Physics of the Dark Universe 42 (2023) 101271

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Physics of the Dark Universe

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dark

Circular motion and chaos bound of a charged particle near charged 4D

Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-AdS black holes
∗
Jiayu Xie, Jie Wang, Bing Tang
Department of Physics, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The circular motion and chaos bound of one charged particle near 4D charged AdS black holes in
Received 4 May 2023 the Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity theory are analytically investigated. With the help of the Jacobian
Received in revised form 13 June 2023 matrix, we construct the actual formula of the Lyapunov exponent for the charged particle, which
Accepted 14 June 2023
satisfies the upper bound when it is localized at the event horizon. Further considering the Lyapunov
Keywords: exponent in the vicinity of the horizon and studying the 4D charged Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-AdS black
Charged particle hole with different Gauss–Bonnet coupling coefficients, it is found that it has some specific values
Lyapunov exponent to determine whether a violation of chaos bound. The Lyapunov exponent for the circular motion
Chaos bound of charged test particle is larger than the static equilibrium because of the appearance of angular
4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-AdS black hole momentum. We find that, with the increase of the Gauss–Bonnet coupling coefficient, the black hole
gets closer to the extremal state and the bound is more easily violated. For various Gauss–Bonnet
coupling coefficients, we obtain a corresponding range of the particle charge, in which the chaos bound
is violated. Our results indicate that, as the Gauss–Bonnet coupling coefficient increases, the value of
the particle charge violating the chaos bound is even smaller.
© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Chaos is one of the most significant physical phenomena in
those nonlinear dynamical systems. A system is supposed to be
chaotic when trajectories of dynamics are highly sensitive to
the initial conditions [1–4]. Sensitivity to the initial condition in
the context of the boundary theory has been identified by the
AdS/CFT correspondence [5–8], where the weak coupling case of
the AdS aspect corresponds to the strong coupling limit of the
CFT aspect. Hence, the non-perturbative quantity in CFT can be
computed by employing the perturbative quantity in AdS due
to the AdS/CFT correspondence. More significantly, the chaotic
phenomenon in the quantum systems has been investigated by
means of the AdS/CFT correspondence [9,10]. In the quantum
nonlinear dynamic system, an out-of-time ordered correlator is
one effective way to explore the chaotic behavior [11]. By making
use of the diagnosis of the chaos, researchers have shown that it
increases exponentially with the increase of time [12],i.e., C (t) ≈
eλt , where the Lyapunov exponent λ is used to depict the sensitive
dependence on the initial condition of the system [13–15]. Malda-
cena et al [16,17] have conjectured the existence of the universal
bound from a many-body system on the quantum Lyapunov
exponent λ ≤ 2π T /ℏ. Here, T is known as the Hawking tempera-
ture. It is pointed out that Hawking temperature T can be in direct
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: bingtangphy@jsu.edu.cn (B. Tang).
contact with the black hole’s surface gravity κ by the relationship
κ = 2π T . Naturally, the chaos bound can be rewritten in the form
λ ≤ κ . In principle, the chaos bound can be tightly associated
with the chaotic motion within physical backgrounds of black
holes and strongly correlated with many-body systems.
Physically, the single particle case does not need to meet those
constraints, which are originated from the many-body system. If
one particle feels strong enough scalar or electromagnetic forces,
then the particle can be quite close to one black hole but does
not fall into it. In this case, the chaotic motion of the particle can
be well analyzed. For example, Hashimoto et al have obtained the
value of the relevant Lyapunov exponent near the horizon, which
is completely consistent with the surface gravity [18]. Their re-
sults show that the Lyapunov exponent for one static equilibrium
can reach the chaos bound near the black hole horizon, which
agrees with the speculation of Ref. [16]. Therefore, even if one
single-particle case is considered, the result obtained appears to
be in agreement with the chaos bound put forward in Ref. [16]
on the quantum thermal system possessing massive degrees of
freedom. More relevant theoretical works have displayed the
generality of the chaos bound on the particle movement around
black holes [19–23]. Particularly, Dalui et al [20] have studied
the chaotic behavior of massless and chargeless particle on the
black hole near the horizon surface. They have shown that the
particle’s motion can be chaotic after escaping from the black hole
horizon obstacle and the relevant Lyapunov exponent possesses
an upper bound determined via the black hole surface gravity. In

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2023.101271
2212-6864/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
J. Xie, J. Wang and B. Tang Physics of the Dark Universe 42 (2023) 101271

addition, Čubrović [24] has accomplished an interesting work on The remaining sections of our article will be organized as
the chaotic motion of one closed string in AdS black hole geome- follows. In the second section, one solution on 4D EGB-AdS black
tries having multiple horizons. They have predicted that the chaos hole is reviewed. In Section 3, we construct the analytical form for
bound can be modified as λ = 2π Tn for the Lyapunov exponent the Lyapunov exponent via considering one eigenvalue problem
for the string movement, with n being a winding number of the on the Jacobian matrix in the phase space. In Section 4, we put
string. forward some coefficients to forecast whether the chaos bound of
On the other hand, there exists no decoupling case such that the particle shall be violated in the near horizon expansion. These
near horizon geometry for non-extremal black holes is one par- coefficients can be calculated via taking into account the roles of
ticular solution on its own. Hence, the chaos bound is also able the GB coupling coefficient and particle angular momentum. In
to be investigated via analyzing the geodesic movement of the Section 5, we discuss the violation of particle chaos bound in 4D
single particle around black holes [25–28]. For example, Zhao et EGB-AdS black holes with different GB coupling coefficients, and
al have considered the near-horizon expansion for the case of one look for the spatial region in which particle chaos bound can be
particle at the static equilibrium around the black hole horizon violated. Meanwhile, we present violation of particle chaos bound
having one applied potential [25]. They have found that the chaos from its circular motion, and obtain the equilibrium orbits for the
bound can be violated in the situation of the charged particle charged test particle near 4D EGB-AdS black holes. Section 6 will
outside those charged black holes. Furthermore, their results have be devoted to summarizing our work.
shown that the particle angular momentum has a remarkable
impact on the corresponding Lyapunov exponent by affecting 2. Charged 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet-AdS black holes
relevant effective potentials and increasing the degree of chaotic
motion of one test particle. Recently, a few violations of the chaos The action for EGB gravity theory in D dimensions reads
bound have been verified in different models and gravitational ∫
theories [29–36]. For example, Lei et al have obtained the uni- 1 √
S= dD x −g (R − α LGB ) , (1)
versal expression for the Lyapunov exponent by considering one 16π
charged particle movement around charged black holes, which is g is the determinant of the metric gµν , R is the Ricci scalar, α
an early work to prove that the chaos bound could be violated is a non-dimensional coupling coefficient. The LGB denotes the
partially around the Reissner Nordström (RN) and RN-AdS black Lagrangian of the GB gravity, which can be written as
holes [31]. Straight after, Gao et al [32] have investigated the
affecting law of the angular momentum in charged Kiselev black LGB = Rµνλρ Rµνλρ − 4Rµν Rµν + R2 , (2)
holes around the anisotropic fluid. Their results have shown
with Rµν the Ricci tensor and Rµνλρ the Riemann tensor. For the
that the chaos bound can be violated for some particular values
case of D = 4, the integral over the Gauss–Bonnet term is a topo-
of particle angular momentum when the electric charge of the
logical invariant, thus it does not contribute to the dynamics [47].
black hole is sufficiently large. These theoretical works play a
However, as shown in Ref. [38], one can rescale the coupling
significant part in the quantum information theory and the black
coefficient as
hole physics.
α
According to Lovelock’s theorem [37], if one 4D spacetime, α→ . (3)
the metricity, the diffeomorphism invariance, and the 2nd order D−4
equations of motion are supposed, then general relativity con- The approach is similar to the dimensional regularization method
taining one cosmological constant shall be the individual theory used in quantum field theory. Consider now the Einstein–Maxwell
for the pure gravity. It is universally accepted that the higher- Gauss–Bonnet theory in D dimensions with a negative cosmolog-
dimensional Gauss–Bonnet (GB) theory is nontrivial. In 4D space- ical constant given by the action
time, the GB term in the gravitational action is taken to have no
α
∫ ( )
1 √
consequences for the field equations of gravity. One fresh theory S= dD x −g R − 2Λ + LGB − Fµν F µν , (4)
of gravity in the 4D spacetime is referred to as ‘‘4D EGB gravity’’. 16π D−4
This gravity is formulated via rescaling the GB coupling coeffi- where Λ stands for the famous cosmological constant and Fµν =
cient before the dimensional decrease, which satisfies all previous ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ corresponds to the usual Maxwell tensor. The elec-
constraints obtained by steering clear of Lovelock’s theorem [38]. tromagnetic potential of this black hole has the following form
Remarkably, the 4D Einstein-Gauss–Bonnet (EGB) black holes
maintain an amount of the graviton degrees of freedom so that it
Q
is not affected by the Ostrogradsky instability. Some works have Aµ = ( , 0, 0, 0), (5)
argued that the process of taking the D → 4 limit may be partially r
compatible [39–42], and the approaches that have resulted from and then taking into account the limit D → 4. Then, Lovelock’s
it provide an alternative to the original scheme of Ref. [38]. Since theorem is evaded and new spherically symmetric black hole
such researches can be done simply for the charged 4D black hole solutions appear.
in the EGB theory, more and more attention has been paid to Here, we focus on the black hole solution depicted with one
the context of the 4D EGB gravity [43–46]. In current work, we 4D static spherically symmetric metric, namely,
take into account the circular motion of one charged test parti-
1
cle around charged four-dimensional Einstein-Gauss–Bonnet-AdS ds2 = −f (r)dt 2 + dr 2 + r 2 (dθ 2 + sin2 θ dφ 2 ). (6)
(4D EGB-AdS) black holes. The influence of both the GB coupling f (r)
coefficient of the black hole and the angular momentum of the If D → 4, then one can write the metric function as [47,48]
charged particle on the corresponding Lyapunov exponent shall [ √ )]
r2 Λ
(
be discussed. Our motivation of the present paper is to investigate 2M Q2
f (r) = 1 + 1± 1 + 4α − + , (7)
the Lyapunov exponent for the charged particle’s motion around 2α r3 r4 3
the 4D EGB-AdS black hole to further comprehend the chaos
bound and the black hole chaos phenomenon. We shall try to look where M and Q stand for the mass of 4D EGB-AdS black hole and
for the spatial region in which the chaos bound can be violated. its charge parameters, respectively. The metric function (7) has
Intriguingly, our results suggest that, in the context of the present two branches, which correspond to the selection of ±. Consid-
black hole, the chaos bound can be violated. ering that ‘‘+’’ branch cannot produce one physically meaningful
2
J. Xie, J. Wang and B. Tang Physics of the Dark Universe 42 (2023) 101271

When one probe particle with charge q moves on the equa-

torial plane (θ = π2 , θ̇ = 0) of the charged black hole, relevant
Lagrangian can be organized into
1 1 qQ
L= (−f ṫ 2 + ṙ 2 + r 2 φ̇ 2 ) − ṫ . (13)
2 f r
Physically, the generalized momenta can be defined via Pµ =
∂ L/∂ Ẋµ . Doing some simple calculations, we find that these gen-
eralized momenta read
qQ
Pt = −f ṫ − = −E , (14)
r
ṙ
Pr = , (15)
f

Pφ = r 2 φ̇ = L. (16)
µ
By considering H = Pµ Ẋ − L, one can construct the Hamilto-
nian of the charged particle, which can be expressed as
Fig. 1. The metric coefficient f (r) as one function of the radial position for the
qQ 2
‘‘-’’ branch. Here, the cosmological constant has been set to be zero. −(Pt + ) + Pr 2 f 2 + Pφ 2 r −2 f
H= r
. (17)
2f

solution [49,50], hence we shall restrict the present work to ‘‘-’’ Taking advantage of the canonical equation, one shall get the
branch of Eq. (7). The outer event horizon of 4D EGB-AdS black equation of motions, namely,
holes r+ corresponds to a larger root of the high-power equation, Pt + r
qQ
which has the following form ṫ = − f
, Ṗt = 0, ṙ = Pr f ,
2M Q2 + α Λ Ṗr = − 12 [2(Pt +
qQ qQ
) fr 2 + (Pt +
qQ 2 f ′
) f2 + Pr 2 f ′ − 2Pφ 2 r −3 ],
1− + − r 2 = 0. (8) r r
r r2 3 Pφ
At the outer horizon of the present charged black hole, its surface
φ̇ = r2
, Ṗφ = 0.
gravity can be written as (18)
√ ⏐ ⏐
1 d gtt ⏐ 1 Reorganizing equations of motion in the coordinate time t, we
κ = −√ .
⏐
′⏐
⏐ = f (r) ⏐ (9)
grr dr ⏐r =r+ 2 r =r+ have

Here, the prime ‘‘′ ’’ stands for the first order derivative with dr Pr f 2
=− qQ
= F1 , (19)
respect to r. If we neglect the cosmological constant, then Eq. (8) dt Pt + r
has the following simple solution qQ
dPr qQ 1 (Pt + )f ′ Pr 2 f ′ f 2Pφ 2 r −3 f
= + [ r
+ − ] = F2 . (20)
√
r± = M ± M 2 − Q 2 − α. (10) dt r2 2 f Pt +
qQ
Pt +
qQ
r r
When there exists one nonzero cosmological constant, the ex- The four-velocity of a massive particle must obey the normaliza-
pression of r+ is very extremely tedious and does not have a tion condition gµν Ẋµ Ẋν = −1. Thus, one can get the restricted
certain form, so it is not displayed here. The physical natures of condition
the ‘‘-’’ branch differ relying on whether the black hole mass M
qQ
√
is smaller or larger than one threshold mass, which is Pt = − − f (1 + Pr 2 f + r −2 Pφ 2 ). (21)
√ r
M∗ = Q2 + α. (11)
Theoretically, the Lyapunov exponent can be calculated via
In Fig. 1, the radial dependence of metric coefficient f (r) for working out the eigenvalue problem on the related Jacobian
the ‘‘-’’ branch is displayed by considering three different cases: matrix in one phase space (r , Pr ). Here, the Jacobian matrix can
(1) M < M∗ , (2) M > M∗ and (3)M = M∗ [47]. If M < M∗ there do be defined via Kij , which have the following four elements
not exist any horizons, i.e., the black hole solution is not allowed ∂ F1 ∂ F1 ∂ F2 ∂ F2
to appear. Once M > M∗ then there exist two black hole horizons, K11 = , K12 = , K21 = , K22 = . (22)
as presented in Eq. (10). When M = M∗ one can find a degenerate ∂r ∂ Pr ∂r ∂ Pr
horizon, which corresponds to one extremal black hole. In the present work, the circling motion of the charged test
particle is restricted on the equatorial plane in charged 4D EGB-
3. The charged particle motion around the black hole AdS black holes. When the charged test particle is in equilibrium,
we note Pr = dP dt
r
= 0. In this case, the Jacobian matrix Kij can be
The Lagrangian for one charged test particle around one black simplified as
hole reads
K11 = K22 = 0,
1 q
L = gµν Ẋµ Ẋν − Aµ Ẋµ . (12)
√
2 m K12 = f
f
1+r −2 Pφ 2
,
Here, dot signifies the first-order derivative with respect to τ , q [ ]2
f ′ (1+r −2 Pφ 2 )−2fr −3 Pφ 2 (23)
corresponds to the charge of one test particle, m is its mass, gµν is qQ
K21 = − 2 r3 + √
called the metric tensor, and Aµ denotes electromagnetic vector 4f (1+r −2 Pφ 2 ) f (1+r −2 Pφ 2 )
[ ]
potential. For the sake of analysis, we fix m = 1 throughout the −6Pφ 2 r −4 f +4Pφ 2 r −3 f ′ −(1+r −2 Pφ 2 )f ′′
whole article. + √ .
2 f (1+r −2 Pφ 2 )

3
J. Xie, J. Wang and B. Tang Physics of the Dark Universe 42 (2023) 101271

Since the Lyapunov exponent for a test particle in the circular Here, γ1 and γ2 are two parameters, which are respectively de-
orbit can be derived via working out the eigenvalue problem on fined as
the Jacobian matrix, we have r+ f1 2
γ1 = − , (32)
λ = K12 K21
2
r+ 2 + Pφ 2
[ ]2
f ′ (1+r −2 Pφ 2 )−2fr −3 Pφ 2
2f 2 qQ f1 2 − 3r+ f1 f2 3Pφ 2 f1 2 3f1 f3
= 4(1+r −2 Pφ 2 )2
−√
f (1+r −2 Pφ 2 ) r
3 (24) γ2 = 2
−( ) − . (33)
2
r+ + Pφ 2 2 2 2
[ ] r+ + Pφ
6Pφ 2 r −4 f −4Pφ 2 r −3 f ′ +(1+r −2 Pφ 2 )f ′′ f
− 2(1+r −2 Pφ 2 )
. Their signs jointly determine whether κ is viewed as one lower
bound or one upper bound. The connection between Lyapunov
By combining the restricted condition Pr = dPr
dt
= 0 with exponent λ and black hole surface gravity κ has the following
Eq. (20), one can obtain form
2Pφ 2 r −3 f − (1 + r −2 Pφ 2 )f ′
⎧ ∑∞
qQ
⎨ γ1 (r − r+ ) + γ2 (r − r+ ) + ∑n=3 γn (r − r+ ) < 0, λ < κ;
2 n
+ = 0. (25)
⎪
r2
√ ∞
2 f (1 + r −2 Pφ 2 ) γ1 (r − r+ ) + γ2 (r − r+ )2 + n=3 γn (r − r+ )n = 0, λ = κ; .
γ1 (r − r+ ) + γ2 (r − r+ )2 + ∞
n=3 γn (r − r+ ) > 0, λ > κ.
⎪
⎩ ∑ n
There exists one static equilibrium circumstance on the charge
q of the massive particle at the balance position, which is (34)

⏐
2f Pφ 2 r −1 − (1 + r −2 Pφ 2 )f ′ r 2 ⏐
⏐
q=− √ ⏐
⏐
2Q f (1 + r −2 Pφ 2 ) ⏐
Therefore, substituting (26) into (24), one can find that the Lya-
punov exponent meets the following relation
[ )]
4Pφ 2 f 2
(
1 In Fig. 2, we show the relationship between γi (i = 1, 2) and the
λ =
2
f ′2
−( )2 − f
4 r 2 + Pφ 2 r 2 + Pφ 2
Considering that the existence of the particle angular momentum
is very important to the Lyapunov exponent, hence it will not be
neglected in the present work. It is not hard to verify that Eq. (27)
can reduce to λ2 = 14 f ′2 = κ 2 when f (r+ ) = 0. This means
that the chaos bound can be saturated at the black hole’s outer
horizon.
4. Near-horizon geometry behavior analysis
Theoretically, near horizon geometries of the 4D black hole
shall provide one more distinct physical explanation. In fact, this
geometry can be specified via the metric function. Its Taylor
expansion at the outer horizon r = r+ has a series form [25,31]
f (r) = f1 (r − r+ ) + f2 (r − r+ )2 + f3 (r − r+ )3 + · · · .
For the sake of further analyzing whether the chaos bound can
be violated via circling motion of one charged particle, we insert
Eq. (28) into Eqs. (9) and (27), which yields
1[
κ= f1 + 2f2 (r − r+ ) + 3f3 (r − r+ )2 ⏐⏐
2 r =r+
]2
λ2 =
+ 2f2 (r − r+ ) + 3f3 (r − r+ )2
1
[
4
f1
(r −r+ )2 Pφ2 2 2
)2 f1 + f2 (r − r+ ) + f3 (r − r+ )
[ ]
−(
2
r 2 +Pφ
− [f2 + 3f3 ([r − r+ )] f1 (r − r+ ) + f2 (r − r+ )]2 + f3 (r − r+ )3
[ ]
− r 2 +r P 2 f1 + 2f2 (r − r+ ) + 3f3 (r − r+ )2 [f1 (r − r+ )
φ lead to |∆| > 1. At this point, the key is whether γ2 is positive
+f2 (r − r+ )2 + f3 (r − r+ )3 .
]
Then, the Lyapunov exponent λ in the vicinity of r+ can be
expanded into the following form
λ2 = κ 2 + γ1 (r − r+ ) + γ2 (r − r+ )2 +
From Eq. (31), we can see that the coefficients γ1 and γ2 can
. (26) control whether the circular motion of the test particle within
near horizon geometry shall violate the chaos bound. To better
r =r0 conclude the Lyapunov exponential behavior of circular motion,
we go into detail about γ1 and γ2 . Here, we choose the values
of the coefficients of charged 4D EGB-AdS black holes (M = 1,
Q = 0.2, Λ = −0.02) so as to reduce subsequent calculations.
4rf ′
+ 2f ′′
. (27)
GB coupling coefficient of 4D EGB-AdS black holes, while Fig. 3
discusses their relationship with the particle angular momentum.
In both Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 3(a), we can clearly see that the γ1
is negative and approaches 0 with the increase of GB coupling
coefficient α or particle angular momentum. However, γ2 changes
in two ways with the increase of α : (i) in the case of L = 3 ∼ 30,
it increases first and remains greater than 0 after passing through
the axis at point A; (ii) for the case of small angular momentum
L = 0, 1, it decreases first and remains less than zero after passing
through the axis at point B. We note that no violation exists when
α < αA for the case of L = 3 ∼ 30, and the small particle angular
momentum (about between 0 and 3) of the circular motion shall
not go over the chaos bound when α > αB . Fig. 3(b) shows that
γ2 is positive for the case α = 0.3 ∼ 0.8 but negative for the case
α = 0.1, 0.2. Particularly, the change of γ2 is rapidly complex in
the interval 0 < L < 3, and then it tends to one specific constant
(28) value. There exists a reasonable concordance between the two
sets of results about small angular momentum.
To check whether the circling motion of the charged test par-
ticle can transcend the chaos bound, let us analyze the influence
of the expansion part γ1 (r − r+ ) + γ2 (r − r+ )2 . We define a ratio
γ (r −r )2
⏐
1 as ∆ = γ2 (r −r+ ) to control whether the total contribution of
f1 ,
]⏐
= (29) 1 +
2 the expansion term is regulated via γ1 or γ2 . When |∆| > 1,
the sign of expansion term is defined by γ2 , or else by γ1 . We
γ δ
can introduce δ = r0 − r+ to simplify ∆ = γ2 , where δ is a
1
positive small quantity obeying the near-horizon expansion. As
the GB coupling coefficient or angular momentum increases, the
value of γ1 tends to zero. Thus, we can obtain δ ≫ γ1 when
the particle angular momentum is sufficiently large, which will
or negative. Once γ2 is negative, the Lyapunov exponent for test
particle circular motion agrees with the chaos bound. When the
(30)
GB coupling coefficient is large enough, the γ2 is positive for
L = 3 ∼ 30, which indicates the chaos bound can be violated
for the particle’s circular motion. Hence, one can infer that the
∞ particle circular motion possessing a sufficiently large angular
∑
γn (r − r+ )n . (31) momentum (L = 3 ∼ 30) shall violate the chaos bound in the
n=3
near horizon region of 4D EGB-AdS black hole (α > 0.3).
4
J. Xie, J. Wang and B. Tang
Fig. 2. The parameters γ1 , γ2 as one function of the GB coupling coefficient α for various particle angular momentum.
Fig. 3. The parameters γ1 , γ2 as one function of particle angular momentum L for various GB coupling coefficients of black holes.
5. The Lyapunov exponent analysis
It should be noted that the above near horizon expansion is
not a distinctive situation to estimate the contravention of the
chaos bound. Once an analytical form of the Lyapunov exponent
λ is gotten, one can compare the values of λ and κ in all re-
gion outside black hole horizon. The emphasis is on boundary
violation, which can occur for a sufficiently large GB coupling
coefficient. The particle angular momentum is very important to
the investigation of those factors on boundary. While the charge
of test particle is directly fixed and the GB coupling coefficient
is sufficiently large, the chaos bound shall be violated for some
particular values of the particle angular momentum.
5.1. Beyond the near horizon region
Through deriving the parameters (γ1 , γ2 ), we forecast that
circular motion of test particle shall violate the chaos bound. For
the sake of supporting the above theoretical results, our analysis
shall be extended to a circumstance beyond the near-horizon
region. Sine r0 is a parameter of the Lyapunov exponent, one
can get the full expression of the λ2 at every position of the
radial coordinate. With Eq. (27), the correlation curve between
the Lyapunov exponent and radial coordinate r0 can be plotted,
as shown in Fig. 4. Obviously, they are in agreement with the near
horizon results of λ2 . In Fig. 4, one can clearly see that the square
of the Lyapunov exponent of the charged test particle in the static
equilibrium is always under the line of the surface gravity κ 2 . This
reveals that the existence of angular momentum causes a larger
5
Physics of the Dark Universe 42 (2023) 101271
Lyapunov exponent for the particle’s circular motion, which leads
to the contravention of the chaos bound. With Eq. (26), one can
evaluate the charge value of the particle, which corresponds to
the violation of the chaos bound. Relevant results are shown in
Table 1.
The GB coupling coefficient of the present black hole can affect
the chaos bound. As displayed in Fig. 4(a), when values of the
electric charge, the mass and the cosmological constant of black
holes are fixed, and let α = 0.2, no matter how the value of
particle angular momentum varies, the chaos bound cannot be
violated. According to Fig. 4(b)–(d), we note that the chaos bound
is more easily violated when the other black holes properties
parameters are fixed and the closer α is to 0.96. When the GB
coupling coefficient is sufficiently large, the circular motion of the
test particle violates the chaos bound at some particular values of
the radial coordinate. Moreover, the Lyapunov exponent always
meets λ2 = κ 2 for the horizon. Thus, the chaos bound λ2 ≤ κ 2
can be saturated at the event horizon. It is shown that, as the
GB coupling coefficient increases, radial coordinate and charge
intervals (corresponding to the contravention of the chaos bound)
increase, but the minimum value of test particle charge decreases.
We can let the orbit of the test particle infinitely approaches the
outer horizon when the charge/mass ratio is sufficiently large.
Theoretically, the event horizon can be viewed as a nest of chaos.
5.2. Chaos violation from probe particle’s circular motion
Let us consider one test particle’s circular motion around the
charged 4D EGB-AdS black hole to analyze the chaos bound.
J. Xie, J. Wang and B. Tang Physics of the Dark Universe 42 (2023) 101271

Fig. 4. The Lyapunov exponents λ2 in Eq. (27) as a function of r for various GB coupling coefficients of the charged black hole.

Table 1 The natures of the black hole can obviously affect the chaos
The radial position of the equilibrium orbit and the corresponding bound. Fig. 5 shows the results of the variation of λ2 − κ 2 with L
charge of the test particle with the angular momentum L = 50 for
various values of the GB coupling coefficient.
corresponding to different values of the GB coupling coefficients.
λ2 > κ 2 r q
If values of electric charge and cosmological constant are directly
fixed, then the value of λ2 − κ 2 converges to a certain constant
α = 0.3 [1.798, 1.857] [466, 900]
α = 0.5 [1.644, 2.635] [13, 2708]
value with increasing angular momentum, and increases as the
α = 0.8 [1.371, 4.505] [−104, 3476] GB coupling coefficient increases. It is more likely to lead to
the violation of the bound while the value of the GB coupling
coefficient is relatively larger. We find that the chaos bound is
Table 2
The radial position of the equilibrium orbit of probe particle with various angular
not violated in such regions when α = 0.3. This is because the
momentums, L = 1, L = 30 and L = 100, for various values of the GB coupling charge of the particle needs to satisfy q > 466 as α = 0.3 case in
coefficient. Table 1, which is far from the condition of q = 15. These results
α 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.95 accord closely with our predictions.
r0 (L = 1) 2.12781 2.04385 1.76341 1.40880 1.04795
r0 (L = 30) 2.76808 2.71832 2.54599 2.31505 2.15149 6. Conclusion
r0 (L = 100) 2.87601 2.82969 2.67124 2.46632 2.33045
In summary, we have investigated the Lyapunov exponent for
one charged test particle in near horizon geometry and beyond
Due to the complexity of the analytical forms of the equilibrium the near-horizon region of 4D charged Einstein-Gauss–Bonnet-
orbits, the positions r0 of some certain need to be numerically AdS black holes to identify the validation of the chaos bound.
obtained. The corresponding dates are shown in Table 2. Here, The Lyapunov exponent for the particle’s circular motion around
4D EGB-AdS black holes has been calculated via making use of
we set m = 1, q = 15. When the charge, cosmological constant
the Jacobian matrix. Through a general, we have found that the
and the particle angular momentum are directly fixed, the values
circular motion of one probe particle at black hole horizon can
of positions of the orbit and the black hole horizon decrease as
saturate the chaos bound. We have defined some coefficients
the value of the GB coupling coefficient increases. On the other to connect the relationship between the Lyapunov exponent λ
part, we note that the position of the orbit gradually shifts away and the black hole surface gravity κ . By expanding the Lyapunov
from the horizon as increases particle angular momentum, which exponent near the horizon and calculating the analytical form
agrees with previous results [32]. Therefore, we can control the of the Lyapunov exponent λ, we have showed that it has some
GB coupling coefficient and angular momentum to cause that specific values to determine whether a violation of chaos bound.
charged particle’s orbit to be arbitrarily closed to the black hole When the charge, cosmological constant and particle angular
horizon. momentum are directly fixed, values of positions of the orbit
6
J. Xie, J. Wang and B. Tang
Fig. 5. The effect of the particle angular momentum on the chaos bound for
various values of the GB coupling coefficient.
and black hole horizon decrease as the GB coupling coefficient
increase, and the chaos is indeed strengthened. Our result shows
that the presence of particle angular momentum generates the
violation of the chaos bound while the GB coupling coefficient
is sufficiently large. We have especially displayed that as the GB
coupling coefficient increases, the value of the charge of the test
particle violating the chaos bound is even smaller.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Jiayu Xie: Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writ-
ing – original draft. Jie Wang: Investigation, Validation, Visualiza-
tion. Bing Tang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analy-
sis, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Supervision.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article
Acknowledgments
The present theoretical work was supported by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11875126
and 11964011.
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