lost due to inadequate post-harvest handling. The
recommended ideal storage conditions for onion and garlic are 0°temperature and 70 to 75
per cent relative humidity.
_____________________________________________________________________
54
Storage of Onions
It is necessary to dry the neck tissue and outer scales until they rustle when handled
otherwise the bulbs will rot in storage. Sprouting in onion is controlled by temperature.
The temperature between 10-25°C increases sprouting. Rooting is influenced by relative
humidity (RH). More the relative humidity more is rooting. Weight loss is more when
temperature is above 35°C.
Under ambient conditions the onions are stored at a temperature of 30-35OC with
RH of 65-70%. In cold storage, temperature is maintained at 0-2°C while the RH is kept at
60-75%. Sprouting is checked effectively if Maleic Hydrazide at 2500 ppm is sprayed at
75-90 days after transplanting. Effect is, however, more pronounced in kharif season than
in rabi season.
The storage rots could be checked if proper cleanliness is maintained in store and
crop is sprayed with 0.1% Carbendazim after 90 days of transplanting and just before
harvest. Periodical turning of bulbs or removal of rotten, damaged and sprouted bulbs
should be done. Well-ventilated improved storage structures with racks or tiers having two
or three layers of bulbs would be desirable for proper storage.
PACKAGING AND STORAGE OF POTATO
Room Storage
The room should have a high plinth and good ventilation. The doors and
ventilators should be fitted with insect-proof wire-nets. Potatoes can be stored in single
layers on sand. Frequent examination is necessary to discard tubers showing rotting
symptoms.
Pit Storage
In this system, the tubers are stored in pits 60-75 cm deep and 2.5 meter long and 1
meter wide. These pits are made in a cool shady place. Water is sprinkled inside the pit to
achieve the cooling effect. After two days neem leaves, dry grass or sugarcane trash is
lined all round the pit from inside. Bamboo chimneys of 1.5 meter length are placed inside
the pit 1 meter apart for facilitating evaporation of the moisture deposited due to
transpiration of the stored tubers. Pits are then filled with tubers leaving 15 cm on top
followed by a one-foot layer of dry grass. A thatch is provided over the pit as protection
from rain and sun.
OTHER METHODS OF STORAGE
Cold storage:
Low temperature storage is the best method of slowing down metabolic processes
and decay of vegetables and thereby, most effectively extends the shelf-life of the produce.
Low temperature also reduces the moisture loss from the produce because moisture
holding capacity of air at low temperature is much less than it is at warm temperatures.
In the cold storage, both temperature and relative humidity are considered
simultaneously and in fact, the requirements are specific for each vegetable. Improper low
temperature leads to freezing injury of the produce whereas improper high temperature
leads to shriveling of the produce and at the same time favors the growth of decay-causing
micro-organisms.
Controlled atmosphere (C.A) storage:
Usually, reduction of oxygen and/or elevation of carbon dioxide concentration
inside the storage chamber is maintained. This storage markedly retards ripening,
respiration and senescence and thereby prolongs shelf-life of vegetables.
_____________________________________________________________________
55
Irradiation:
Irradiation is found useful to extend the shelf-life of the produce by restricting the
growth of decay causing microorganisms and by slowing down the rate of metabolism in
the produce. In addition to this, irradiation has been found to be of great practical
significance in controlling sprouting of potato and onion. Irradiated produce also
maintains its quality for prolonged period.
Storage requirement of some cool season vegetables:

Temperature Relative humidity Storage life
Vegetable
(0°C) (%) (weeks)
Potato 3.0-4.4 85 34.0
Cabbage(early) 0.0-1.7 92-95 4-6
Cabbage(late) 0.0-1.7 92-95 12.0
Cauliflower (late) 0.0-1.7 85-95 7.0
Beet (topped) 0.0-1.7 90-95 8-14
Beet (bunched) 0.0 90 1.5
Carrot (topped) 0.0 95 20-24
Radish (topped) 0.0 88-92 3-5
Turnip 0.0 90-95 8-16
Pea 0.0 88-92 2-3
Lettuce (head type) 0.0 90-95 3.0
Lettuce (leaf type) 0.0 95 11.0
Asparagus 0.0 95 3-4
Onion (bulb) 0.0 70-75 20-24
Cassava 0.0-1.7 85 23
1. How you will control sprouting and rotting of onion during storage?
2. Draw neat diagrams of different storage methods of potato and Onion
_____________________________________________________________________
56
Ex.No.16 Date:
VISIT TO LOCAL VEGETABLE MARKET
Marketing of vegetables faces a number of constraints due to their high

perishability, seasonal market arrivals and bulky nature. Assembling and subsequent
marketing of the produce is further lopsided due to lack of proper storage facilities and
quick transport systems. Very often the producers are forced to dispose of their
produce at a very nominal price when there arises seasonal gluts due to these
bottlenecks. Another major defect in vegetable marketing is the involvement of several
intermediaries who dominate the trade and reap huge profit. Consequently, producers’
margin in the consumers’ price become very low.
In vegetable marketing, the following four channels are predominant.
1. Producer→Commission agent→Wholesale trader→Retailer→Consumer
2. Producer → Wholesale trader→ Retailer→Consumer
3. Producer→Commission agent→ Wholesale trader→Consumer
4. Producer→ Retailer→Consumer
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Which is the common market channel in the market during your market visit?
2. What are the major constraints in the vegetable marketing?
3. Write your suggestions to improve the vegetable marketing
_____________________________________________________________________
57

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PRACTICAL MANUAL

Dr.Y.S.R. HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

the First Semester of 2016-17 (year) of 2nd B.Sc., (Hons.) Horticulture.

Name of the Student: ________________________________________

Class : 2nd B.Sc.,(Hons.) Horticulture

Course No. : VGSC-2.2.1 (Temperate vegetables, Potato and Tuber crops)

S.No Title of the Experiment Date of Date of Signature of

Identification and description of

Identification and description of

PREPARATION OF NURSERY BEDS AND RISING OF NURSERIES FOR

Advantages of raising seedlings in nursery:

Preparation of nursery beds:

Advantages of raised nursery bed:

Pest and disease management in nursery

a. Crops allocated to students in the main field

IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CAULIFLOWER AND CABBAGE

Maturity Group II (Mid-Early):

Maturity Group III (Mid-Late):Annual temperate or snowball cauliflower

Features: Curd maturity Mid-December-Mid-January, Temperature requirement for

Features:Curd maturity January-February, Temperature requirement for curd

IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CABBAGE VARIETIES

1. White Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba):

2. Savoy Cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda):

3. Red Cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata f. rubra):

Round and Flat or Drum-headed Varieties:

(Use the space provided on the left side)

Crop S.Name Origin Family Chromosome no.

Crop Details Area Production Productivity

Particulars Cabbage Cauliflower

IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF KNOL-KHOL, BRUSSELS

Available varieties of India:

3. Write the cultivation details of Knol-Khol in the following format.

The cultivars can be grouped into two distinct types:

2. Collect the following details of Brussels sprouts

3. Write the cultivation details of Brussels sprouts in the following format.

Sprouting broccoli Brassica oleracea var. italica is also gaining some

Palam Samridhi (DPGB-1):

2. Collect the following details of Sprouting broccoli

3. Write the cultivation details of Sprouting broccoli in the following format.

TRANSPLANTING OF VEGETABLE SEEDLINGS TO THE MAIN FIELD

METHODS OF FIELD PREPARATION:

1. What are the advantages of transplanting over direct sowing?

Tropical or Oriental Type

Detroit Dark Red:

Temperate or European Type:

Purple Top White Globe:

1. Differentiate between Asiatic and European root vegetables

2. Collect the following details of Root vegetables.

3. Collect the Area, production and productivity statistics of Root crops.

4. Write the cultivation details of root crops in the following format.

VISIT TO THE FARMER’S FIELD

IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF POTATO VARIETIES

Late Maturing Varieties

2. Collect the following details of Potato

3. Collect the Area, production and productivity statistics of Potato.

IDENTIFICATION AND VARIETAL DESCRIPTION OF BULB CROPS

Onion is originally a native of Central Asia, the temperate region having

COMMON ONION (Allium cepa)

Winter or Rabi Onion:

RED-SKINNED VARIETIES: Deep Red-skinned varieties

LIGHT-RED OR BRONZE-RED Skinned Varieties:

WHITE OR SILVER-skinned Varieties:

(Use the space provided on the left side)

2. Collect the following details of Onion and Garlic.